Emery Molyneux
Emery Molyneux | |
---|---|
Born | Emery Molyneux |
Died | June 1598 Amsterdam, Holland, Dutch Republic |
Nationality | English |
Other names | Emerius Mulleneux (Latin), Emmerie Molineux |
Occupation(s) | Maker of globes, mathematical instruments and ordnance |
Known for | Making the first globes in England |
Spouse | Anne |
Emery Molyneux (
Molyneux was known as a
Molyneux emigrated to
Only six of his globes are believed still to be in existence. Three are in England, of which one pair consisting of a terrestrial and a celestial globe is owned by Middle Temple and displayed in its library, while a terrestrial globe is at Petworth House in Petworth, West Sussex.
Globe-maker
Construction
Emery Molyneux is regarded as the maker of the first terrestrial and celestial globes in England and as the first English globe-maker.[1] Little is known about the man himself. Petruccio Ubaldini, an Italian calligraphist, illuminator and ambassador[2] who was acquainted with him, said he was "of obscure and humble family background".[3] It seems likely that he was the "Emery Molynox" who was presented to the Worshipful Company of Stationers as the apprentice of one William Cooke in October 1557.[4] By the 1580s he had a workshop in Lambeth, on the south bank of the Thames, and enjoyed a reputation as a mathematician and maker of mathematical instruments.[5] Richard Polter, in his book The Pathway to Perfect Sayling (1605),[6] mentioned that Molyneux had been a skilful maker of compasses and hourglasses.[7]
Through his trade, Molyneux was known to the explorers
Terrestrial globes
In making his
Molyneux accompanied
Quod equide[m] effeci tu[m] ex meis navigationibus primo, tum deinceps ex felici illa sub clariss. Fran. Drako ad Indos Occident, expeditione, in qua non-modo optimas quasqu[e] alioru[m] descriptiones, sed quidquid mea quantulacu[m]que, vel scie[n]ta vel experientia ad integru[m] hoc qui[n]quen[n]io pr[a]estare potuit, ad hujus operis perfectione[m] co[m]paravi ... [I have been able to do this both in the first place from my own voyages and secondly from that successful expedition to the West Indies under the most illustrious Francis Drake: in which expedition I have put together not only all the best delineations of others, but everything my own humble knowledge or experience has been able to furnish in the last five years to the perfecting of this work.][16]
On the terrestrial globe, tracks of the voyages of Francis Drake and Thomas Cavendish around the world are marked by red and blue lines respectively. These lines were applied when the globe was first made. They are mentioned in a description of Molyneux's globes in Blundeville His Exercises (1594)[17][18] by Thomas Blundeville, a country gentleman who was an enthusiastic student of astronomy and navigation.[19] Thomas Cavendish appears to have helped Molyneux with his globes, and it is possible that Molyneux accompanied him on his 1587 voyage around the world, which returned to England on 9 September 1588.[7] In 1889, Sir Clements Markham, an English explorer, author and geographer, pointed out that a Latin legend on the terrestrial globe, placed off the Patagonian coast, states: "Thomas Caundish 18 Dec. 1587 hæc terra sub nostris oculis primum obtulit sub latitud 47 cujus seu admodum salubris Incolæ maturi ex parte proceri sunt gigantes et vasti magnitudinis".[20] However, Helen Wallis, former Map Curator of the British Library, observed in 1951 that this was unlikely, because Molyneux incorrectly plotted Cavendish's course in Maritime Southeast Asia.[21] She suggested, however, that another legend on the globe may indicate that he sailed on at least one if not all of John Davis's voyages.[22]
The mathematician and
Celestial globes
Molyneux's celestial globe was virtually a copy of Gerardus Mercator's globe of 1551, which itself was based on a globe of 1537 by Gemma Frisius that Mercator had helped to construct.[25] To the constellations featured on Mercator's globe, Molyneux added the Southern Cross and Southern Triangle, though somewhat to the west of their true positions. His source appears to have been Andrea Corsali's diagram of the Antarctic sky published[26] in 1550.[27]
Molyneux's globes were the first to be constructed in such a way that they were unaffected by humidity at sea. They were made of flour-paste, an unusual material for the time. Simon Forman remarked that Molyneux's moulding or casting process was "the only way to caste [anything] whatsoever in perfecte forme ... and yt is the perfectest and trewest waie of all wayes ... and this was the wai that Mullenax did use to cast flowere [flour] in the verie forme".[7][28]
Publication
