Electrical engineering
industry and society |
Electrical engineering is an
Electrical engineering is now divided into a wide range of different fields, including
Electrical engineers typically hold a
Electrical engineers work in a very wide range of industries and the skills required are likewise variable. These range from
History
Electricity has been a subject of scientific interest since at least the early 17th century.
19th century
In the 19th century, research into the subject started to intensify. Notable developments in this century include the work of
In 1782, Georges-Louis Le Sage developed and presented in Berlin probably the world's first form of electric telegraphy, using 24 different wires, one for each letter of the alphabet. This telegraph connected two rooms. It was an electrostatic telegraph that moved gold leaf through electrical conduction.
In 1795,
Practical applications and advances in such fields created an increasing need for standardized
During these years, the study of electricity was largely considered to be a subfield of
In about 1885, Cornell President
During these decades the use of electrical engineering increased dramatically. In 1882,
Early 20th century
During the
In 1897,
In 1920,
In 1941,
In 1948,
Solid-state electronics
The first working
The first integrated circuits were the hybrid integrated circuit invented by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments in 1958 and the monolithic integrated circuit chip invented by Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1959.[39]
The
The MOSFET made it possible to build
The
The development of MOS integrated circuit technology in the 1960s led to the invention of the
Subfields
One of the properties of electricity is that it is very useful for energy transmission as well as for information transmission. These were also the first areas in which electrical engineering was developed. Today, electrical engineering has many subdisciplines, the most common of which are listed below. Although there are electrical engineers who focus exclusively on one of these subdisciplines, many deal with a combination of them. Sometimes, certain fields, such as electronic engineering and computer engineering, are considered disciplines in their own right.
Power and energy
Power & Energy engineering deals with the
Telecommunications
Telecommunications engineering focuses on the
Once the transmission characteristics of a system are determined, telecommunication engineers design the
Control engineering
Control engineers often use
Control engineers also work in
Electronics
Electronic engineering involves the design and testing of
Prior to the Second World War, the subject was commonly known as radio engineering and basically was restricted to aspects of communications and radar, commercial radio, and early television.[60] Later, in post-war years, as consumer devices began to be developed, the field grew to include modern television, audio systems, computers, and microprocessors. In the mid-to-late 1950s, the term radio engineering gradually gave way to the name electronic engineering.
Before the invention of the integrated circuit in 1959,[69] electronic circuits were constructed from discrete components that could be manipulated by humans. These discrete circuits consumed much space and power and were limited in speed, although they are still common in some applications. By contrast, integrated circuits packed a large number—often millions—of tiny electrical components, mainly transistors,[70] into a small chip around the size of a coin. This allowed for the powerful computers and other electronic devices we see today.
Microelectronics and nanoelectronics
Microelectronics engineering deals with the design and microfabrication of very small electronic circuit components for use in an integrated circuit or sometimes for use on their own as a general electronic component.[71] The most common microelectronic components are semiconductor transistors, although all main electronic components (resistors, capacitors etc.) can be created at a microscopic level.
Microelectronic components are created by chemically fabricating wafers of semiconductors such as silicon (at higher frequencies,
Signal processing
Signal processing is a very mathematically oriented and intensive area forming the core of digital signal processing and it is rapidly expanding with new applications in every field of electrical engineering such as communications, control, radar, audio engineering, broadcast engineering, power electronics, and biomedical engineering as many already existing analog systems are replaced with their digital counterparts. Analog signal processing is still important in the design of many control systems.
DSP processor ICs are found in many types of modern electronic devices, such as digital
Instrumentation
Often instrumentation is not used by itself, but instead as the sensors of larger electrical systems. For example, a thermocouple might be used to help ensure a furnace's temperature remains constant.[80] For this reason, instrumentation engineering is often viewed as the counterpart of control.
Computers
Computer engineering deals with the design of computers and
Photonics and optics
Photonics and optics deals with the generation, transmission, amplification, modulation, detection, and analysis of electromagnetic radiation. The application of optics deals with design of optical instruments such as lenses, microscopes, telescopes, and other equipment that uses the properties of electromagnetic radiation. Other prominent applications of optics include electro-optical sensors and measurement systems, lasers, fiber-optic communication systems, and optical disc systems (e.g. CD and DVD). Photonics builds heavily on optical technology, supplemented with modern developments such as optoelectronics (mostly involving semiconductors), laser systems, optical amplifiers and novel materials (e.g. metamaterials).
Related disciplines
The term mechatronics is typically used to refer to
In
Education
Electrical engineers typically possess an
At many schools, electronic engineering is included as part of an electrical award, sometimes explicitly, such as a Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical and Electronic), but in others, electrical and electronic engineering are both considered to be sufficiently broad and complex that separate degrees are offered.[93]
Some electrical engineers choose to study for a postgraduate degree such as a
Professional practice
In most countries, a bachelor's degree in engineering represents the first step towards
The advantages of licensure vary depending upon location. For example, in the United States and Canada "only a licensed engineer may seal engineering work for public and private clients".
