Elizabeth II

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Elizabeth II
Queen of the United Kingdom
and other Commonwealth realms
Reign6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022
Coronation2 June 1953
PredecessorGeorge VI
SuccessorCharles III
BornPrincess Elizabeth of York
(1926-04-21)21 April 1926
Mayfair, London, England
Died8 September 2022(2022-09-08) (aged 96)
Balmoral Castle, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
Burial19 September 2022
, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
Spouse
(m. 1947; died 2021)
Issue
Detail
Names
Elizabeth Alexandra Mary
Protestant[a]
SignatureElizabeth's signature in black ink

Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926 – 8 September 2022) was

.

Elizabeth was born in

prince of Greece and Denmark, and their marriage lasted 73 years until his death in 2021. They had four children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, and Edward
.

When

United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities, as well as its subsequent withdrawal. The number of her realms varied over time as territories gained independence and some realms became republics. As queen, Elizabeth was served by more than 170 prime ministers across her realms. Her many historic visits and meetings included state visits to China in 1986, to Russia in 1994, and to the Republic of Ireland
in 2011, and meetings with five popes and fourteen US presidents.

Significant events included Elizabeth's coronation in 1953 and the celebrations of her Silver, Golden, Diamond, and Platinum jubilees in 1977, 2002, 2012, and 2022, respectively. Although she faced occasional republican sentiment and media criticism of her family—particularly after the breakdowns of her children's marriages, her annus horribilis in 1992, and the death in 1997 of her former daughter-in-law Diana—support for the monarchy in the United Kingdom remained consistently high throughout her lifetime, as did her personal popularity. Elizabeth died aged 96 at Balmoral Castle in September 2022, and was succeeded by her eldest son, Charles III.

Early life

Elizabeth was born on 21 April 1926, the first child of

baptised her in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 29 May,[3][b] and she was named Elizabeth after her mother; Alexandra after her paternal great-grandmother, who had died six months earlier; and Mary after her paternal grandmother.[5] She was called "Lilibet" by her close family,[6] based on what she called herself at first.[7] She was cherished by her grandfather George V, whom she affectionately called "Grandpa England",[8] and her regular visits during his serious illness in 1929 were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.[9]

cover of Time, April 1929

Elizabeth's only sibling,

town house in London) and Royal Lodge in Windsor.[16]

Heir presumptive

During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the

male-preference primogeniture in effect at the time.[19]

Elizabeth received private tuition in

1st Buckingham Palace Company, was formed specifically so she could socialise with girls her age.[22] Later, she was enrolled as a Sea Ranger.[21]

In 1939, Elizabeth's parents

Second World War

In Auxiliary Territorial Service uniform, April 1945

In September 1939, Britain entered the Second World War. Lord Hailsham suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be evacuated to Canada to avoid the frequent aerial bombings of London by the Luftwaffe.[25] This was rejected by their mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave."[26] The princesses stayed at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to Sandringham House, Norfolk.[27] From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to Windsor Castle, where they lived for most of the next five years.[28] At Windsor, the princesses staged pantomimes at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought yarn to knit into military garments.[29] In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC's Children's Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities.[30] She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers, and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our own share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well."[30]

In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the

counsellors of state in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944.[32] In February 1945, she was appointed an honorary second subaltern in the Auxiliary Territorial Service with the service number 230873.[33] She trained as a driver and mechanic and was given the rank of honorary junior commander (female equivalent of captain at the time) five months later.[34]

8 May 1945

At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe Day, Elizabeth and Margaret mingled incognito with the celebrating crowds in the streets of London. Elizabeth later said in a rare interview, "We asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves. I remember we were terrified of being recognised ... I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down Whitehall, all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief."[35]

During the war, plans were drawn to quell Welsh nationalism by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of Caernarfon Castle or a patron of Urdd Gobaith Cymru (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for several reasons, including fear of associating Elizabeth with conscientious objectors in the Urdd at a time when Britain was at war.[36] Welsh politicians suggested she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday. Home Secretary Herbert Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent.[37] In 1946, she was inducted into the Gorsedd of Bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales.[38]

Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour in 1947, accompanying her parents through southern Africa. During the tour, in

British Commonwealth
on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge:

I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong. But I shall not have strength to carry out this resolution alone unless you join in it with me, as I now invite you to do: I know that your support will be unfailingly given. God help me to make good my vow, and God bless all of you who are willing to share in it.[39][c]

Marriage

Elizabeth met her future husband,

King Christian IX of Denmark and third cousins through Queen Victoria. After meeting for the third time at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Philip, who was 18, and they began to exchange letters.[42] She was 21 when their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947.[43]

The engagement attracted some controversy. Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a

the Hun".[46] In later life, however, she told the biographer Tim Heald that Philip was "an English gentleman".[47]

At Buckingham Palace with Philip after their wedding, 1947

Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, officially converted from

Greek Orthodoxy to Anglicanism, and adopted the style Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten, taking the surname of his mother's British family.[48] Shortly before the wedding, he was created Duke of Edinburgh and granted the style His Royal Highness.[49] Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at Westminster Abbey. They received 2,500 wedding gifts from around the world.[50] Elizabeth required ration coupons to buy the material for her gown (which was designed by Norman Hartnell) because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war.[51] In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for Philip's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding.[52] Neither was an invitation extended to the Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII.[53]

Elizabeth gave birth to her first child,

Princess Anne, was born in August 1950.[55]

Following their wedding, the couple leased

Lord Mountbatten. Their two children remained in Britain.[56]

Reign

Accession and coronation

Elizabeth is seated and holds an orb and sceptre.
Coronation portrait by Cecil Beaton, 1953

As George VI's health declined during 1951, Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she visited Canada and

Martin Charteris carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour.[57] In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of the British colony of Kenya. On 6 February, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of Elizabeth's father. Philip broke the news to the new queen.[58] She chose to retain Elizabeth as her regnal name,[59] and was therefore called Elizabeth II. The numeral offended some Scots, as she was the first Elizabeth to rule in Scotland.[60] She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms, and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom.[61] Elizabeth and Philip moved into Buckingham Palace.[62]

With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed possible that the

royal house would take her husband's name, in line with the custom for married women of the time. Lord Mountbatten advocated for House of Mountbatten, and Philip suggested House of Edinburgh, after his ducal title.[63] The British prime minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Mary favoured the retention of the House of Windsor. Elizabeth issued a declaration on 9 April 1952 that the royal house would continue to be Windsor. Philip complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children."[64] In 1960, the surname Mountbatten-Windsor was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.[65][66]

Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret told her sister she wished to marry

Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon the following year. They divorced in 1978; Margaret did not remarry.[70]

Despite

floral emblems of Commonwealth countries.[76]

Early reign

Elizabeth's realms and their territories and protectorates at the beginning of her reign in 1952:
  United Kingdom
  Colonies, protectorates and mandates
  Dominions/realms

From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the

monarch of Australia and New Zealand to visit those nations.[80] During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her.[81] Throughout her reign, Elizabeth made hundreds of state visits to other countries and tours of the Commonwealth; she was the most widely travelled head of state.[82]

In 1956, the British and French prime ministers,

Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted, and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union.[83] In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten said Elizabeth was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.[84]

A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven politicians in evening dress or national costume
With Commonwealth leaders, at the 1960 Commonwealth Conference

The governing

British Cabinet, Churchill, and the chairman of the backbench 1922 Committee, resulting in Elizabeth appointing their recommended candidate: Harold Macmillan.[85]

The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led, in 1957, to the first major personal criticism of Elizabeth. In a magazine, which he owned and edited,[86] Lord Altrincham accused her of being "out of touch".[87] Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments.[88] Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised Elizabeth to appoint Alec Douglas-Home as the prime minister, advice she followed.[89] Elizabeth again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister.[89] In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving the Queen of her involvement.[90]

Canadian parliament
, 1957

In 1957, Elizabeth made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the

Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination.[95] No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal; her "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted.[96]

Elizabeth gave birth to her third child,

Prince Andrew, in February 1960, which was the first birth to a reigning British monarch since 1857.[97] Her fourth child, Prince Edward, was born in March 1964.[98]