In 1589, Richard Hakluyt announced the forthcoming publication of Molyneux's terrestrial globe at the end of the preface to The Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation.[29] Referring to the map that was inserted into the volume—a reproduction of the "Typus Orbis Terrarum" engraved by Franciscus Hogenberg for Abraham Ortelius' Theatrum Orbis Terrarum (1570)[30]—he wrote:
I have contented myselfe with inserting into the worke one of the best generall mappes of the world onely, untill the comming out of a very large and most exact terrestriall globe, collected and reformed according to the newest, secretest, and latest discoveries, both Spanish, Portugall and English, composed by Mr. Emmerie Molineux of Lambeth, a rare Gentleman in his profession, being therin for divers yeeres, greatly supported by the purse and liberalitie of the worshipfull merchant M. William Sanderson.[31]
Ubaldini reported Molyneux's progress in manufacturing the globes to the Duke of Milan. He was in attendance when Molyneux presented a pair of
Several treatises were published to describe the Molyneux globes and provide guides on their use. Molyneux himself wrote a treatise, now lost, entitled The Globes Celestial and Terrestrial Set Forth in Plano, which Sanderson published in 1592.[7] In the same year, Thomas Hood, a London-based mathematics lecturer who had written a 1590 work on the use of celestial globes,[39] published The Vse of Both the Globes, Celestiall and Terrestriall.[40] This was followed in 1594 by two works, one of which was Blundeville's book. The other, Tractatus de Globis et Eorum Usu (Treatise on Globes and their Use),[41] was published by the mathematician Robert Hues.[42] This work went into at least 13 printings and was translated from Latin into Dutch, English and French. In 1599, Edward Wright published Certaine Errors in Navigation,[43] which included commentary on the use of the terrestrial and celestial globes developed by Molyneux.
According to Markham, "the appearance of the globes naturally created a great sensation, and much interest was taken in appliances which were equally useful to the student and to the practical navigator."[13] The largest and most prestigious globes were priced at up to £20 each: these were purchased by royalty, noblemen and academic institutions. Among the purchasers were Thomas Bodley and the Warden of All Souls College, for their libraries in Oxford. William Sanderson presented the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge with a pair each.[44] The public preacher Thomas Laughton made an inaugural gift of a Molyneux globe to the Shrewsbury School library.[45] Smaller globes were also made, though no examples have survived. Sanderson is known to have presented one of these to Robert Cecil in 1595, together with Hues' "Latin booke that teacheth the use of my great globes".[7][46] Intended as practical navigation aids, they cost as little as £2.[7][47]
The globes provided navigators and students with methods for finding the place of the sun,
Later life
In the 1590s, Molyneux sought Elizabeth I's patronage for the production of a
Why Molyneux left England for Holland is unclear. The
Influence
Cartography
In the second volume of the greatly expanded version of his book The Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques and Discoueries of the English Nation (1599),[57] Hakluyt published what is known today as the Wright–Molyneux Map.[58] Created by Edward Wright and based on Molyneux's terrestrial globe, it was the first map to use Wright's improvements on Mercator's projection.[59]
Having, it is believed, purchased the plates of Molyneux's globes, Jodocus Hondius was granted a ten-year privilege on 1 April 1597 to make and publish a terrestrial globe. In that year, he produced in Amsterdam a Dutch translation of Hues' Tractatus de Globis.[60] On 31 October 1598, despite a legal challenge by rival globe-maker Jacob van Langeren, Hondius obtained another privilege for ten years.[61] He duly published globes in 1600 and 1601, and his sons Henricus and Jodocus published a pair in 1613. Hondius also published a world map in 1608 on the Mercator projection. Its reliance on the Molyneux globe is shown by a number of legends, names and outlines which must have been copied directly from it.[62]
In his globes of 1612, van Langeren incorporated the improvements made by Hondius the Elder to Molyneux's globe. It is believed that the Hondius globes also spurred Willem Blaeu to start constructing his large globes in 1616, which were published in 1622. Molyneux's globes therefore may have indirectly influenced the evolution of Dutch globe-making.[63]
Culture
The appearance of Molyneux's globes had a significant influence on the culture of his time. In
What an excellent workman, therefore, were he that could cast the globe of it into a new mould. And not to make it look like Molyneux his globe, with a round face sleeked and washed over with white of eggs, but have it in plano as it was at first, with all the ancient circles, lines, parallels and figures.[65]
