Emancipation Day
Part of a series on |
Slavery |
---|
Emancipation Day is observed in many former European colonies in the
In much of the formerly British territories in the Caribbean Emancipation Day is marked on August 1, commemorating the anniversary of the Slavery Abolition Act 1833. On August 1, 1985, Trinidad and Tobago became the first independent country to declare Emancipation Day as a public holiday to commemorate the abolition of slavery. Historically, August 1 was known as West Indian Emancipation Day and it became a key mobilisation tool and holiday for the antislavery movement in the United States.[1]
It is also observed in other areas in regard to the abolition of other forms of [involuntary servitude].
Trinidad and Tobago
On August 1, 1985 Trinidad and Tobago became the first independent country in the world to declare a national holiday to commemorate the abolition of slavery.[2]
In Trinidad and Tobago, Emancipation Day replaced Columbus Discovery Day, which commemorated the arrival of Christopher Columbus at Moruga on 31 July 1498, as a national public holiday.[3][4]
The commemoration begins the night before with an all-night vigil and includes religious services, cultural events, street processions past historic landmarks, addresses from dignitaries including an address from the Prime minister of Trinidad and Tobago and ends with an evening of shows that include a torchlight procession to the national stadium.[5][6]
August 1
The
The legislation only freed slaves below the age of six. Enslaved people older than six years of age were redesignated as "apprentices" and required to work, 40 hours per week without pay, as part of compensation payment to their former owners. Full emancipation was finally achieved at midnight on 31 July 1838.[7]
The holiday is known as August Monday in Guyana, Dominica, The Bahamas, The Virgin Islands, and Saint Lucia, among other territories, as it's commemorated on the first Monday in August.
Antigua and Barbuda
Antigua and Barbuda celebrates carnival on and around the first Monday of August. Since 1834 Antigua and Barbuda have observed the end of slavery. The first Monday and Tuesday in August was observed as a bank holiday so the populace can celebrate Emancipation Day. Monday is J'ouvert, a street party that mimics the early morning emancipation.
Anguilla
Anguilla: In addition to commemorating emancipation, it is the first day of "August Week", the Anguillian Carnival celebrations. J'ouvert is celebrated August 1, as Carnival commences.
The Bahamas
The Bahamas: Celebrations are mainly concentrated in Fox Hill Village, Nassau, a former slave village whose inhabitants, according to folklore, heard about their freedom a week after everyone else on the island. The celebration known as the Bay Fest, beginning on August 1 and lasting several days, is held in the settlement of Hatchet Bay on the island of Eleuthera, and "Back to the Bay" is held in the settlement of Tarpum Bay, also on Eleuthera.
Barbados
Emancipation Day in Barbados is part of the annual "Season of Emancipation", which began in 2005. The Season runs from April 14 to August 23.[8][9] Commemorations include:
- the anniversary of Bussa's rebellion, a major slave rebellion in 1816, April 14
- National Heroes Day, April 28;
- Crop Over festival, which includes May, June and the first week of August
- Africa Day, May 25
- Day of National Significance, which commemorates the Labour Rebellion of 1937, July 26
- Emancipation Day, August 1
- birthday of Marcus Garvey, August 17
- International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition, August 23
Emancipation Day celebrations usually feature a walk from
Belize
Starting 2021, Belize joins other Caribbean nations in the observance of Emancipation Day on 1 August to commemorate the emancipation of enslaved people in the Caribbean in 1834.[10]
Bermuda
Bermuda celebrates its Emancipation Day on the Thursday before the first Monday in August, placing it in either July or August.[11]
Cup Match
Emancipation Day is marked by the Cup Match, a two-day public holiday and cricket match, played by residents of the island, is unique to Bermuda. Cup Match started when members of Friendly Societies and Lodges in Somerset in the east and St. George's Parish, in the west, gathered to mark the anniversary of the abolition of slavery. In 1902 a silver cup was introduced to the tournament, and that year the first official Cup Match cricket match was played on 12 June 1902. In the Public Holidays Act 1947 national public holidays were introduced on the Thursday and Friday before the first Monday in August, they were named Cup Match Day and Somers Day (named George Somers the English coloniser and privateer).[12] In 1999 Cup Match Day was renamed Emancipation Day, and Somers Day was renamed Mary Prince Day in February 2020 to remember Bermudan writer and enslaved woman Mary Prince.[13]
British Virgin Islands
British Virgin Islands: The first Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday of August are celebrated as "August Festival".
