Liz Truss
Liz Truss | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Prime Minister of the United Kingdom | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 6 September 2022 – 25 October 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Monarchs | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Deputy | Thérèse Coffey | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Boris Johnson | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Rishi Sunak | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Leader of the Conservative Party | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 5 September 2022 – 24 October 2022 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Boris Johnson | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Rishi Sunak | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Member of Parliament for South West Norfolk | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Assumed office 6 May 2010 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Christopher Fraser | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Majority | 26,195 (50.9%) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Born | Mary Elizabeth Truss 26 July 1975 Oxford, England | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Political party | Conservative (since 1996) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Other political affiliations | Liberal Democrats (until 1996) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spouse | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Children | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent |
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Education | Merton College, Oxford (BA) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Website | www | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mary Elizabeth Truss (born 26 July 1975) is a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from September to October 2022. On her fiftieth day in office, she stepped down amid a government crisis, making her the shortest-serving prime minister in British history. The member of Parliament (MP) for South West Norfolk since 2010, Truss previously held various Cabinet positions under three prime ministers—David Cameron, Theresa May and Boris Johnson—lastly as foreign secretary from 2021 to 2022.
Truss studied
Truss was the
In September 2022 Truss defeated
Early life and education (1975–1996)
Mary Elizabeth Truss was born on 26 July 1975 at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford, England.[1] She was the second child of John and Priscilla Truss (née Grasby); the year before Truss's birth, their first son, Matthew, had died.[1][n 2] Truss was known by her middle name, Elizabeth, from early childhood, with her father—a professor of pure mathematics at the University of Leeds—using it regularly, which she preferred;[3] after being given a badge with "Mary" on it on her first day of school, Truss asked her teacher that it be changed.[4] She later described her parents' politics as being "to the left of Labour";[5] her mother, a teacher and nurse, was a member of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament.[6] When Truss stood for election as a Conservative, her mother agreed to campaign with her but her father declined to do so.[7] Her parents divorced in 2003.[8]
[S]he stands out in my memory as a sort of strange, unfocused force, hugely in favour of action and change ... it was always hard to see the aim of it all, or where it might lead, except that she would be at the centre of it.
Julian Glover on Truss, his former schoolmate.[9]
In 1977 Truss and her parents moved to Warsaw, but returned to Britain after John and Priscilla found it "quite grim".[10] After living briefly in Kidderminster, Worcestershire, the family moved to Paisley in Scotland when Truss was four years old, where she attended West Primary School.[11] In 1985 they moved south to Leeds, where Truss attended Roundhay School; she later said in 2022 that at the school she "saw kids ... being let down", a claim which was criticised as inaccurate by several former Roundhay pupils.[12] When Truss was 12 she and her family spent a year in Burnaby, British Columbia, where she attended Parkcrest Elementary School whilst her father taught at Simon Fraser University.[13] Truss praised the Canadian curriculum and the attitude that it was "really good to be top of the class", which she contrasted with her education at Roundhay.[14]
Truss's parents had initially wanted her to study at the
Career
Employment and candidatures (1996–2010)
From 1996 to 2000 Truss worked for
Whilst working at Shell, Truss served as the chair of the Lewisham Deptford Conservative Association from 1998 to 2000, having been introduced to the branch by her friend and later Conservative MP Jackie Doyle-Price.[24][34] During this time, at a reception at the Greenwich Conservative Association, Truss met her future husband, Hugh O'Leary,[24] whom she married in 2000 and with whom she has two daughters: Frances (born 2006) and Liberty (born 2008).[35][36] Truss unsuccessfully stood for election twice in Greenwich London Borough Council: for Vanbrugh ward in 1998 and Blackheath Westcombe in 2002.[37][38] The deputy leader of Greenwich Conservatives, Graeme Coombes, recalled in 2022 that Truss "said [in 1998] she was hoping to stand for Parliament ... she was destined for bigger and better things".[39] However, Alex Grant, the candidate who had defeated Truss in 2002, called her "largely invisible during the campaign".[40] In the 2006 council election, Truss was elected for Eltham South,[41] but did not seek re-election to the council in 2010, standing down the day she became an MP.[42]
At the
In January 2005 Sue Catling, the parliamentary candidate for the Calder Valley constituency, was forced to resign by the local Conservative Association because of an affair with the association's chairman.[47] Catling claimed that the members of the party that had opposed her were sexist and said that she was "accused of everything except murder and paedophilia".[48] Truss, who was selected as the candidate for the seat, narrowly lost to the Labour incumbent after an active Conservative campaign which The Yorkshire Post described as "Blitzkrieg".[49] Beginning in 2004, Truss embarked on an 18-month affair with the Conservative MP Mark Field, which ended shortly after the following year's election.[50]
Following the 2005 general election
Backbencher (2010–2012)
Truss was elected as an MP in the
Our message must be that the state cannot do everything: while the government can help, it can never fully solve any individual's problems. The NHS
job centre can't find you work if you aren't prepared to write a CV.[68]
Another book by the same authors,
Education under-secretary (2012–2014)
[Y]ou're a great minister, I loved what you did, but we really couldn't go ahead with this one. You're one of the first ministers I've appointed to do something and you've just done it.