It has been suggested that the Lord Chamberlain's Men, the playing company that Shakespeare worked for as an actor and playwright for most of his career, named their playing space the Globe Theatre, built in 1599, as a response to the growing enthusiasm for terrestrial and celestial globes stimulated by those of Molyneux.[66]
In Twelfth Night (1600–1601),[67] Shakespeare alluded to the Wright–Molyneux Map when Maria says of Malvolio: "He does smile his face into more lynes, than is in the new Mappe, with the augmentation of the Indies."[59]
Globes today
Only six Molyneux globes are known to exist today, two terrestrial globes and four celestial globes. Three celestial globes are in Germany, one each in
Petworth House globe
A terrestrial globe was discovered in
The Petworth House globe, now in the North Gallery, is the only Molyneux terrestrial globe preserved in its original 1592 state. One of Molyneux's "great globes", measuring 2 feet 1 inch (0.64 m) in diameter, it was reported in 1952 to be in poor condition despite restoration by the British Museum the previous year.[68] The Northern Hemisphere was darkened by dirt and badly rubbed in places, to the extent that it was hard to read. Parts of it, and large sections of the Southern Hemisphere, are missing altogether.[72] The restoration work revealed that the globe is weighted with sand and made from layers of small pieces of paper overlaid with a coat of plaster about 1⁄8 inch (3 mm) thick. On top of this is another layer of paper over which the gores are pasted. The globe retains its wooden horizon circle and brass meridian ring, but its hour circle and index are missing.[73] Further restoration took place between 1995 and 1997.[74] The globe was exhibited at the Royal Geographical Society in 1951 and 1952.[68]
Middle Temple globes
A bill in the accounts of 11 April 1717 for "repairing the globes in the library"[75] is the earliest reference to the Middle Temple's ownership of the Molyneux terrestrial and celestial globes.[76] Markham's view was that Robert Ashley (1565–1641), a barrister of the Middle Temple who was also an ardent geographer, was likely to have left the globes to the Inn in his will, together with his books. Ashley's books formed the nucleus of the Inn's original library and included copies of the second edition of Hues' Tractatus de Globis and other works on cosmography.[77] On the other hand, Wallis has said that Markham's view is not supported by any available evidence and the globes are not mentioned in the will. She believes that they were probably acquired by Middle Temple on their publication in 1603.[78]
The celestial globe is dated 1592, but the terrestrial globe bears the year 1603 and is the only example of its kind.
At the start of World War II, the globes were sent to Beaconsfield and stored with part of the Wallace Collection at Hall Barn in the care of Lady Burnham. They were brought back to London in 1945 and were at one stage kept in the King's Library on loan to the British Museum.[68][84] The globes were installed in their present position in the Middle Temple Library when the current library building opened in 1958.[75] In 2003, they were loaned to the National Maritime Museum for an exhibition commemorating the life of Elizabeth I.[85]
In 2004, Middle Temple proposed selling the Molyneux globes, valued at over £1 million, to create a scholarship fund for the education and training of needy would-be barristers. Its members eventually decided by a large majority against such a move. There was also a general feeling that the globes should be made more accessible to those wishing to see them.[86]
The Middle Temple's Molyneux globes are the subject of a book-length project, The Molyneux Globes: Mathematical Practice and Theory, by Lesley Cormack of the University of Alberta.[87] The project examines the community of mathematicians, natural philosophers, instrument-makers, and gentlemen-virtuosi that developed around the creation of the Molyneux globes, particularly the histories of four men who wrote treatises about the globes and the larger mathematical community.[88]
Hessisches Landesmuseum globe
The Molyneux globes at the Hessisches Landesmuseum, Kassel, were inherited from the collection of William IV (William the Wise), the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel), a pioneer of astronomical research. William himself died in 1592, so it has been surmised that his son and successor, Maurice, purchased the globes for the collection. They were first mentioned in 1765 in the index of the Mathematische Kammer (Mathematics Chamber) of the Fürstliches Kunsthaus (Princely Art Gallery) in Kassel, during the reign of Landgrave Frederick III.[89] Only a celestial globe survives today; it is believed that the terrestrial globe was destroyed during World War II.
