Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms | |||||
Reign | 6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022 | ||||
Coronation | 2 June 1953 | ||||
Predecessor | George VI | ||||
Successor | Charles III | ||||
Born | Princess Elizabeth of York 21 April 1926 Mayfair, London, England | ||||
Died | 8 September 2022 Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire, Scotland | (aged 96)||||
Burial | 19 September 2022 , St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle | ||||
Spouse | |||||
Issue Detail | |||||
| |||||
Protestant[a] | |||||
Signature | |||||
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was
Elizabeth was born in
When
Significant events included Elizabeth's coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver, Golden, Diamond, and Platinum jubilees in 1977, 2002, 2012, and 2022, respectively. Although she faced occasional republican sentiment and media criticism of her family—particularly after the breakdowns of her children's marriages, her annus horribilis in 1992, and the death in 1997 of her former daughter-in-law Diana—support for the monarchy in the United Kingdom remained consistently high throughout her lifetime, as did her personal popularity. Elizabeth died aged 96 at Balmoral Castle in September 2022, and was succeeded by her eldest son, Charles III.
Early life
Elizabeth was born on 21 April 1926, the first child of
Elizabeth's only sibling,
Heir presumptive
During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the
Elizabeth received private tuition in
In 1939, Elizabeth's parents
Second World War
In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War. Lord Hailsham suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be evacuated to Canada to avoid the frequent aerial bombings of London by the Luftwaffe.[25] This was rejected by their mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave."[26] The princesses stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk.[27] From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years.[28] At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments.[29] In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities.[30] She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers, and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our own share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well."[30]
In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the
At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day, Elizabeth and Margaret mingled incognito with the celebrating crowds in the streets of London. Elizabeth later said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves. I remember we were terrified of being recognised ... I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down Whitehall, all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief."[35]
During the war, plans were drawn to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for several reasons, including fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd at a time when Britain was at war.[36] Welsh politicians suggested she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday. Home Secretary Herbert Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent.[37] In 1946, she was inducted into the Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales.[38]
Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour in 1947, accompanying her parents through southern Africa. During the tour, in
I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong. But I shall not have strength to carry out this resolution alone unless you join in it with me, as I now invite you to do: I know that your support will be unfailingly given. God help me to make good my vow, and God bless all of you who are willing to share in it.[39][c]
Marriage
Elizabeth met her future husband,
The engagement attracted some controversy. Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a
Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, officially converted from
Elizabeth gave birth to her first child,
Following their wedding, the couple leased
Reign
Accession and coronation
As George VI's health declined during 1951, Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she visited Canada and
With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed possible that the
Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret told her sister she wished to marry
Despite
Early reign
From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the
In 1956, the British and French prime ministers,
The governing
The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led, in 1957, to the first major personal criticism of Elizabeth. In a magazine, which he owned and edited,[86] Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch".[87] Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments.[88] Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised Elizabeth to appoint Alec Douglas-Home as the prime minister, advice she followed.[89] Elizabeth again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister.[89] In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving the Queen of her involvement.[90]
In 1957, Elizabeth made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the
Elizabeth gave birth to her third child,
Political reforms and crises
The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the
In 1966, the Queen was criticised for waiting eight days before visiting the village of Aberfan, where a mining disaster claimed the lives of 116 children and 28 adults. Martin Charteris said that the delay, made on his advice, was a mistake that she later regretted.[102][103]
Elizabeth toured
In February 1974, the British prime minister
A year later, at the height of the
In 1977, Elizabeth marked the
According to
Perils and dissent
During the 1981
From April to September 1982, Elizabeth's son Andrew served with British forces in the
Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, pioneered by
In 1986, Elizabeth paid a six-day state visit to the People's Republic of China, becoming the first British monarch to visit the country.
By the end of the 1980s, Elizabeth had become the target of satire.