Canada
In March 2021, the
The first of August marks the day the Slavery Abolition Act 1833 ended slavery in the British Empire in 1834 and, thus, also in Canada. However, the first colony in the British Empire to have anti-slavery legislation was Upper Canada, now Ontario. John Graves Simcoe, the first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, passed the 1793 Act Against Slavery, banning the importation of slaves and mandating that children born to enslaved women would be enslaved until they were 25 years old, as opposed to in perpetuity.[15] This was the first jurisdiction in the British Empire to abolish the slave trade and limit slavery.[16] The Act Against Slavery was superseded by the Slavery Abolition Act.
In 2022, the celebrations of Emancipation Day in Canada were declared a National Historic Event by Parks Canada.[17]
Nova Scotia
Emancipation Day was set on 1 August by the
Ontario
In 2008, the provincial legislature designated August 1 as Emancipation Day. The act of parliament stated in its preamble: "it is important to recognize the heritage of Ontario’s Black community and the contributions that it has made and continues to make to Ontario. It is also important to recall the ongoing international struggle for human rights and freedom from repression for persons of all races, which can be best personified by Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe and Dr Martin Luther King Jr. Accordingly, it is appropriate to recognize August 1 formally as Emancipation Day and to celebrate it."[19]
Notable Emancipation Day commemoriation include The Big Picnic, organised by the Toronto Division of the
In 1932, the first Emancipation Day Parade was held in
Toronto hosts the
Dominica
Dominica: The first Monday is celebrated as August Monday. It marks the end of slavery in 1834.[23]
Grenada
Grenada: The first Monday in August is celebrated as Emancipation Day with Cultural activities.
Guyana
Guyana: The first of August is celebrated as Emancipation Day with Cultural activities, and events; including family gathering where they cook traditional food such as cook-up.
Jamaica
1 August, Emancipation Day in Jamaica is a public holiday and part of a week-long cultural celebration, during which Jamaicans also celebrate Jamaican Independence Day on August 6, 1962. Both August 1 and August 6 are public holidays.
Emancipation Day had stopped being observed as a nation holiday in 1962 at the time of independence.[24] It was reinstated as a national public holiday under The Holidays (Public General) Act 1998 after a six-year campaign led by Rex Nettleford, among others.[9][25][26]
Traditionally people would keep at vigil on July 31 and at midnight ring church bell and play drums in parks and public squares to re-enact the first moments of freedom for enslaved Africans.
Emancipation Park, a public park in Kingston, opened on the eve of Emancipation Day, July 31 in 2002, is named in commemoration of Emancipation Day.[28][29]
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis: The first Monday and Tuesday of August are celebrated as "Emancipation Day" and also "Culturama" in Nevis.
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines also celebrates August Monday.
South Africa
The Slavery Abolition Act of 1833 came into full effect in the Cape Colony on the December 1, 1838, after a four-year period of forced apprenticeship. About 39,000 enslaved people were freed and £1.2 million[30] (roughly equivalent to £4,175,000,000 as a proportion of GDP in 2016 pounds)[31] – of £3 million originally set aside by the British government – was paid out in compensation to 1,300 former slave holding farmers in the colony.[30]
December 1 is celebrated as Emancipation Day in South Africa most notably in the city of Cape Town.[32]
French West Indies
This includes eight territories currently under French sovereignty in the Antilles islands of the Caribbean:
- Martinique commemorates emancipation with a national holiday on May 22,[33] marking the slave resistance on that day in 1848 that forced Governor Claude Rostoland to issue a decree abolishing slavery.[34]
- Guadeloupe commemorates emancipation on May 27.[35]
- Saint Martin has a week-long celebration around May 27, commemorating the abolition of slavery.[36]
Central America
This section needs additional citations for verification. (June 2021) |
On the Caribbean Coast of Nicaragua the emancipation of slavery took place in the month of August 1841 but with different dates.