Early books about Molyneux's globes
- Hood, Thomas (1592), The Vse of both the Globes, Celestiall, and Terrestriall most Plainely Deliuered in Forme of a Dialogue. Containing most Pleasant, and Profitable Conclusions for the Mariner, and Generally for all those, that are Addicted to these Kinde of Mathematicall Instrumentes. VVritten by T. Hood Mathematicall Lecturer in the Citie of London, sometime Fellow of Trinitie Colledge in Cambridge, London: Imprinted ... at the three Cranes in the Vintree, by Thomas Dawson, OCLC 222243462. A modern reprint was published as:
- Hood, Thomas (1971), The Use of Both the Globes, Celestiall and Terrestriall, Amsterdam; New York, N.Y.: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum; Da Capo Press, ISBN 978-90-221-0389-0.
- Hood, Thomas (1971), The Use of Both the Globes, Celestiall and Terrestriall, Amsterdam; New York, N.Y.: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum; Da Capo Press,
- Hues, Robert (1594), Tractatus de globis et eorum usu: accommodatus iis qui Londini editi sunt anno 1593, sumptibus Gulielmi Sandersoni civis Londinensis, conscriptus à Roberto Hues [Treatise on Globes and their Use: Adapted to those which have been Published in London in the Year 1593, at the Expense of William Sanderson, a London Resident, Written by Robert Hues], London: In ædibus Thomæ Dawson [in the house of Thomas Dawson], Octavo. The work went into 12 other printings in Dutch (1597, 1613 and 1622), English (1638 and 1659), French (1618) and Latin (1611, 1613, 1617, 1627, 1659 and 1663),[90]and a modern reprint of the English version was published as:
- Hues, Robert (1889), OCLC 149869781.
- Hues, Robert (1889),
- Blundeville, Thomas (1594), M. Blundevile His Exercises containing Sixe Treatises, the Titles wherof are Set Down in the Next Printed Page: Which Treatises are Verie Necessarie to be Read and Learned of all Yoong Gentlemen that haue not bene Exercised in such Disciplines, and yet are Desirous to haue Knowledge as well in Cosmographie, Astronomie, and Geographie, as also in the Arte of Navigation ... To the Furtherance of which Arte of Navigation, the said M. Blundevile Speciallie Wrote the said Treatises and of Meere Good Will doth Dedicate the same to all the Young Gentlemen of this Realme, London: Printed by Iohn Windet, dwelling at the signe of the crosse Keies, neere Paules wharffe, and are there to be solde, OCLC 55186822. Further editions were published, including those in 1606 (3rd), 1613 (4th), 1636 (7th) and 1638 (7th, "corrected and somewhat enlarged"). The work includes (at pp. 515–519 of the 7th ed.), a description of Molyneux's globes and an account of Sir Francis Drake's voyage around the world.
- OCLC 55176994. Mentions the use of Molyneux's terrestrial and celestial globes. Two further editions were published in 1610 and 1657, and the work was reprinted as:
- Wright, Edward (1974), Certaine errors in navigation; the voyage of ... George Earle of Cumberl. to the Azores, Amsterdam; Norwood, N.J.: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum; Walter J. Johnson, OCLC 1359008.
- Wright, Edward (1974), Certaine errors in navigation; the voyage of ... George Earle of Cumberl. to the Azores, Amsterdam; Norwood, N.J.: Theatrum Orbis Terrarum; Walter J. Johnson,
Notes
- JSTOR 1791852
- ^ a b c Amy Dempsey (2003), Elizabeth's adventurers: Imperial ambition: The state of the nation, National Maritime Museum, archived from the original on 29 June 2007, retrieved 7 February 2008
- ^ a b Anna Maria Crinò; Helen Wallis (1987), "New researches on the Molyneux globes", Der Globusfreund, 35: 11 at 14
- OCLC 230266111, 5 vols.