Turbulent years
In the wake of coalition victory in the Gulf War, Elizabeth became the first British monarch to address a joint meeting of the United States Congress in May 1991.[139]
On 24 November 1992, in a speech to mark the
In January 1994, Elizabeth broke the
In the year that followed, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued.[160] In consultation with her husband and John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury (George Carey) and her private secretary (Robert Fellowes), Elizabeth wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, suggesting that a divorce would be advisable.[161]
In August 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana
In October 1997, Elizabeth and Philip made a state visit to India, which included a controversial visit to the site of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre to pay her respects. Protesters chanted "Killer Queen, go back",[167] and there were demands for her to apologise for the action of British troops 78 years earlier.[168] At the memorial in the park, she and Philip laid a wreath and stood for a 30‑second moment of silence.[168] As a result, much of the fury among the public softened, and the protests were called off.[167] That November, the royal couple held a reception at Banqueting House to mark their golden wedding anniversary.[169] Elizabeth made a speech and praised Philip for his role as consort, referring to him as "my strength and stay".[169]
In 1999, as part of the process of
Dawn of the new millennium
On the eve of the new millennium, Elizabeth and Philip boarded a vessel from
In 2002, Elizabeth marked her
In 2003, Elizabeth sued the
In May 2007, citing unnamed sources,
Elizabeth addressed the UN General Assembly for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and
Diamond Jubilee and milestones
The
Elizabeth, who opened the
On 3 March 2013, the Queen stayed overnight at King Edward VII's Hospital as a precaution after developing symptoms of gastroenteritis.[200] A week later, she signed the new Charter of the Commonwealth.[201] In 2013, because of her age and the need for her to limit travelling, she chose not to attend the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting for the first time in 40 years. She was represented at the summit in Sri Lanka by Prince Charles.[202] On 20 April 2018, the Commonwealth heads of government announced that she would be succeeded as Head of the Commonwealth by her son Charles, which the Queen stated as her "sincere wish".[203] She underwent cataract surgery in May 2018.[204] In March 2019, she gave up driving on public roads, largely as a consequence of a car accident involving her husband two months earlier.[205]
On 21 December 2007, Elizabeth surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch, and she became the
Pandemic and widowhood
On 19 March 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic hit the United Kingdom, Elizabeth moved to Windsor Castle and sequestered there as a precaution.[213] Public engagements were cancelled and Windsor Castle followed a strict sanitary protocol nicknamed "HMS Bubble".[214]
On 5 April, in a televised broadcast watched by an estimated 24 million viewers in the United Kingdom,
Prince Philip died on 9 April 2021, after 73 years of marriage, making Elizabeth the first British monarch to reign as a widow or widower since Queen Victoria.[219] She was reportedly at her husband's bedside when he died,[220] and remarked in private that his death had "left a huge void".[221] Due to the COVID-19 restrictions in place in England at the time, Elizabeth sat alone at Philip's funeral service, which evoked sympathy from people around the world.[222] In her Christmas broadcast that year, which was ultimately her last, she paid a personal tribute to her "beloved Philip", saying, "That mischievous, inquiring twinkle was as bright at the end as when I first set eyes on him."[223]
Despite the pandemic, Elizabeth attended the
Platinum Jubilee and beyond
Elizabeth's Platinum Jubilee celebrations began on 6 February 2022, marking 70 years since her accession.[229] In her accession day message, she renewed her commitment to a lifetime of public service, which she had originally made in 1947.[230]
Later that month, she fell ill with COVID-19 along with several family members, but she only exhibited "mild cold-like symptoms", and recovered by the end of the month.
The Queen was largely confined to balcony appearances during the public jubilee celebrations, and she missed the
Elizabeth did not plan to
Death
On 8 September 2022, Buckingham Palace stated, "Following further evaluation this morning, the Queen's doctors are concerned for Her Majesty's health and have recommended she remain under medical supervision. The Queen remains comfortable and at Balmoral."
On 12 September, Elizabeth's coffin was carried up the
Elizabeth's state funeral was held at Westminster Abbey on 19 September, which marked the first time a monarch's funeral service was held at the Abbey since George II in 1760.[268] More than a million people lined the streets of central London,[269] and the day was declared a holiday in several Commonwealth countries. In Windsor, a final procession involving 1,000 military personnel took place, which 97,000 people witnessed.[270][269] Elizabeth's fell pony and two royal corgis stood at the side of the procession.[271] After a committal service at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Elizabeth was interred with her husband Philip in the King George VI Memorial Chapel later the same day, in a private ceremony attended by her closest family members.[272][273][274][275]
Legacy
Beliefs, activities, and interests
Elizabeth rarely gave interviews, and little was known of her political opinions, which she did not express explicitly in public. It is against convention to ask or reveal the monarch's views. When Times journalist
Elizabeth had a deep sense of religious and
To many of us, our beliefs are of fundamental importance. For me the teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provide a framework in which I try to lead my life. I, like so many of you, have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ's words and example.