David Cameron speaking to Truss about her childcare proposal.[76]
In September 2012 Truss was appointed as parliamentary under-secretary of state for education and stepped back from the leadership of the FEG, with Kwarteng taking her place.
Environment secretary (2014–2016)
In July 2014 during
At the
Justice secretary and lord chancellor (2016–2017)
In July 2016 Truss was appointed as
Before Truss's arrival, the budget of the
An independent judiciary is the cornerstone of the rule of law, vital to our constitution and freedoms. It is my duty as lord chancellor to defend that independence. I swore to do so under my oath of office. I take that very seriously, and I will always do so.[120]
Chief secretary to the Treasury (2017–2019)
In June, following the
In June 2018 Truss gave a speech criticising rules and regulations which she said "just g[ot] in the way of consumers' choices and lifestyles", including the government's efforts to reduce alcohol consumption and unhealthy eating habits, and warned that raising taxes could see the Conservatives being "crushed" at the polls.[131] She also attacked colleagues who she said should realise "it's not macho just to demand more money",[132] a jibe at the defence secretary Gavin Williamson, who had mounted a largely unsuccessful campaign for an extra £20 billion for his department, including threatening to write "Liz Truss blocked your pay" to everybody in the British Armed Forces.[133][n 5] Truss's speech, which also mocked Michael Gove, was criticised by Hammond; Ed Vaizey, an ally of Gove's; and Gove himself;[135] a speech she gave in November similarly joked about Matt Hancock, the newly appointed home secretary, Sajid Javid, and the health secretary, Jeremy Hunt.[136] Before May's resignation announcement on 24 May 2019 Truss had sought the opinion of her colleagues on whether she could credibly stand and courted media attention.[137][138] As it became apparent she could not win, she ruled herself out the day after May announced her resignation and subsequently endorsed the former foreign secretary Boris Johnson, the first minister to do so.[139]
International trade secretary (2019–2021)
After Johnson became prime minister Truss was widely expected to be promoted because of her endorsement of his leadership campaign; it was thought she might have been appointed chancellor or business secretary, but she was instead promoted to the position of secretary of state for international trade and president of the Board of Trade.[141] Following the resignation of Amber Rudd, Truss was additionally appointed minister for women and equalities in September that year.[142] Shortly after becoming international trade secretary, Truss embarked on international trips to the US, New Zealand, Australia and Japan.[143] Truss met with her American counterpart Robert Lighthizer on her first trip to the US, where she gave what Cole and Heale describe as an "incendiary" speech on a potential US–UK trade deal. In Australia she made unscripted comments on their free-trade negotiations with the UK; both events were to the dismay of Downing Street officials.[144] Sebastian Payne described Truss's tenure as international trade secretary as "enthusiastic yet disruptive".[145] She continued to document her trips through social media.[146]
In February 2020 a reshuffle took place following the general election which had been held in December.[147] Truss feared that she would be dismissed after the comments she had made on her previous international trips, but Johnson decided to keep her in post following Javid's resignation as chancellor.[148] During her time at the department Truss became notorious for leaking information.[149][150] Dominic Cummings, Johnson's chief adviser, later wrote that Truss was "the only minister I shouted at in Number 10" because of her "compulsive pathological leaking".[149] Truss's pursuit of a trade deal with the US concerned some in the National Farmers' Union (NFU), which worried about an influx of lower-quality food products if passed; the NFU, along with The Mail on Sunday, campaigned against such a deal in May.[151][152] The COVID-19 lockdowns eliminated international travel, and Truss instead attended virtual meetings.[153]