Political reforms and crises

The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the

In 1966, the Queen was criticised for waiting eight days before visiting the village of Aberfan, where a mining disaster claimed the lives of 116 children and 28 adults. Martin Charteris said that the delay, made on his advice, was a mistake that she later regretted.[102][103]

Elizabeth toured

communist country.[104] She was received at the airport by President Josip Broz Tito, and a crowd of thousands greeted her in Belgrade.[105]

In February 1974, the British prime minister

Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly back to Britain.[106] The election resulted in a hung parliament; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the Liberals. When discussions on forming a coalition foundered, Heath resigned, and Elizabeth asked the Leader of the Opposition, Labour's Harold Wilson, to form a government.[107]

A year later, at the height of the

Leaders of the G7 states, members of the royal family and Elizabeth (centre), London, 1977

In 1977, Elizabeth marked the

assassination of Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.[113]

According to

Canadian constitution found Elizabeth "better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats".[114] She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state.[114]

Perils and dissent

Elizabeth in red uniform on a black horse
Riding Burmese at the 1986 Trooping the Colour ceremony

During the 1981

Prince William.[118]

Elizabeth and Ronald Reagan on black horses. He bare-headed; she in a headscarf; both in tweeds, jodhpurs and riding boots.
Riding at Windsor with President Reagan, June 1982

From April to September 1982, Elizabeth's son Andrew served with British forces in the

invasion of Grenada, one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her.[122]

Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, pioneered by

out of context and embellished by speculation.[125] Thatcher reputedly said Elizabeth would vote for the Social Democratic Party—Thatcher's political opponents.[126] Thatcher's biographer, John Campbell, claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making".[127] Reports of acrimony between them were exaggerated,[128] and Elizabeth gave two honours in her personal gift—membership in the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter—to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major.[129] Brian Mulroney, Canadian prime minister between 1984 and 1993, said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid.[130][131]

In 1986, Elizabeth paid a six-day state visit to the People's Republic of China, becoming the first British monarch to visit the country.

Queen Elizabeth I's letter to the Wanli Emperor, and remarked, "fortunately postal services have improved since 1602".[134] Elizabeth's visit also signified the acceptance of both countries that sovereignty over Hong Kong would be transferred from the United Kingdom to China in 1997.[135]

By the end of the 1980s, Elizabeth had become the target of satire.

Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement. Coup leader Sitiveni Rabuka deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic.[138]

Turbulent years

In the wake of coalition victory in the Gulf War, Elizabeth became the first British monarch to address a joint meeting of the United States Congress in May 1991.[139]

Elizabeth, in formal dress, holds a pair of spectacles to her mouth in a thoughtful pose
With Philip in Germany, October 1992

On 24 November 1992, in a speech to mark the

annual Christmas message two days before it was broadcast. The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £200,000 to charity.[152] Elizabeth's solicitors had taken successful action against The Sun five years earlier for breach of copyright after it published a photograph of her daughter-in-law the Duchess of York and her granddaughter Princess Beatrice.[153]

In January 1994, Elizabeth broke the

hoax call by Montreal radio host Pierre Brassard impersonating Canadian prime minister Jean Chrétien. Elizabeth, who believed that she was speaking to Chrétien, said she supported Canadian unity and would try to influence Quebec's referendum on proposals to break away from Canada.[159]

In the year that followed, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued.[160] In consultation with her husband and John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury (George Carey) and her private secretary (Robert Fellowes), Elizabeth wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, suggesting that a divorce would be advisable.[161]

In August 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana

live television broadcast on 5 September, the day before Diana's funeral.[165] In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings "as a grandmother" for the two princes.[166] As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated.[166]

In October 1997, Elizabeth and Philip made a state visit to India, which included a controversial visit to the site of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre to pay her respects. Protesters chanted "Killer Queen, go back",[167] and there were demands for her to apologise for the action of British troops 78 years earlier.[168] At the memorial in the park, she and Philip laid a wreath and stood for a 30‑second moment of silence.[168] As a result, much of the fury among the public softened, and the protests were called off.[167] That November, the royal couple held a reception at Banqueting House to mark their golden wedding anniversary.[169] Elizabeth made a speech and praised Philip for his role as consort, referring to him as "my strength and stay".[169]