- ^ OCLC 149869781
- OCLC 222545121
- ^ doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/50911. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ Sir Walter Ralegh, also Raleigh (1552–1618): Portraits, She-philosopher.com: Studies in the History of Science and Culture, 7 March 2007, archived from the original on 31 March 2009, retrieved 28 January 2008
- ^ This sum was calculated using the website MeasuringWorth.com based on the retail price index, using a date of 1590: Lawrence H. Officer, Purchasing power of British Pounds from 1264 to 2007, MeasuringWorth.com, archived from the original on 19 February 2012, retrieved 24 March 2008
- ^ According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a ruttier is "[a] set of instructions for finding one's course at sea; a marine guide to the routes, tides, etc.": "ruttier, n.", OED Online, Oxford: Oxford University Press, December 2007, archived from the original on 12 July 2012, retrieved 4 February 2008
- ^ "pilot, n. and adj.", OED Online, Oxford: Oxford University Press, December 2007, archived from the original on 9 July 2012, retrieved 4 February 2008
- ^ Wallis, "The first English globe", pp. 277–278.
- ^ a b "Introduction", Tractatus de Globis, p. xii.
- ^ The legend, which appears in the Pacific Ocean, states: "Islas estas descubrio Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa por la corona de Castilla y Leon desde el año 1568 llamolas Islas de Jesus aunque vulgarmente las llaman Islas de Salomon" ("Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa discovered these islands and claimed them for the crown of Castile and León. From 1568 onwards, the islands were named the Jesus Islands, though they are more commonly known as the Solomon Islands"): "Introduction", Tractatus de Globis, p. xxx.
- ^ "Introduction", Tractatus de Globis, p. xxx.
- JSTOR 1791852
- OCLC 55186822
- ^ "Introduction", Tractatus de Globis, p. xxxi.
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2718. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ "Introduction", Tractatus de Globis, pp. xxx.
- ^ Wallis, "The first English globe", p. 283.
- Geographical Magazine, 35: 267–279
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/30029. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- ^ "Introduction", Tractatus de Globis, p. xxxi. The texts of the inscriptions are from Wallis, "The first English globe", p. 280.
- ISBN 978-0-7011-7476-7
- OCLC 83018526(Italian).
- ^ Wallis, "The first English globe", pp. 283–284.
- ^ Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS Ashmole 1494, folio 1491.
- OCLC 270809208
- ^ Abraham Ortelius (1570), Theatrum orbis terrarum, opus nunc denuó ab ipso auctore recognitum multisqué locis castigatum, & quamplurimis nouis, tabilis atqué commentarijs auctum [Theatre of the Globe, a Work now Collected Anew by the Same Author and Corrected in Many Places, and Enlarged with Many New Things, Tables and Commentaries], Antwerp: [Ant. Coppenius Diesth?]
- OCLC 81916779, quoted in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and Sir Francis Drake: A Pictorial Biography by Hans P. Kraus: The Catalogue of the Collection, Rare Book & Special Collections Reading Room, Library of Congress, archived from the originalon 9 July 2008, retrieved 28 January 2008
- , on the other hand, states that the first pair of Molyneux's globes was presented to Elizabeth I in Greenwich in July 1592.
- ^ Wallis, "Globes in England up to 1660", p. 275.
- ^ a b Wallis, "The first English globe", p. 280.
- signatureA3v, cited in Wallis, "Globes in England up to 1660", p. 275.
- ^ a b Wallis, "Globes in England up to 1660", p. 276.
- ISBN 978-0-7011-7476-7; a full-page illustration of the royal arms on the globe appears at p. 135.
- ISBN 978-1-85437-169-0
- OCLC 24105187
- OCLC 222243462
- ).
- doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14045. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.)
- OCLC 55176994
- JSTOR 1790894
- ^ William A. Champion (2006), Religion in Tudor Shrewsbury in depth: III. Religion and culture, 1540–1640, Discovering Shropshire History, archived from the original on 8 January 2009, retrieved 11 February 2008. See also Wallis, "Globes in England up to 1660", p. 275.