By early 2021 Truss's attempted US trade deal was deemed futile.[154] Instead, she focused on joining the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, which necessitated free trade agreements with Australia,[155] Japan[156][157][158] and New Zealand.[159] The Australia deal, finalised in December, was described by one of Truss's aides as "the hardest thing she's ever got through"; the New Zealand deal was agreed to shortly thereafter.[160] By mid-2021 she had started to ingratiate herself with the parliamentary party in anticipation of a leadership election.[161] In September plans for a National Insurance increase were opposed by Truss; Downing Street expected her resignation, but Truss later decided against it.[162]
Foreign secretary (2021–2022)
In September 2021, during a cabinet reshuffle, Johnson promoted Truss from international trade secretary to secretary of state for foreign, Commonwealth and development affairs, replacing Dominic Raab, who had been criticised for holidaying in Crete during the Fall of Kabul;[163] the move was despite Johnson finding Truss "flaky", according to the historian Anthony Seldon.[164] Truss became the second woman to occupy the office and kept the post of equalities minister.[165] Her early actions as foreign secretary included negotiating at the United Nations General Assembly for the release of Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe;[166][n 6] meeting with her Japanese, Canadian and German counterparts; mounting an unsuccessful attempt to join the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement;[168][169] and a visit to Estonia where—like Margaret Thatcher in West Germany—she was photographed in a tank, with the pictures generating both praise and mockery.[170][171]
[W]ho was the person to get the job? Someone who'd been in international trade and travelled around the world for two-and-a-half years. That was a natural promotion.
Kwasi Kwarteng on Truss's promotion to foreign secretary.[165]
In early 2022 Truss's attention was directed towards a build-up of Russian troops near the Russia–Ukraine border.[168] Truss supported a plan which declassified a large amount of intelligence on Russia, releasing it to the public for the first time in order to weaken the Russian government in the event of an invasion.[168] On 10 February 2022 she met the Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov in Moscow, becoming the first British minister to go on a diplomatic trip there since the 2018 Salisbury poisonings.[172] The meeting was, according to Payne, a "disaster": Lavrov described it as being "between the dumb and the deaf", and the two ministers spoke over each other and found it difficult to communicate.[173][174][175] Five days later, Truss stated that the world was on the "brink of war in Europe",[176] which transpired in the early hours of 24 February as Russia invaded Ukraine.[177] Before the invasion and during its immediate aftermath, Truss advocated for sanctions on Russia and encouraged other G7 leaders to impose them;[171] in March 2022 she stated that the sanctions would end only in the event of a "full ceasefire and withdrawal".[178] Johnson praised Truss's actions, saying that "she was always terrific on Ukraine ... other governments faffed around ... she was very clear and focused".[179]
Throughout the first half of 2022 Johnson's position as prime minister became increasingly unstable owing to successive scandals damaging his government and his personal reputation,[180] including Partygate, which resulted in him and the chancellor Rishi Sunak receiving fixed penalty notices.[181] During this time, Truss announced the Northern Ireland Protocol Bill, which was intended to overhaul the Northern Ireland Protocol, including measures to free goods produced in Great Britain from what she described as "unnecessary bureaucracy" entering Northern Ireland.[182] The plan was criticised by the European Commission but was received well by the European Research Group—a Eurosceptic faction within the parliamentary Conservative party—and the right-wing Northern Irish Democratic Unionist Party.[183][182][184] Amid mounting pressure on Johnson following the Chris Pincher scandal, on 5 July Sunak and Javid resigned within minutes of each other. Johnson again considered giving Truss the chancellorship, but decided against it owing to what Payne calls the "fragile geopolitical situation" and instead selected Nadhim Zahawi as Sunak's replacement.[185] However, Johnson's premiership proved untenable and on 7 July he announced his resignation as leader of the Conservative Party, a move which Truss called "the right decision".[186]