Bluefields and Pearl Lagoon received their emancipation on August 10, 1841.
Corn Island received its emancipation on August 27, 1841.
Suriname – July 1
On 1 July,
United States
District of Columbia – April 16
The District of Columbia observes April 16 as Emancipation Day. On April 16, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln signed the District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act, an act of Compensated emancipation, for the release of certain persons held to service or labor in the District of Columbia.[39] The Act, introduced by Massachusetts senator and ardent abolitionist Henry Wilson, freed about 3,100 slaves in the District of Columbia nine months before President Lincoln issued his broader Emancipation Proclamation.[40] The District of Columbia Compensated Emancipation Act represents the only example of compensation by the federal government to former owners of emancipated slaves.[41]
On January 4, 2005,
Florida – May 20
The
Georgia – Saturday closest to May 29
Thomaston, Georgia, has been the site of an Emancipation Day celebration since May 1866. Organizers believe it is "the oldest, continuously observed annual emancipation event in the United States."[49] The annual event is scheduled for the Saturday closest to May 29. William Guilford was an early organizer of the event first held in 1866.
Kentucky and Tennessee – August 8
Emancipation Day is celebrated on August 8 in Hopkinsville, Christian County; Paducah, McCracken County; and Russellville, Logan County Kentucky, as well as other communities in western Kentucky and for many years in Southern Illinois in Hardin County. According to the Paducah Sun newspaper, this is the anniversary of the day slaves in this region learned of their freedom in 1865. According to a PBS documentary, it celebrates the liberation of the people enslaved by U.S. President Andrew Johnson, one of whom started the annual celebration in eastern Tennessee.[50][51]
In 1938, William A. Johnson, who was born enslaved to Andrew Johnson in 1858, spoke at a Tennessee Emancipation Day celebration at Chilhowee Park.[52]
Johnson is one of the last surviving slaves in this section. January 1 was designated as Emancipation day but Andrew Johnson freed his slaves August 8 and Negroes of East Tennessee have always observed that date as Emancipation day. The celebration this year has been changed to August 9 because August 8 is on Sunday.[52]
Maryland – November 1
Emancipation Day is celebrated in Maryland on November 1. Maryland started officially recognizing Emancipation Day in 2013, when then-Governor Martin O’Malley signed a measure to celebrate the freeing of slaves in Maryland on Nov. 1. Slavery was abolished in Maryland just six months before the end of the Civil War. Maryland's slavery abolishment also was approved two months before the U.S. Constitution's 13th Amendment was passed by Congress, and a full year before the 13th Amendment was ratified.[53]
On November 1, 2020, Maryland Governor Larry Hogan issued a proclamation recognizing Maryland Emancipation Day. "156 years ago, a new state constitution abolished slavery in Maryland. I have issued a proclamation recognizing Maryland Emancipation Day as we reflect on the legacies of the brave Marylanders who risked everything so that they and others might enjoy the promise of freedom."[54]
On October 30, 2020, Montgomery County Executive Marc Elrich and County Council President Sidney Katz, on behalf of the entire Council, presented a joint proclamation Friday proclaiming Sunday, November 1, as “Emancipation Day” in Montgomery County.[53]
Massachusetts - July 8
Massachusetts Emancipation Day, also known as Quock Walker Day, was established by the state legislature in 2022 and first legally observed statewide in 2023.
Mississippi – May 8
In Columbus, Mississippi, Emancipation Day is celebrated on May 8, known locally as "Eight o' May". As in other southern states, the local celebration commemorates the date in 1865 when African Americans in eastern Mississippi learned of their freedom.[56]
Though the 13th amendment was ratified by the necessary three-quarters vote, Mississippi withheld its ratification document after the constitutional amendment was submitted to the states. Mississippi finally submitted the ratification document on February 7, 2013.[57][58]
Texas – June 19
In Texas, Emancipation Day is celebrated on June 19. It commemorates the announcement in Texas of the abolition of slavery made on that day in 1865. It is commonly known as Juneteenth. Since the late 20th century, this date has gained recognition beyond Texas, and became a federal holiday in 2021.