- OCLC 181678336
- ^ See also "Introduction", Tractatus de Globis, p. xxxi.
- ^ "Introduction", Tractatus de Globis, pp. xlvi–xlvii.
- OCLC 61338798, archived from the originalon 22 June 2008.
- OCLC 59598160, archived from the originalon 7 July 2005
- ^ Calendar of State Papers: Domestic Series, 1574–1580; 1595–1597.
- ^ Calendar of State Papers: Domestic Series, 1595–1597, p. 303.
- ^ a b Wallis, "Further light on the Molyneux globes", p. 307.
- ^ Wallis, "Further light on the Molyneux globes", p. 308.
- ^ Wallis, "Further light on the Molyneux globes", p. 310.
- ^ Sanderson, An Answer to a Scurrilous Pamphlet, cited in Wallis, "The first English globe", p. 275.
- OCLC 81916779, 3 vols.
- ISBN 978-0-226-53431-2, ch. 5 ("The Wright Approach").
- ^ a b Novus Orbis: Images of the New World, part 3, Lewis & Clark: The Maps of Exploration 1507–1814, Albert H. and Shirley Small Special Collections Library, University of Virginia, 31 January 2008, archived from the original on 23 June 2008, retrieved 7 February 2008. See also "5. EDWARD WRIGHT. "A Chart of the World on Mercator's Projection." – c. 1599", An Exhibition of Maps and Navigational Instruments, on View in the Tracy W. McGregor Room, Alderman Library, University of Virginia, July 10 to September 26, 1995, University of Virginia, c. 1995, archived from the original on 27 January 2008, retrieved 4 May 2008
- ^ Robert Hues; Iudocum Hondium, transl (1597), Tractaet Ofte Hendelinge van het gebruijck der Hemelscher ende Aertscher Globe [Treatise or Instructions for the Use of the Celestial and Terrestrial Globes], Amsterdam: Cornelis Claesz (Dutch). See Wallis, "Further light on the Molyneux globes", p. 304.
- ^ Wallis, "Further light on the Molyneux globes", p. 306.
- JSTOR 3451488
- ^ Wallis, "Further light on the Molyneux globes", pp. 309–310.
- ^ The Comedy of Errors, Act III, scene ii: see William Shakespeare (1863), William George Clark; John Glover (eds.), The Comedy of Errors, Cambridge; London: Macmillan and Co. (reproduced on the Project Gutenberg website), archived from the original on 26 June 2009
- OCLC 63243782
- Centre national de la recherche scientifique (National Scientific Research Centre), 2007, archived from the originalon 21 October 2009, retrieved 25 February 2008
- ^ Twelfth Night, Act III, scene ii: see William Shakespeare (July 2000), Twelfth Night; or What You Will [Etext #2247], Champaign, Ill.: Project Gutenberg, archived from the original on 26 September 2009
- ^
- National Trust website, archived from the originalon 21 October 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
- ^ David Singmaster (28 February 2003), BSHM Gazetteer: Petworth, West Sussex, British Society for the History of Mathematics, archived from the original on 17 May 2008, retrieved 7 February 2008. See also David Singmaster (28 February 2003), BSHM Gazetteer: Thomas Harriot, British Society for the History of Mathematics, archived from the original on 22 August 2008, retrieved 7 February 2008
- ^ Wallis, "Further light on the Molyneux globes", p. 311; Wallis, "Globes in England up to 1660", p. 276.
- ^ a b Wallis, "The first English globe", p. 285.
- ^ Wallis, "The first English globe", p. 282.
- ^ Petworth House: Globe, Ye Olde Sussex Pages, archived from the original on 8 August 2008, retrieved 7 February 2008
- ^ a b "The Molyneux globes", an information sheet distributed by Middle Temple during the Temple Open Weekend on 19 and 20 January 2008.
- ^ For a photograph of the Middle Temple globes, see Molyneux globes, Middle Temple, 2006–2007, archived from the original on 19 July 2011, retrieved 11 February 2008
- ^ "Introduction", Tractatus de Globis, p. xxxii.