Leadership election (July–September 2022)
On 10 July Truss announced her intention to run in the leadership election to replace Johnson. She pledged to cut taxes, said she would "fight the election as a Conservative and govern as a Conservative" and would take "immediate action to help people deal with the cost of living".[187] She said she would cancel a planned rise in corporation tax and reverse the increase in National Insurance rates, funded by delaying the date by which the national debt was planned to fall, as part of a "long-term plan to bring down the size of the state and the tax burden".[188] The political scientist Vernon Bogdanor said in a 2022 article that "[Truss] appreciated that winning over the membership required not detailed policy proposals but the creation of a mood".[189]
Truss received 50 votes on the first of Conservative MPs' 5 ballots, with the number of votes cast for her increasing in each;[190] on 20 July[191] Truss and Sunak were chosen by the parliamentary party to be put forward to the membership for the final leadership vote, with Truss receiving 113 votes to Sunak's 137.[192] In the membership vote, the leader of the 1922 Committee,[n 7] Graham Brady, announced on 5 September that 43 per cent of ballots were for Sunak and 57 per cent for Truss, making her the new leader.[194] In Truss's victory speech, she said that she would deliver on her campaign promises and pledged to win a "great victory" for the Conservatives at the next general election.[194]
Premiership (2022)
Cabinet and death of Elizabeth II
As the leader of the Conservative Party, the majority party in the House of Commons, Truss was appointed as prime minister by
Truss was the fifteenth and final British prime minister to serve under Elizabeth II, who died on 8 September, two days after appointing Truss.[202][203] She was told in the early morning that the Queen was unwell and likely to survive a "matter of hours, not days";[195] Truss ordered black clothes from her Greenwich home in anticipation of the Queen's death, as she had not had time to move her belongings to Westminster.[204] Upon Elizabeth's death, Truss delivered a statement outside 10 Downing Street paying tribute to her:
Queen Elizabeth II was the rock on which modern Britain was built. Our country has grown and flourished under her reign. Britain is the great country it is today because of her. ... Through thick and thin, Queen Elizabeth II provided us with the stability and the strength that we needed. She was the very spirit of Great Britain, and that spirit will endure.[202]
On 10 September Truss attended Charles III's accession ceremony and took an oath of allegiance to the King with fellow senior MPs.[205][206] On 19 September she attended the Queen's funeraI service in Westminster Abbey, reading the second lesson.[207]
Domestic policies and mini-budget
On 23 September Kwarteng announced a controversial mini-budget which proposed cutting taxation significantly, including abolishing the 45 per cent rate of income tax and the proposed Health and Social Care Levy, cutting stamp duty and the basic rate of income tax and cancelling rises in National Insurance contributions and corporation tax;[215] the package, which had been constructed by Truss and Kwarteng together,[216] was to be funded by borrowing and was intended to stimulate growth.[203][217][218] The mini-budget was received badly by financial markets because it included temporary spending measures whilst permanently cutting tax rates.[219] It was blamed for the pound falling to its lowest ever rate against the US dollar (US$1.033)[220] and prompted a response from the Bank of England which, amongst other measures, bought up government bonds; the public reaction was also broadly negative.[221][222][223] The mini-budget was criticised by the International Monetary Fund,[224][225] the US president Joe Biden,[226] the Labour Party and many within Truss's party, including the senior politicians Michael Gove and Grant Shapps.[227][228]
Government crisis and resignation
I think it's a
ministerial red box, I hope it was worth it to sit round the Cabinet table because the damage they have done to our party is extraordinary.