Virginia – April 3
In Richmond, Virginia, April 3 is commemorated as Emancipation Day. April 3 marks the day, in 1865, that Richmond fell to the Union Army, who were led by the United States Colored Troops.[59]
Territories
Puerto Rico – March 22
Puerto Rico celebrates Emancipation Day (Día de la Abolición de Esclavitud), an official holiday, on March 22. Slavery was abolished in Puerto Rico in 1873 while the island was still a colony of Spain.[60]
US Virgin Islands – July 3
The
In addition to recognizing Emancipation Day, since 2017 the full week leading up to July 3 has been recognized as Virgin Islands Freedom Week.[62] Emancipation Day, Freedom Week, and the culmination of St. John Festival are celebrated throughout the U.S. Virgin Islands with concerts, dancing, workshops, a historical skit, and a reenactment of the walk to Fort Frederik.[63]
See also
- Abolitionism
- Fifth of July (New York)
- Juneteenth
- Kwanzaa
- Slave Trade Acts
- Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
References
- ISBN 978-0-8071-4364-3.
- ^ "Emancipation Day". National Library and Information System Authority, Trinidad and Tobago. Archived from the original on 9 August 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ Sookraj, Radhica (2011). "Moruga residents celebrate Emancipation, Discovery day". Trinidad and Tobago Guardian. Retrieved 12 August 2016.
- ISBN 9781315435404.
- ^ "Trinidad and Tobago Emancipation Day." Holidays, Festivals, and Celebrations of the World Dictionary, edited by Helene Henderson, Omnigraphics, Inc., 5th edition, 2015. Credo Reference, http://cordproxy.mnpals.net/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/hfcwd/trinidad_and_tobago_emancipation_day/0?institutionId=4015 . Accessed 15 Jan 2018.
- ISBN 9780773576070.
- ^ "Emancipation". Black Presence: Asian and Black History in Britain 1500-1850. The National Archives.
- ^ Hutchinson, Nekaelia (14 April 2014). "Season of Emancipation Launched". Barbados Government Information Service. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ ISBN 9780719066658. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ "Emancipation Day in Belize in 2021". Office Holidays. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
- ^ "Bermuda's Public Holidays in 2016, 2017 and 2018".
- ^ Nisbett, Khaliah (2018-07-27). "The Important Link between Cup Match and Emancipation in Bermuda". www.gov.bm. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
- ^ Bell, Jonathan (2021-07-23). "One year late, Mary Prince Day will be celebrated at Cup Match". www.royalgazette.com. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
- ISBN 978-1-55488-717-0.
- ^ "Upper Canadian Act of 1793 Against Slavery National Historic Event". Parks Canada. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ^ a b Henry, Natasha L. (14 July 2014). "Slavery Abolition Act, 1833". The Canadian Encyclopedia.
- ^ Parks Canada Agency, Government of Canada (2023-08-01). "Celebrations of Emancipation Day — National Historic Event - Celebrations of Emancipation Day National Historic Event". parks.canada.ca. Retrieved 2024-02-15.
- ^ "Nova Scotia Commemorates Emancipation Day". Government of Nova Scotia. 29 July 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
- ^ "Law Document English View". Ontario.ca. 24 July 2014.
- ISSN 0847-4478.
- ^ "'A huge part of our local history': A look back at Emancipation Day in Windsor". CBC News. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- ^ "Windsor's Emancipation Day history turning into documentary series". CBC News. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
- ^ "Emancipation Day in Dominica in 2021". Office Holidays. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
- ISBN 9781136667381. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ "How we celebrate Emancipation Day". Emancipation Park, Jamaica. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ "Holidays (Public General) Act". Ministry of Justice. Archived from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ISBN 9780778793328.
emancipation day jamaica.