- ^ Wallis, "The first English globe", pp. 287–288.
- ^ Wallis, "Globes in England up to 1660", p. 278.
- ^ Probably a reference to Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana, three countries on the northeast coast of South America.
- peninsula.
- ^ Wallis, "Further light on the Molyneux globes", pp. 304–305.
- ^ Wallis, "Further light on the Molyneux globes", pp. 306, 308.
- ^ Wallis, "The first English globe", p. 276.
- ^ "Molyneux globes", House of Lords Hansard, vol. 660, 19 April 2004, archived from the original on 21 October 2006, col. WA18.
- ^ Marcel Berlins (30 March 2004), "Words' worth: Pay-per-word? Yes please, say the barrister-rappers", The Guardian, archived from the original on 21 October 2009; Marcel Berlins (6 April 2004), "So you thought barristers were overpaid? Check out the new scheme that earns them 50p a page", The Guardian, archived from the original on 21 October 2009
- ^ Dr. Lesley Cormack (Professor and Chair, Department of History & Classics), Department of History and Classics, Faculty of Arts, University of Alberta, archived from the original on 6 August 2007, retrieved 28 January 2008. Photographs of the Middle Temple's Molyneux globes appear on this website.
- ^ Lesley B. Cormack, History and Classics, University of Alberta: Research interests and projects, Making Publics: Media, Marketing & Association in Early Modern Europe 1500–1700, archived from the original on 16 March 2008, retrieved 28 January 2008
- ^ Wallis, "The first English globe", p. 288.
- ^ "Introduction", Tractatus de Globis, pp. xxxviii–xl.
References
- OCLC 149869781.
- Maxwell, Susan M.; Harrison, B. (September 2004). "Molyneux, Emery (d. 1598)". doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/50911. (Subscription or UK public library membershiprequired.).
- JSTOR 1791852.
- Wallis, Helen M. (1952), "A newly-discovered Molyneux globe", Imago Mundi, 9: 78, .
- Wallis, Helen M. (1955), "Further light on the Molyneux globes", The Geographical Journal, 121 (3): 304–311, JSTOR 1790894.
- Wallis, Helen M. (1962), "Globes in England up to 1660", Geographical Magazine, 35: 267–279.
Further reading
Articles and book chapters
- Wallis, Helen M. (1968), "The use of terrestrial and celestial globes in England", Actes du XI Congres International d'Histoire des Sciences, Wroclaw, London, pp. 204–212
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link). - Fisher, R. M. (February 1974), "William Crashawe and the Middle Temple Globes 1605–15", JSTOR 1797012.
- Crinò, Anna Maria; Wallis, Helen (1987), "New researches on the Molyneux globes", Der Globusfreund, 35: 1120.
- Wallis, Helen M. (1989), "Opera mundi: Emery Molyneux, Jodocus Hondius and the first English globes", in van Uchelen, Ton Croiset; van der Horst, Koert; Schilder, Günter (eds.), Theatrum Orbis Librorum: Liber Amicorum Presented to Nico Israel ., Utrecht: HES, ISBN 978-90-6194-367-9.
- Barber, Peter (2004), "Was Elizabeth I interested in maps – and did it matter?", Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 6 (14): 185–198, S2CID 161429083.
- McConnell, Anita (May 2007) [January 2006], Scientific instrument makers (online ed.), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, retrieved 28 January 2008
- Cohen, Adam Max (Winter 2006), "Englishing the globe: Molyneux's globes and Shakespeare's theatrical career", The Sixteenth Century Journal, 37 (4): 963–984, JSTOR 20478124.
- Lesser, Zachary (2007), "Shakespeare and Technology: Dramatizing Early Modern Technological Revolutions. By Adam Max Cohen", The Review of English Studies (book review), 58 (233): 97–99, .
Books
- Williamson, John Bruce (1930), Catalogue of silver plate; the property of the Hon. Society of the Middle Temple with notes and illustrations, including some particulars regarding the Molyneux globes, London: Printed by Bonner, OCLC 901552.
- Williamson, John Bruce (1930), Notes on the Molyneux Globes, London: OCLC 9845317.