Charles Walker's remarks on the market fallout, subsequent government crisis and Conservative unpopularity.[229][230]
After initially defending the mini-budget, on 3 October Truss instructed Kwarteng to reverse the abolition of the 45 per cent income tax additional rate.[231] She later reversed the cut in corporation tax and dismissed Kwarteng, replacing him with Jeremy Hunt on 14 October.[228] Hunt reversed many of the remaining policies announced in the mini-budget, leading to further instability;[232][233] because of Truss's perceived weakness, he was described by some Conservative MPs and newspapers as the de facto prime minister.[234][235] During this time, Truss became increasingly unpopular with the public, and contributed to a large fall in support for the Conservatives;[236][237] in October, she became the most unpopular prime minister in British history,[192] with her personal approval rating recorded in one survey as nine per cent.[238] She was pilloried in national and international press as a u-turner,[239][240] and a chaotic vote on fracking along with the resignation of Braverman as home secretary compounded a rapid deterioration of confidence in her leadership.[241] On 19 October, in response to a question by the leader of the opposition, Keir Starmer, Truss said that she was a "fighter and not a quitter", quoting a 2001 phrase by Peter Mandelson.[242]
Shortly before noon on 20 October, Truss's forty-fifth day in office, Brady held a meeting with Truss where she asked if she would be able to remain in office;[232][243] his response was "I don't think so, Prime Minister".[243] At 1:35 pm, Truss announced her resignation as the leader of the Conservative Party and as prime minister. She gave the following 89-second-long statement:
I came into office at a time of great economic and international instability. Families and businesses were worried about how to pay their bills. Putin's illegal war in Ukraine threatens the security of our whole continent. And our country has been held back by for too long by low economic growth. I was elected by the Conservative Party with a mandate to change this. We delivered on energy bills and on cutting National Insurance. And we set out a vision for a low-tax, high-growth economy that would take advantage of the freedoms of Brexit. I recognise though, given the situation, I cannot deliver the mandate on which I was elected by the Conservative Party. I have therefore spoken to His Majesty the King to notify him that I am resigning as leader of the Conservative Party. This morning I met the chairman of the 1922 Committee, Sir Graham Brady. We've agreed there will be a leadership election to be completed within the next week. This will ensure that we remain on a path to deliver our fiscal plans and maintain our country's economic stability and national security. I will remain as prime minister until a successor has been chosen. Thank you.[244]
Heale describes a "funereal atmosphere" within the government in the days following her resignation statement.[245] She was succeeded by Sunak as leader of the Conservative Party on 24 October and the next day advised the King to appoint him as the new prime minister;[246][247] Sunak went on to further reverse many of the economic measures she had made as prime minister but retained Hunt as chancellor.[248] Resigning on her fiftieth day, Truss became the shortest-serving prime minister in British history, surpassing George Canning, who was prime minister for 119 days in 1827.[249][n 8] The short length of her premiership was the subject of much ridicule, including a livestream of a head of lettuce, started the week prior, which invited viewers to speculate whether Truss would resign before the lettuce wilted.[250]
Post-premiership (2022–present)
Truss remains in the Commons as a backbencher. She was reselected as the Conservative candidate for South West Norfolk in February 2023[251] and in August that year, she submitted the list of her resignation honours,[252] which were released in December to coincide with the 2024 New Year Honours.[253] In early September 2023 she announced her memoirs about her time as prime minister, Ten Years to Save the West, which was published in April 2024.[254] That same month, Truss gave a speech to the Institute for Government think tank in which she blamed "groupthink" amongst officials and the media for the collapse of her premiership.[255] Similarly, in October at the Conservative Party Conference, she held an event dubbed the "Great British Growth Rally" which was attended by hundreds of Conservative Party members, in contrast to government ministers who gave speeches to a hall which was, according to the Telegraph, "at times almost empty".[256] In February 2024 she co-launched the Popular Conservatism group with others including Jacob Rees-Mogg, Lee Anderson and Priti Patel and spoke at its inaugural event.[257]
Political positions
Domestic issues
Truss has
During her time as a Liberal Democrat, Truss supported the abolition of the monarchy. In 2022 a video of a 19-year-old Truss at the 1994
Foreign policy
Truss was described as a
Truss supported the United Kingdom remaining in the European Union during the 2016 referendum.[277] Since the referendum, Truss has supported Brexit, and publicly stated in 2017 that she had changed her mind.[278] During the July 2022 leadership election Truss said that "I was wrong and I am prepared to admit I was wrong".[279]
Notes and references
Notes
- ^ As Minister for Equalities.
- ^ John and Priscilla had three children after Truss: Chris (born 1978), Patrick (born 1980) and Francis (born 1983).[2]
- ^ National Health Service
- ^ Excluding Eleanor of Provence, who exercised the powers of the lord chancellor in 1253 but was not formally appointed to the office.[108][109]
- ^ Williamson had also requested a five per cent rise in troops' pay.[134]
- ^ Truss succeeded in March 2022 and called the release of Zaghari-Ratcliffe and Anoosheh Ashoori the "most privileged moment" of her time in government.[167]
- ^ The governing body of backbench Conservative members of Parliament.[193]
- ^ Canning's premiership ended with his death, rather than the loss of a general election or by resignation.[244]
References
- ^ a b Cole & Heale 2022, p. 5.
