Electric organ (fish)
In
The electric organs of two strongly electric fish, the torpedo ray and the electric eel were first studied in the 1770s by John Walsh, Hugh Williamson, and John Hunter. Charles Darwin used them as an instance of convergent evolution in his 1859 On the Origin of Species. Modern study began with Hans Lissmann's 1951 study of electroreception and electrogenesis in Gymnarchus niloticus.
Research history
Detailed descriptions of the powerful shocks that the electric catfish could give were written in ancient Egypt.[1]
In the 1770s the electric organs of the torpedo ray and electric eel were the subject of Royal Society papers by John Walsh,[2] Hugh Williamson,[3] and John Hunter, who discovered what is now called Hunter's organ.[4][5] These appear to have influenced the thinking of Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta – the founders of electrophysiology and electrochemistry.[6][7]
In the 19th century, Charles Darwin discussed the electric organs of the electric eel and the torpedo ray in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species as a likely example of convergent evolution: "But if the electric organs had been inherited from one ancient progenitor thus provided, we might have expected that all electric fishes would have been specially related to each other…I am inclined to believe that in nearly the same way as two men have sometimes independently hit on the very same invention, so natural selection, working for the good of each being and taking advantage of analogous variations, has sometimes modified in very nearly the same manner two parts in two organic beings".[8] In 1877, Carl Sachs studied the fish, discovering what is now called Sachs' organ.[9][10]
Since the 20th century, electric organs have received extensive study, for example, in
Anatomy
Organ location
In most
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Theelephantnose fish is a mormyridwith the electric organ in its tail.
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Location of electric organ in a Gymnotus species. The organ is not homologous with that of the Mormyridae.
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Skates (Raja montagui shown) have their electric organ in the tail.
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An electric catfish's electric organ forms a sheath around much of the body.
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Stargazers like Astroscopus y-graecum have the electric organ in the head, arranged vertically.
Organ structure
Electric organs are composed of stacks of specialised
The stack of electrocytes has long been compared to a
Evolution
Electric organs have evolved at least six times in various
The electric organs of all electric fish are derived from skeletal muscle, an electrically excitable tissue, except in Apteronotus (Latin America), where the cells are derived from neural tissue.[13] The original function of the electric organ has not been fully established in most cases; the organ of the African freshwater catfish genus Synodontis is however known to have evolved from sound-producing muscles.[26]
Electric organ discharge
Electric organ discharges (EODs) need to vary with time for
Electric organ discharge is controlled by the
Group | Habitat | Electro- location |
Discharge | Type | Waveform | Spike/wave duration |
Voltage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Torpediniformes Electric rays |
Saltwater | Active | Weak, Strong | Wave | 10 ms | 25 V | |
Rajidae Skates |
Saltwater | Active | Weak | Pulse | 200 ms | 0.5 V | |
Mormyridae Elephantfishes |
Freshwater | Active | Weak | Pulse | 1 ms | 0.5 V | |
Gymnarchus African knifefish |
Freshwater | Active | Weak | Wave | 3 ms | < 5 V | |
Gymnotus Banded knifefish |
Freshwater | Active | Weak | Pulse | 2 ms | < 5 V | |
Eigenmannia Glass knifefish |
Freshwater | Active | Weak | Wave | 5 ms | 100 mV | |
Electrophorus Electric eels |
Freshwater | Active | Strong | Pulse | 2 ms | 600 V[31] | |
Malapteruridae Electric catfishes |
Freshwater | Active | Strong | Pulse | 2 ms | 350 V[32] | |
Uranoscopidae Stargazers |
Saltwater | None | Strong | Pulse | 10 ms | 5 V |
In fiction
The ability to produce electricity is central to Naomi Alderman's 2016 science fiction novel The Power.[33] In the book, women develop the ability to release electrical jolts from their fingers, powerful enough to stun or kill.[34] The novel references the ability of fish such as the electric eel to give powerful shocks, the electricity being generated in a specially modified strip or skein of striated muscle across the girls' collarbones.[35]
The poet and author Anna Keeler's short story "In the Arms of an Electric Eel" imagines a girl who, unlike an electric eel, does feel the electric shocks she generates. Agitated and depressed, she unintentionally burns herself to death with her own electricity.[36]
See also
References
- ^ S2CID 231639937.
- ^ Walsh, John (1773). "On the Electric Property of the Torpedo: in a Letter to Benjamin Franklin". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (64): 461–480.
- ^ Williamson, Hugh (1775). "Experiments and observations on the Gymnotus electricus, or electric eel". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (65): 94–101.
- ^ Hunter, John (1773). "Anatomical Observations on the Torpedo". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (63): 481–489.
- ^ Hunter, John (1775). "An account of the Gymnotus electricus". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (65): 395–407.
- ^ PMID 4895861.
- ^ Edwards, Paul (10 November 2021). "A Correction to the Record of Early Electrophysiology Research on the 250 th An- niversary of a Historic Expedition to Île de Ré". HAL open-access archive. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
- ISBN 978-1-4353-9386-8.
- ^ Sachs, Carl (1877). "Beobachtungen und versuche am südamerikanischen zitteraale (Gymnotus electricus)" [Observations and research on the South American electric eel (Gymnotus electricus)]. Archives of Anatomy and Physiology (in German): 66–95.
- PMID 33737620.
- S2CID 4291029.
- .
- ^ PMID 23761470.
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- ISBN 0-8018-6048-2.
- Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 1961.
- ISBN 0-415-38381-1.
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- S2CID 21823048.
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- ^ S2CID 73442571.
- ^ PMID 30018286.
- ^ .
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- ^ Ng, Heok Hee. "Malapterurus electricus (Electric catfish)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2022-06-13.
- ^ Armitstead, Claire (28 October 2016). "Naomi Alderman: 'I went into the novel religious and by the end I wasn't. I wrote myself out of it'". The Guardian.
- ^ Jordan, Justine (2 November 2016). "The Power by Naomi Alderman review – if girls ruled the world". The Guardian.
- ^ Charles, Ron (10 October 2017). "'The Power' is our era's 'Handmaid's Tale'". The Washington Post.
- ^ Keeler, Anna (7 June 2017). "In the Arms of an Electric Eel". Cleaver Magazine: Flash (18). Retrieved 26 September 2022.