In 1999, as part of the process of

National Assembly for Wales at Cardiff in May,[170] and the Scottish Parliament at Edinburgh in July.[171]

Dawn of the new millennium

Golden Jubilee dinner with living British prime ministers, 2002: (left to right) Tony Blair, Margaret Thatcher, Edward Heath, Elizabeth, James Callaghan, John Major

On the eve of the new millennium, Elizabeth and Philip boarded a vessel from

changing of the guard at Buckingham Palace to express her solidarity with the country.[175][176]

In 2002, Elizabeth marked her

power cut plunged King's House, the official residence of the governor-general, into darkness.[179] As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion. One million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London,[180] and the enthusiasm shown for Elizabeth by the public was greater than many journalists had anticipated.[181]

Greeting NASA employees at the Goddard Space Flight Center, Maryland, May 2007

In 2003, Elizabeth sued the

keyhole surgery on both knees. In October 2006, she missed the opening of the new Emirates Stadium because of a strained back muscle that had been troubling her since the summer.[184]

In May 2007, citing unnamed sources,

Maundy service held outside England and Wales.[188]

Elizabeth addressed the UN General Assembly for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and

Irish president, Mary McAleese, she made the first state visit to the Republic of Ireland by a British monarch in May 2011.[192]

Diamond Jubilee and milestones

Visiting Birmingham in July 2012 as part of the Diamond Jubilee tour

The

2012 Diamond Jubilee marked 60 years since Elizabeth's accession, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. She and her husband undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while her children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf.[193] On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world.[194] On 18 December, the Queen became the first British sovereign to attend a peacetime Cabinet meeting since George III in 1781.[195]

Elizabeth, who opened the

BAFTA award for her patronage of the film industry and was called "the most memorable Bond girl yet" at a special presentation at Windsor Castle.[198]

Opening the Borders Railway on the day she became the longest-reigning British monarch, 2015. In her speech, she said she had never aspired to achieve that milestone.[199]

On 3 March 2013, the Queen stayed overnight at King Edward VII's Hospital as a precaution after developing symptoms of gastroenteritis.[200] A week later, she signed the new Charter of the Commonwealth.[201] In 2013, because of her age and the need for her to limit travelling, she chose not to attend the biennial Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting for the first time in 40 years. She was represented at the summit in Sri Lanka by Prince Charles.[202] On 20 April 2018, the Commonwealth heads of government announced that she would be succeeded as Head of the Commonwealth by her son Charles, which the Queen stated as her "sincere wish".[203] She underwent cataract surgery in May 2018.[204] In March 2019, she gave up driving on public roads, largely as a consequence of a car accident involving her husband two months earlier.[205]

On 21 December 2007, Elizabeth surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch, and she became the

resignation of Robert Mugabe of Zimbabwe on 21 November 2017.[209] On 6 February 2017, she became the first British monarch to commemorate a sapphire jubilee,[210] and on 20 November that year, she was the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary.[211] Philip had retired from his official duties as the Queen's consort in August 2017.[212]

Pandemic and widowhood

On 19 March 2020, as the COVID-19 pandemic hit the United Kingdom, Elizabeth moved to Windsor Castle and sequestered there as a precaution.[213] Public engagements were cancelled and Windsor Castle followed a strict sanitary protocol nicknamed "HMS Bubble".[214]

Virtual meeting with Cindy Kiro during the pandemic
, October 2021

On 5 April, in a televised broadcast watched by an estimated 24 million viewers in the United Kingdom,

COVID-19 vaccinations in January and April respectively.[218]

Prince Philip died on 9 April 2021, after 73 years of marriage, making Elizabeth the first British monarch to reign as a widow or widower since Queen Victoria.[219] She was reportedly at her husband's bedside when he died,[220] and remarked in private that his death had "left a huge void".[221] Due to the COVID-19 restrictions in place in England at the time, Elizabeth sat alone at Philip's funeral service, which evoked sympathy from people around the world.[222] In her Christmas broadcast that year, which was ultimately her last, she paid a personal tribute to her "beloved Philip", saying, "That mischievous, inquiring twinkle was as bright at the end as when I first set eyes on him."[223]