- ^ Glancy & Daniel 2022; Grylls, Norfolk & Wace 2022; Cole & Heale 2022, p. 8.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, pp. 5 and 9; Belam 2022.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, p. 9.
- ^ Ellery 2022.
- ^ "Profile: Elizabeth Truss". The Sunday Times; Asthana 2012.
- ^ a b Cole & Heale 2022, p. 39.
- ^ Grylls, Norfolk & Wace 2022; Cole & Heale 2022, p. 41.
- ^ McGee 2022a.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, pp. 7–8.
- ^ Wheeler & Francis 2022; Cole & Heale 2022, pp. 8–9.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, pp. 11–13; Vinter 2022; Pengelly 2022.
- ^ Woods 2022.
- ^ Asthana 2012.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, p. 17.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, pp. 17–18.
- ^ McSmith 2014b.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, pp. 17 and 19.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, p. 24.
- ^ a b Cole & Heale 2022, p. 27.
- ^ Syal et al. 2022; Cole & Heale 2022, p. 28.
- ^ Steerpike 2022.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, p. 28.
- ^ a b c Cole & Heale 2022, p. 32.
- ^ Quinn 2022a.
- ^ "The Rt Hon Elizabeth Truss MP". gov.uk.
- ^ Parker & Hughes 2022.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, p. 42.
- ^ Quinn 2022a; Cole & Heale 2022, p. 51.
- ^ a b c Cole & Heale 2022, p. 51.
- ^ Haldenby et al. 2009.
- ^ Bassett et al. 2009.
- ^ Grierson 2022a.
- ^ "BBC Democracy Live: Elizabeth Truss MP". BBC News.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, p. 35.
- ^ Rumbelow 2022.
- ^ Minors & Grenham 1998.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, pp. 40 and 48.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, p. 34.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, p. 41.
- ^ Scott 2022.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, p. 68.
- ^ Bogdanor 2022, p. 573.
- ^ a b McSmith 2014a.
- ^ Bennie et al. 2002, p. 230.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, p. 40.
- ^ Stokes 2005.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, p. 43.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, pp. 44–46.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, p. 45.
- ^ Hope 2009.
- ^ a b Cole & Heale 2022, p. 54.
- ^ Gosden 2009.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, p. 56.
- ^ a b Syal et al. 2022.
- ^ "Former 'Turnip Taliban' dissenter now backing Truss to be PM". Eastern Daily Press.
- ^ "Tory woman wins selection battle". BBC News.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, p. 64.
- ^ Jones, Norton & Kelly 2014, p. 215.
- ^ Grice 2014.
- ^ Rogers 2010.
- ^ "Campaign aim to keep Tornado base at RAF Marham". BBC News.
- ^ a b McGurran 2014.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, p. 71.
- ^ "New date for work on dualling A11 in Suffolk and Norfolk". BBC News.
- ^ Bond 2014.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, p. 77.
- ^ Truss 2011.
- ^ a b Cole & Heale 2022, pp. 82–83.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, pp. 72–74.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, p. 74.
- ^ McGurran 2012.
- ^ Coughlan 2012.
- ^ McGurran 2011.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, pp. 74–75.
- ^ a b Cole & Heale 2022, p. 98.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, p. 85.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, pp. 86 and 90.
- ^ Wadsworth 2022.
- ^ a b Cole & Heale 2022, pp. 91–92.
- ^ Wintour & Malik 2013.
- ^ Jowit 2013.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, p. 94.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, p. 95.
- ^ Dominiczak 2013.
- ^ Stratton 2013.
- ^ "A-level shake up will 'end the treadmill' of repeated exams". BBC News.
- ^ Mason 2014.
- ^ "Reshuffle at-a-glance: In, out and moved about". BBC News.
- ^ Fall 2020, p. 233.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, p. 104.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, pp. 105–106.
- ^ Payne 2022, p. 12.
- ^ Cole & Heale 2022, pp. 105 and 109.
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Further reading
- ISBN 978-1-50-954601-5.