- ^ "The History of Emancipation Day". Trinidad and Tobago Newsday. 1 August 2012. Archived from the original on 12 September 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ "The Development of Emancipation Park". Emancipation Park Jamaica. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
- ^ a b Anonymous (2011-03-31). "History of Slavery and early colonisation in SA timeline 1602-1841". www.sahistory.org.za. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
- ^ "1838 vs 2015 pound value – Economic Cost". MeasuringWorth.com. Measuring Worth. 1 December 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-05-08. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
- ^ Pather, Ra'eesa. "Slaves: South Africa's first freedom fighters". The M&G Online. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
- ^ Romero, Ivette (6 May 2009). "Emancipation Days in Martinique and Guadeloupe". Repeating Islands. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
- ^ Elisa Bordin and Anna Scacchi (eds), Transatlantic Memories of Slavery: Remembering the Past, Changing the Future, Cambria Press, 2015, p. 107.
- ^ "Emancipation Days in Martinique and Guadeloupe", Repeating Islands.
- ^ "St. Martin/St. Maarten Events, Calendar", FrenchCaribbean.com.
- ISBN 9780739113974.
- ^ "Afschaffing van de slavernij? In Suriname ging het nog tien jaar voort". De Correspondent (in Dutch). 30 October 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
- ^ Chap. LIV. 12 Stat. 376 from "A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875". Library of Congress, Law Library of Congress. Retrieved Oct. 19, 2009.
- OCLC 48098939.
- ^ DC Celebrates Emancipation, Government of the District of Columbia
- ^ "District of Columbia Emancipation Day Amendment Act of 2004" (PDF).
- ^ DC Department of Human Resources from "Holiday Schedule (2011 Holiday Schedule)" Archived 2013-05-12 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Staff report (12 April 2016). "The real reason why tax day was moved to April 18". Tribune Media. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
- ^ [1], DC Emancipation parades continued from 1866 to 1901.
- ^ [2], White House Historical Association - The city revived the parades in 2002 as a result of the research, lobbying and leadership of Ms. Loretta Carter-Hanes.
- ^ "Knott House Museum Exhibits & Programs". Archived from the original on 2007-06-08. Retrieved 2007-05-20.
- ^ "Knott House Museum". Archived from the original on 2007-05-27. Retrieved 2007-05-20.
- ^ "Emancipation Proclamation Celebration - Thomaston, Georgia". Archived from the original on 2017-01-15. Retrieved 2019-06-10.
- ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "8th of August: Tennessee's Celebration of Emancipation". YouTube.
- ^ "The Eighth of August: Emancipation Day in Tennessee". Tennessee Historical Society. 2018-08-03. Retrieved 2021-08-20.
- ^ a b "William Andrew Johnson speaks at August 8th Event, 1937". The Knoxville Journal. 1937-08-06. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
- ^ a b Staff, Source of the Spring (2020-11-01). "County, State Leaders Declare Emancipation Day". Source of the Spring. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
- ^ Twitter https://twitter.com/govlarryhogan/status/1322901708587048968. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
{{cite web}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ^ a b c Sarah Raza (July 8, 2023). "Lexington celebrates first Massachusetts Emancipation Day". The Boston Globe.
- ^ James Fallows (8 May 2014). "Emancipation Day Commemoration in Eastern Mississippi". The Atlantic. Retrieved 28 July 2018.
- ^ Ben Waldron (19 February 2013). "Mississippi Officially Abolishes Slavery, Ratifies 13th Amendment". ABC News. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
- ^ "Constitutional Amendment Process". National Archives. 15 August 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-8203-2546-0.
- ^ "Abolition of Slavery in Puerto Rico". World of 1898. Library of Congress. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
- ^ "The slave rebellion on St. Croix and Emancipation". Rigsarkivet. Retrieved 2018-08-12.
- Governor of the United States Virgin Islands. Retrieved on 2020-07-03.
- ^ "USVI Commemorating 172 Years Since Emancipation with Virtual Concerts, Marches and More". The St. Thomas Source. 2 July 2020. Retrieved 2020-07-03.