Elizabeth was
Media depiction and public opinion
In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen".[289] After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age".[290] Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism.[291] In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales.[292] Elizabeth also instituted other new practices; her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970.[293] Her wardrobe developed a recognisable, signature style driven more by function than fashion.[294] In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, allowing her to be seen easily in a crowd.[295] By the end of her reign, nearly one third of Britons had seen or met Elizabeth in person.[296]
At Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic;
In November 1999,
Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for the monarchy,
Elizabeth was portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists, including painters
Titles, styles, honours, and arms
Titles and styles
Elizabeth held many titles and honorary military positions throughout
Arms
From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a
Issue
Name | Birth | Marriage | Children | Grandchildren | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Date | Spouse | ||||
Charles III | 14 November 1948 | 29 July 1981 Divorced 28 August 1996 |
Lady Diana Spencer
|
William, Prince of Wales | |
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex | |||||
9 April 2005 | Camilla Parker Bowles
|
None | |||
Anne, Princess Royal | 15 August 1950 | 14 November 1973 Divorced 23 April 1992 |
Mark Phillips | Peter Phillips |
|
Zara Tindall |
| ||||
12 December 1992 | Timothy Laurence | None | |||
Prince Andrew, Duke of York | 19 February 1960 | 23 July 1986 Divorced 30 May 1996 |
Sarah Ferguson
|
Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi
|
Sienna Mapelli Mozzi |
Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank
|
| ||||
Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh | 10 March 1964 | 19 June 1999 | Sophie Rhys-Jones
|
Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor
|
None |
James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex
|
None |
Ancestry
Ancestors of Elizabeth II Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck | | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15. Louisa Burnaby | |||||||||||||
See also
- Finances of the British royal family
- Household of Elizabeth II
- List of things named after Elizabeth II
- List of jubilees of Elizabeth II
- List of special addresses made by Elizabeth II
- Royal eponyms in Canada
- Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX
- List of covers of Time magazine (1920s), (1940s), (1950s), (2010s)
Notes
- ^ As monarch, Elizabeth was Supreme Governor of the Church of England. She was also a member of the Church of Scotland.
- Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles (her paternal aunt); and Lady Elphinstone (her maternal aunt).[4]
- ^ The oft-quoted speech was written by Dermot Morrah, a journalist for The Times.[40]
- ^ The Sunday Times Rich List 1989 put her number one on the list with a reported wealth of £5.2 billion (approximately £13.8 billion in today's value),[141] but it included state assets like the Royal Collection that were not hers personally.[142] In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates of £100 million "grossly overstated".[143] In 1971, Jock Colville, her former private secretary and a director of her bank, Coutts, estimated her wealth at £2 million (equivalent to about £14 million in 1993[141]).[144]
- King Edward VII in 1908. The King never stepped ashore, and met Nicholas II on royal yachts off the Baltic port of what is now Tallinn, Estonia.[155][156] During the four-day visit, which was considered to be one of the most important foreign trips of Elizabeth's reign,[157] she and Philip attended events in Moscow and Saint Petersburg.[158]
References
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- ^ Brandreth 2004, pp. 108–110
- ^ Brandreth 2004, p. 105; Lacey 2002, p. 81; Shawcross 2002, pp. 21–22
- ^ Brandreth 2004, pp. 105–106
- ^ Crawford 1950, pp. 14–34; Heald 2007, pp. 7–8; Warwick 2002, pp. 35–39
- ^ Bond 2006, p. 8; Lacey 2002, p. 76; Pimlott 2001, p. 3
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- ^
- Hardman 2011, pp. 216–217; Pimlott 2001, pp. 503–515; see also
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- ^
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- Neil quoted in Wyatt 1999, diary of 26 October 1990
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External links
- Queen Elizabeth II at the Royal Family website
- Queen Elizabeth II at the website of the Government of Canada
- Queen Elizabeth II at the website of the Royal Collection Trust
- Obituary at BBC News Online
- Portraits of Queen Elizabeth II at the National Portrait Gallery, London
- Queen Elizabeth II at IMDb
- Appearances on C-SPAN