Elizabeth of Bosnia
Elizabeth of Bosnia | |
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Kotromanić | |
Father | Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia |
Mother | Elizabeth of Kuyavia |
Elizabeth of Bosnia (
Daughter of
During her regency in Hungary, Elizabeth faced several rebellions led by John Horvat and John of Palisna, who attempted to take advantage of Mary's insecure reign. In 1385, they invited King Charles III of Naples to depose Mary and assume the crown. Elizabeth responded by having Charles murdered within two months of his coronation, in February 1386. She had the crown restored to her daughter and established herself as regent once more, only to be captured, imprisoned and ultimately strangled by her enemies. Her daughter remained on the throne.
Descent and early years
Born about 1339, Elizabeth was the daughter of
In 1350, Tsar
Marriage
Elizabeth's marriage to Louis was celebrated in
The new queen of Hungary subjected herself entirely to her controlling mother-in-law, Elizabeth of Poland. The fact that the young queen's retinue consisted of the same individuals who had served the queen mother indicates that Elizabeth of Bosnia may not even have had her own court. Her mother-in-law's influence prevailed until 1370, when Louis
The problem of the succession marked Louis' reign. Elizabeth was long considered barren, and a succession crisis was expected after the childless king's death. Her brother-in-law
On 17 September 1374, Louis granted various concessions to the
The king, weakened by illness, became progressively less active in the last years of his reign, devoting an increasing amount of time to prayer, as did his aging mother, who had returned from Poland in 1374. These circumstances allowed Elizabeth to assume a more prominent role at court. Her influence had grown steadily since she had given her husband heirs. It appeared probable that the crowns would pass to one of Elizabeth's underage daughters and by 1374, their rights were confirmed.
Widowhood and regency
Louis died on 10 September 1382, with Elizabeth and their daughters at his bedside.[26] Elizabeth, now queen dowager, had Mary crowned "king" of Hungary only seven days later. Halecki believes that the reason behind Elizabeth's haste and Mary's masculine title was the dowager's desire to exclude Sigismund, her prospective son-in-law, from the government.[27] Acting as regent on behalf of the eleven-year-old sovereign, Elizabeth made Garai her chief adviser. Her rule was not to be peaceful. The royal court was pleased with the arrangement, but Hungarian noblemen were unwilling to defer to a woman and objected to Mary's accession, maintaining that the lawful heir to the throne was King Charles III of Naples, the only remaining male Angevin. Charles was, at that time, unable to claim Mary's throne because his own was threatened by Duke Louis I of Anjou.[28]
The first to rise against Elizabeth, in 1383, was the prior of
Polish succession
Although Louis had designated Mary as his successor in both of his kingdoms, the Polish nobles, seeking an end to the personal union with Hungary, were not willing to recognize Mary and her fiancé Sigismund as their sovereigns.[30] They would have accepted Mary if she had moved to Kraków and reigned over both kingdoms from there rather than from Hungary, ruling according to their advice rather than that of the Hungarian nobles and marrying a prince of their choosing. Their intentions, however, were not to Elizabeth's taste. She too would have been required to move to Kraków, where a lack of men loyal to her would have rendered her unable to enforce her own will. Elizabeth was also aware of the difficulties her mother-in-law had faced during her regency in Poland, which had ended with the old queen fleeing her native kingdom in disgrace.[31]
An agreement was reached between Elizabeth's and Polish delegates in
In 1385, Elizabeth received an official delegation from
Mary's marriage
Mary's fiancé Sigismund and his brother
Elizabeth's plan to have Mary married to Louis of France divided the court. The
Deposition and restoration
Charles's arrival was well-prepared. He was accompanied by his Hungarian supporters and Elizabeth was unable to raise an army against him or prevent him from convoking a diet, in which he obtained an overwhelming support. Mary was forced to abdicate, opening the path for Charles to be crowned on 31 December 1385.[43] Elizabeth and Mary were compelled to attend the ceremony[44] and swear allegiance to him.[45]
Deprived of authority, Elizabeth feigned friendly feelings for Charles while his retinue was at the court, but after his supporters had returned to their homes, he was left defenseless.[46] She acted quickly and invited him to visit Mary in Buda Castle. Upon his arrival there on 7 February 1386, Elizabeth had Charles stabbed in her apartments and in her presence. He was taken to Visegrád, where he died on 24 February.[44][46]
Having had the crown restored to her daughter, Elizabeth immediately proceeded to reward those who had helped her, giving a castle in Gimes to Blaise Forgách, the master of the cupbearers, who had mortally wounded Charles. In April, Sigismund was brought to Hungary by his brother Wenceslaus and the queens were pressured into accepting him as Mary's future co-ruler by the Treaty of Győr.[46] Having Charles murdered did not help Elizabeth as much as she hoped it would, however, as Charles's supporters immediately recognized his son Ladislaus as heir[47] and fled to Zagreb. Bishop Paul pawned church estates in order to collect money for an army against the queens.[48]
Death and aftermath
Elizabeth believed that her daughter's mere presence would help calm the opposition.[46] Accompanied by Garai and a modest following,[46] she and Mary set out for Đakovo.[47] However, Elizabeth had seriously misjudged the situation. On 25 July 1386, they were ambushed en route and attacked by John Horvat in Gorjani.[46][47] Their small entourage failed to fight off the attackers. Garai was killed by the rebels and his head was sent to Charles's widow Margaret, while the queens were imprisoned in the bishop of Zagreb's castle of Gomnec.[46] Elizabeth took all blame for the rebellion and begged the attackers to spare her daughter's life.[49]
Elizabeth and Mary were soon sent to Novigrad Castle, with John of Palisna as their new jailer.[47] Margaret insisted that Elizabeth be put to death.[50] She was tried and, after the Christmas adjournment of the proceedings, found guilty of inciting Charles' murder.[51] Sigismund marched into Slavonia in January 1387, with the intention to reach Novigrad and rescue the queens.[52] Towards the middle of January, when news of Sigismund's approach reached Novigrad, Elizabeth was strangled by guards before Mary's eyes.[47][51][52]
Mary was released from the captivity by Sigismund's troops on 4 June.