Despite the pandemic, Elizabeth attended the

Amritsar massacre. Before he could enter any buildings, he was arrested and detained under the Mental Health Act. In 2023, he pleaded guilty to attempting to injure or alarm the sovereign.[228]

Platinum Jubilee and beyond

With the royal family on the balcony of Buckingham Palace following the Platinum Jubilee Pageant, June 2022

Elizabeth's Platinum Jubilee celebrations began on 6 February 2022, marking 70 years since her accession.[229] In her accession day message, she renewed her commitment to a lifetime of public service, which she had originally made in 1947.[230]

Later that month, she fell ill with COVID-19 along with several family members, but she only exhibited "mild cold-like symptoms", and recovered by the end of the month.

the service of thanksgiving for Prince Philip at Westminster Abbey on 29 March,[233] but was unable to attend both the annual Commonwealth Day service that month[234] and the Royal Maundy service in April, because of "episodic mobility problems".[235] In May, she missed the State Opening of Parliament for the first time in 59 years. (She did not attend the state openings in 1959 and 1963 as she was pregnant with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward, respectively.)[236]

The Queen was largely confined to balcony appearances during the public jubilee celebrations, and she missed the

Elizabeth did not plan to

abdicate,[242] though she took on fewer public engagements in her later years, and Prince Charles performed more of her duties.[243] She told Canadian governor-general Adrienne Clarkson in a meeting in 2002 that she would never abdicate, saying, "It is not our tradition. Although, I suppose if I became completely gaga, one would have to do something."[244] In June 2022, Elizabeth met the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, who "came away thinking there is someone who has no fear of death, has hope in the future, knows the rock on which she stands and that gives her strength."[245]

Death

Tributes left in The Mall, London

On 8 September 2022, Buckingham Palace stated, "Following further evaluation this morning, the Queen's doctors are concerned for Her Majesty's health and have recommended she remain under medical supervision. The Queen remains comfortable and at Balmoral."

bone marrow cancer, when she died.[260]

On 12 September, Elizabeth's coffin was carried up the

lay in state for four days. The coffin was guarded by members of both the Sovereign's Bodyguard and the Household Division. An estimated 250,000 members of the public filed past the coffin, as did politicians and other public figures.[264][265] On 16 September, Elizabeth's children held a vigil around her coffin, and the next day her eight grandchildren did the same.[266][267]

Elizabeth's state funeral was held at Westminster Abbey on 19 September, which marked the first time a monarch's funeral service was held at the Abbey since George II in 1760.[268] More than a million people lined the streets of central London,[269] and the day was declared a holiday in several Commonwealth countries. In Windsor, a final procession involving 1,000 military personnel took place, which 97,000 people witnessed.[270][269] Elizabeth's fell pony and two royal corgis stood at the side of the procession.[271] After a committal service at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Elizabeth was interred with her husband Philip in the King George VI Memorial Chapel later the same day, in a private ceremony attended by her closest family members.[272][273][274][275]

Legacy

Beliefs, activities, and interests

Petting a dog in New Zealand, 1974

Elizabeth rarely gave interviews, and little was known of her political opinions, which she did not express explicitly in public. It is against convention to ask or reveal the monarch's views. When Times journalist

miners' strike of 1984–85 during a royal tour of the newspaper's offices, she replied that it was "all about one man" (a reference to Arthur Scargill),[276] with which Routledge disagreed.[277] Routledge was widely criticised in the media for asking the question and claimed that he was unaware of the protocols.[277] After the 2014 Scottish independence referendum, Prime Minister David Cameron was overheard saying that Elizabeth was pleased with the outcome.[278] She had arguably issued a public coded statement about the referendum by telling one woman outside Balmoral Kirk that she hoped people would think "very carefully" about the outcome. It emerged later that Cameron had specifically requested that she register her concern.[279]

Elizabeth had a deep sense of religious and

Christmas Message broadcast to the Commonwealth. In 2000, she said:[283]

To many of us, our beliefs are of fundamental importance. For me the teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provide a framework in which I try to lead my life. I, like so many of you, have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ's words and example.

