Electrophilic addition

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In

The driving force for this reaction is the formation of an electrophile X⁺ that forms a covalent bond with an electron-rich, unsaturated C=C bond. The positive charge on X is transferred to the carbon-carbon bond, forming a carbocation during the formation of the C-X bond.

In the second step of an electrophilic addition, the positively charge on the intermediate combines with an electron-rich species to form the second covalent bond. The second step is the same nucleophilic attack process found in an S_N1 reaction. The exact nature of the electrophile and the nature of the positively charged intermediate are not always clear and depend on reactants and reaction conditions.

In all asymmetric addition reactions to carbon,

• Halogen addition reactions: X₂
• Hydrohalogenations: HX
• Hydration reactions: H₂O
• Hydrogenations: H₂
• Oxymercuration reactions: mercuric acetate, water
• Hydroboration-oxidation reactions
  : diborane
• the Prins reaction: formaldehyde, water

References