Legacy
Elizabeth was regarded by her contemporaries as an efficient and powerful but ruthless politician who used political intrigues to protect and defend her daughters' rights.[54] She seemed to be a caring parent, but may have lacked political flexibility to prepare Mary and Hedwig for their roles as monarchs. Elizabeth did not set a passable example for her daughters, and her questionable methods in politics would serve partially as a warning to the young sovereigns. Her procrastination threatened Hedwig's future status in Poland, while the problems with Croatian nobles and strained relations with her native Bosnia made Mary's reign insecure and tumultuous.[39]
Queen Elizabeth commissioned the creation of the Chest of Saint Simeon around 1377. The chest, located in Zadar, is of great importance for the history of the city, as it depicts various historical events – such as the death of her father – and Elizabeth herself. According to legend, she stole the saint's finger and paid for the creation of the casket in order to atone for her sin.[55] The casket contains a scene which allegedly depicts the queen gone mad after stealing the relic.[56]
Genealogical table
Elizabeth's kinship with her husband and adversaries[57][58][59] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Notes
- ^ a b Engel 1999, p. 163.
- ^ Kellogg 1936, p. 9.
- ^ Rudzki 1990, p. 47.
- ^ a b Engel 1999, p. 171.
- ^ Instytut Historii (Polska Akademia Nauk)
- ^ Van Antwerp Fine 1994, p. 323.
- ^ Várdy, Grosschmid & Domonkos 1986, p. 226.
- ^ a b Gromada & Halecki 1991, p. 40.
- ^ Michael 1997, p. 303.
- ^ Bertényi 1989, p. 89.
- ^ Gromada & Halecki 1991, p. 88.
- ^ Van Antwerp Fine 1994, p. 369.
- ^ Várdy, Grosschmid & Domonkos 1986, p. 147.
- ^ Jasienica 1978, p. 6.
- ^ Rożek 1987, p. 49.
- ^ a b c d Engel 1999, p. 169.
- ^ Gromada & Halecki 1991, p. 49.
- ^ Jansen 2004, p. 13.
- ^ Johnson & Wogan-Browne 1999, p. 203.
- ^ Reddaway 1950, p. 193.
- ^ Engel 1999, p. 174.
- ^ Engel 1999, p. 170.
- ^ Gromada & Halecki 1991, p. 69.
- ^ Gromada & Halecki 1991, p. 73.
- ^ a b Engel 1999, p. 188.
- ^ Gromada & Halecki 1991, p. 75.
- ^ Gromada & Halecki 1991, p. 97.
- ^ Engel 1999, p. 195.
- ^ Van Antwerp Fine 1994, p. 395.
- ^ Goodman & Gillespie 2003, p. 208.
- ^ a b Varga 1982, p. 41.
- ^ a b Przybyszewski 1997, p. 7.
- ^ a b c Gromada & Halecki 1991, p. 101.
- ^ Przybyszewski 1997, p. 8.
- ^ Przybyszewski 1997, p. 97.
- ^ a b Goodman & Gillespie 2003, p. 221.
- ^ Gromada & Halecki 1991, p. 109.
- ^ Przybyszewski 1997, p. 10.
- ^ a b Gromada & Halecki 1991, p. 85.
- ^ McKitterick 2000, pp. 709–712.
- ^ Rowell 1996, pp. 10–11.
- ^ Goodman & Gillespie 2003, pp. 222–223.
- ^ a b c Engel 1999, pp. 196–197.
- ^ a b Grierson & Travaini 1998, p. 236.
- ^ Gromada & Halecki 1991, p. 146.
- ^ a b c d e f g Engel 1999, p. 198.
- ^ a b c d e Van Antwerp Fine 1994, pp. 396–397.
- ^ Šišić 1902, p. 50.
- ^ Duggan 2002, p. 231.
- ^ Gaži 1973, p. 61.
- ^ a b c Gromada & Halecki 1991, p. 164.
- ^ a b Engel 1999, p. 199.
- ^ Petricioli 1996, p. 196.
- ^ Parsons 1997, p. 16.
- ^ Stewart 2006, p. 210.
- ^ Filozofski fakultet u Zadru, 455.
- ^ Gromada & Halecki 1991, pp. 40, 88.
- ^ Creighton 2011, p. 69.
- ^ Kosáry & Várdy 1969, p. 418.
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External links
- Media related to Elizabeth of Bosnia at Wikimedia Commons