Elizabeth was

royal corgis.[287] Scenes of a relaxed, informal home life were occasionally witnessed; she and her family, from time to time, prepared a meal together and washed the dishes afterwards.[288]

Media depiction and public opinion

In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen".[289] After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new Elizabethan age".[290] Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "priggish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism.[291] In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary Royal Family and by televising Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales.[292] Elizabeth also instituted other new practices; her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970.[293] Her wardrobe developed a recognisable, signature style driven more by function than fashion.[294] In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour overcoats and decorative hats, allowing her to be seen easily in a crowd.[295] By the end of her reign, nearly one third of Britons had seen or met Elizabeth in person.[296]

At Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic;

republicanism in Britain seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republican ideology was still a minority viewpoint, and Elizabeth herself had high approval ratings.[300] Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself, and the conduct of Elizabeth's wider family, rather than her own behaviour and actions.[301] Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, although Elizabeth's personal popularity—as well as general support for the monarchy—rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death.[302]

In Brisbane, Australia, 1982

In November 1999,

Australian monarchy favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state.[303] Many republicans credited Elizabeth's personal popularity with the survival of the monarchy in Australia. In 2010, Prime Minister Julia Gillard noted that there was a "deep affection" for Elizabeth in Australia and that another referendum on the monarchy should wait until after her reign.[304] Gillard's successor, Malcolm Turnbull, who led the republican campaign in 1999, similarly believed that Australians would not vote to become a republic in her lifetime.[305] "She's been an extraordinary head of state", Turnbull said in 2021, "and I think frankly, in Australia, there are more Elizabethans than there are monarchists."[306] Similarly, referendums in both Tuvalu in 2008 and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009 saw voters reject proposals to become republics.[307]

Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for the monarchy,

Gallup poll, her 52 appearances on the list meaning she had been in the top ten more than any other woman in the poll's history.[313]

Elizabeth was portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists, including painters

portrait photograph of Elizabeth was taken by Marcus Adams in 1926.[316]

Titles, styles, honours, and arms

Royal cypher of Elizabeth II, surmounted by St Edward's Crown
Personal flag of Elizabeth II

Titles and styles

Elizabeth held many titles and honorary military positions throughout

the Commonwealth, was sovereign of many orders in her own countries and received honours and awards from around the world. In each of her realms, she had a distinct title that follows a similar formula: Queen of Saint Lucia and of Her other Realms and Territories in Saint Lucia, Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories in Australia, etc. Elizabeth was also styled Defender of the Faith
.

Arms

From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a

royal standards and personal flags for use in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Jamaica, and elsewhere.[318]

Issue

Name Birth Marriage Children Grandchildren
Date Spouse
Charles III (1948-11-14) 14 November 1948 (age 75) 29 July 1981
Divorced 28 August 1996
Lady Diana Spencer
William, Prince of Wales
Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex
9 April 2005
Camilla Parker Bowles
None
Anne, Princess Royal (1950-08-15) 15 August 1950 (age 73) 14 November 1973
Divorced 23 April 1992
Mark Phillips Peter Phillips
  • Savannah Phillips
  • Isla Phillips
Zara Tindall
  • Mia Tindall
  • Lena Tindall
  • Lucas Tindall
12 December 1992 Timothy Laurence None
Prince Andrew, Duke of York (1960-02-19) 19 February 1960 (age 64) 23 July 1986
Divorced 30 May 1996
Sarah Ferguson
Princess Beatrice, Mrs Edoardo Mapelli Mozzi
Sienna Mapelli Mozzi
Princess Eugenie, Mrs Jack Brooksbank
  • August Brooksbank
  • Ernest Brooksbank
Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh (1964-03-10) 10 March 1964 (age 60) 19 June 1999
Sophie Rhys-Jones
Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor
None
James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex
None