Professional bodies of note for electrical engineers include the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET). The IEEE claims to produce 30% of the world's literature in electrical engineering, has over 360,000 members worldwide and holds over 3,000 conferences annually.[99] The IET publishes 21 journals, has a worldwide membership of over 150,000, and claims to be the largest professional engineering society in Europe.[100][101] Obsolescence of technical skills is a serious concern for electrical engineers. Membership and participation in technical societies, regular reviews of periodicals in the field and a habit of continued learning are therefore essential to maintaining proficiency. An MIET(Member of the Institution of Engineering and Technology) is recognised in Europe as an Electrical and computer (technology) engineer.[102]
In Australia, Canada, and the United States, electrical engineers make up around 0.25% of the labor force.[b]
Tools and work
From the Global Positioning System to electric power generation, electrical engineers have contributed to the development of a wide range of technologies. They design, develop, test, and supervise the deployment of electrical systems and electronic devices. For example, they may work on the design of telecommunication systems, the operation of electric power stations, the lighting and wiring of buildings, the design of household appliances, or the electrical control of industrial machinery.[106]
Fundamental to the discipline are the sciences of
Although most electrical engineers will understand basic
A wide range of instrumentation is used by electrical engineers. For simple control circuits and alarms, a basic
For many engineers, technical work accounts for only a fraction of the work they do. A lot of time may also be spent on tasks such as discussing proposals with clients, preparing budgets and determining project schedules.[110] Many senior engineers manage a team of technicians or other engineers and for this reason project management skills are important. Most engineering projects involve some form of documentation and strong written communication skills are therefore very important.
The
Electrical engineering has an intimate relationship with the physical sciences. For instance, the physicist
See also
- Barnacle (slang)
- Electrical Technologist
- Electronic design automation
- Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering
- Index of electrical engineering articles
- Information engineering
- International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
- List of electrical engineers
- List of engineering branches
- List of mechanical, electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing companies by revenue
- List of Russian electrical engineers
- Occupations in electrical/electronics engineering
- Outline of electrical engineering
- Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering
Notes
- ^ For more see glossary of electrical and electronics engineering.
- ^ In May 2014 there were around 175,000 people working as electrical engineers in the US.[103] In 2012, Australia had around 19,000[104] while in Canada, there were around 37,000 (as of 2007[update]), constituting about 0.2% of the labour force in each of the three countries. Australia and Canada reported that 96% and 88% of their electrical engineers respectively are male.[105]
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Further reading
- Adhami, Reza; Meenen, Peter M.; Hite, Denis (2007). Fundamental Concepts in Electrical and Computer Engineering with Practical Design Problems. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-971-7.
- Bober, William; Stevens, Andrew (27 August 2012). Numerical and Analytical Methods with MATLAB for Electrical Engineers. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4398-5429-7.
- Bobrow, Leonard S. (1996). Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510509-4.
- Chen, Wai Kai (16 November 2004). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0-08-047748-0.
- Ciuprina, G.; Ioan, D. (30 May 2007). Scientific Computing in Electrical Engineering. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-71980-9.
- Faria, J. A. Brandao (15 September 2008). Electromagnetic Foundations of Electrical Engineering. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-69748-1.
- Jones, Lincoln D. (July 2004). Electrical Engineering: Problems and Solutions. Dearborn Trade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4195-2131-7.
- Karalis, Edward (18 September 2003). 350 Solved Electrical Engineering Problems. Dearborn Trade Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7931-8511-5.
- Krawczyk, Andrzej; Wiak, S. (1 January 2002). Electromagnetic Fields in Electrical Engineering. IOS Press. ISBN 978-1-58603-232-6.
- Laplante, Phillip A. (31 December 1999). Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-64835-2.
- Leon-Garcia, Alberto (2008). Probability, Statistics, and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-147122-1.
- Malaric, Roman (2011). Instrumentation and Measurement in Electrical Engineering. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-61233-500-1.
- Sahay, Kuldeep; Pathak, Shivendra (1 January 2006). Basic Concepts of Electrical Engineering. New Age International. ISBN 978-81-224-1836-1.
- Srinivas, Kn (1 January 2007). Basic Electrical Engineering. I. K. International Pvt Ltd. ISBN 978-81-89866-34-1.
External links
- International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
- MIT OpenCourseWare Archived 26 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine in-depth look at Electrical Engineering – online courses with video lectures.
- IEEE Global History Network A wiki-based site with many resources about the history of IEEE, its members, their professions and electrical and informational technologies and sciences.