Ancestry

See also

Notes

  1. ^ As monarch, Elizabeth was Supreme Governor of the Church of England. She was also a member of the Church of Scotland.
  2. Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles (her paternal aunt); and Lady Elphinstone (her maternal aunt).[4]
  3. ^ The oft-quoted speech was written by Dermot Morrah, a journalist for The Times.[40]
  4. television licences in the United Kingdom doubled to 3 million,[73] and many of the more than 20 million British viewers watched television for the first time in the homes of their friends or neighbours.[74] In North America, almost 100 million viewers watched recorded broadcasts.[75]
  5. ^ The Sunday Times Rich List 1989 put her number one on the list with a reported wealth of £5.2 billion (approximately £13.8 billion in today's value),[141] but it included state assets like the Royal Collection that were not hers personally.[142] In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates of £100 million "grossly overstated".[143] In 1971, Jock Colville, her former private secretary and a director of her bank, Coutts, estimated her wealth at £2 million (equivalent to about £14 million in 1993[141]).[144]
  6. King Edward VII in 1908. The King never stepped ashore, and met Nicholas II on royal yachts off the Baltic port of what is now Tallinn, Estonia.[155][156] During the four-day visit, which was considered to be one of the most important foreign trips of Elizabeth's reign,[157] she and Philip attended events in Moscow and Saint Petersburg.[158]

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  • Bibliography

    External links

    Titles and succession
    Elizabeth II
    Born: 21 April 1926 Died: 8 September 2022
    Regnal titles
    Preceded by
    Queen of the United Kingdom

    6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022
    Succeeded by
    Queen of Australia

    6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022
    Queen of Canada

    6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022
    Queen of New Zealand

    6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022
    Queen of Ceylon
    6 February 1952 – 22 May 1972
    Republics established
    Queen of Pakistan

    6 February 1952 – 23 March 1956
    Queen of South Africa

    6 February 1952 – 31 May 1961
    New title
    Independence from the United Kingdom
    Queen of Ghana
    6 March 1957 – 1 July 1960
    Queen of Nigeria

    1 October 1960 – 1 October 1963
    Queen of Sierra Leone
    27 April 1961 – 19 April 1971
    Queen of Tanganyika
    9 December 1961 – 9 December 1962
    Queen of Trinidad and Tobago
    31 August 1962 – 1 August 1976
    Queen of Uganda
    9 October 1962 – 9 October 1963
    Queen of Kenya
    12 December 1963 – 12 December 1964
    Queen of Malawi
    6 July 1964 – 6 July 1966
    Queen of Malta
    21 September 1964 – 13 December 1974
    Queen of the Gambia

    18 February 1965 – 24 April 1970
    Queen of Guyana
    26 May 1966 – 23 February 1970
    Queen of Barbados

    30 November 1966 – 30 November 2021
    Queen of Mauritius
    12 March 1968 – 12 March 1992
    Queen of Fiji

    10 October 1970 – 6 October 1987
    Queen of Jamaica

    6 August 1962 – 8 September 2022
    Succeeded by
    Queen of the Bahamas

    10 July 1973 – 8 September 2022
    Queen of Grenada

    7 February 1974 – 8 September 2022
    New title
    Independence from Australia
    Queen of Papua New Guinea

    16 September 1975 – 8 September 2022
    New title
    Independence from the United Kingdom
    Queen of the Solomon Islands

    7 July 1978 – 8 September 2022
    Queen of Tuvalu

    1 October 1978 – 8 September 2022
    Queen of Saint Lucia

    22 February 1979 – 8 September 2022
    Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

    27 October 1979 – 8 September 2022
    Queen of Belize

    21 September 1981 – 8 September 2022
    Queen of Antigua and Barbuda

    1 November 1981 – 8 September 2022
    Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis

    19 September 1983 – 8 September 2022
    Honorary titles
    Preceded by Head of the Commonwealth
    6 February 1952 – 8 September 2022
    Succeeded by
    Military offices
    Preceded byas First Lord of the Admiralty Lord High Admiral
    1 April 1964 – 10 June 2011
    Succeeded by
    Preceded by Lord High Admiral
    9 April 2021 – 8 September 2022
    Succeeded by