Emilia-Romagna

Coordinates: 44°30′38″N 10°57′25″E / 44.51056°N 10.95694°E / 44.51056; 10.95694
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Emilia-Romagna
Emégglia-Rumâgna / Emîlia-Rumâgna (
Romagnol)
Region
Coat of arms of Emilia-Romagna
Coat of arms
ISO 3166 code
IT-45
GDP (nominal)€161 billion (2018)[2]
GDP per capita€36,200 (2018)[2]
NUTS RegionITD
HDI (2021)0.924[3]
very high · 1st of 21
Websitewww.regione.emilia-romagna.it

Emilia-Romagna (

Emilia and Romagna. Its capital is Bologna
. It has an area of 22,446 km2 (8,666 sq mi), and a population of 4.4 million.

Emilia-Romagna is one of the wealthiest and most developed regions in Europe, with the third highest

Pagani, De Tomaso, Dallara, and Ducati); and having popular coastal resorts such as Cervia, Cesenatico, Rimini and Riccione. In 2018, the Lonely Planet guide named Emilia-Romagna as the best place to see in Europe.[12] The region is home to the third largest community of foreign residents in the country, after Lombardy and Lazio.[13]

Etymology

The name Emilia-Romagna is a legacy of Ancient Rome. Emilia derives from the via Aemilia, the Roman road connecting Piacenza to Rimini, completed in 187 BC, and named after the consul Marcus Aemilius Lepidus.[14] Romagna derives from Romània, the name of the Eastern Roman Empire applied to Ravenna by the Lombards when the western Empire had ceased to exist and Ravenna was an outpost of the east (540–751).

History

Castle Estense in Ferrara

Prehistory and antiquity

Before the Romans took control of present-day Emilia-Romagna, it had been part of the

monasteries
.

Early origins

The history of Emilia-Romagna dates back to Roman times when the region of Emilia was ruled by imperial judges linked to the nearby regions of either Liguria or Tuscany. After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 6th century, the Lombards, a Germanic tribe, founded the kingdom of Lombardy in northern and central Italy. This kingdom, which included the region known as Emilia, flourished until the Lombard dynasty was overthrown by the Frankish king Charlemagne in 774. From the 6th to 8th centuries, the region of Romagna was under Byzantine rule and Ravenna was the capital of the Exarchate of Italy within the Eastern Roman Empire. In the 8th century, this region became a province of the Papal States when Pepin, the father of Charlemagne, donated the land to the Pope in 754.

Middle Ages to early modern period

During the 10th century, northern Italy became part of the Holy Roman Empire under the control of the Germanic leader Otto I. The Holy Roman emperors had varying degrees of control over northern Italy until the close of the Middle Ages. In the 12th century, the papacy extended its political influence and city states began to form in opposition to the Holy Roman emperors.

The northern cities, supported by the Pope, formed the Lombard League and reduced the influence of the ruling Hohenstaufen dynasty over their lands. Division between imperial partisans and their opponents created factions called the Guelphs and the Ghibelines which would divide the cities for centuries. For the next few centuries both Emilia and Romagna were ruled by papal legates or representatives of the Pope.

The

Popes of Rome, the Farnese of Parma and Piacenza, and the Duchy of Modena and Reggio
, jostled for power and influence.

The House of Este gained a notable profile for its political and military might and its patronage of the arts: it left behind a vast heritage of splendid Renaissance palaces, precious paintings and literary masterpieces, such as the works of Ludovico Ariosto, Torquato Tasso and Matteo Maria Boiardo.

Following the rise of

Italian Unification
, the territories of Emilia and Romagna would be incorporated into the new nation.

Late modern and contemporary

In the 16th century, most of what would become Emilia-Romagna had been seized by the Papal States, but the territories of Parma, Piacenza, and Modena remained independent until Emilia-Romagna became part of the Italian kingdom between 1859 and 1861.

After the First world war, Emilia-Romagna was at the centre of the so-called Biennio Rosso, a period of left-wing agitations that paved the way for Benito Mussolini's coup d'état in 1922 and the birth of the Fascist regime in Italy. Mussolini, a native of Emilia-Romagna, sponsored the rise of many hierarchs coming from his same region, such as Italo Balbo, Dino Grandi and Edmondo Rossoni.

Towards the end of the

Nazi war crimes, such as the Marzabotto massacre
in which 770 innocent civilians were brutally executed by German troops.

During the

far-right terrorist group detonated a bomb
at the city's main railway station, killing 85 people and wounding more than 200.

After the referendum of 2006, seven municipalities of Montefeltro were detached from the Province of Pesaro and Urbino (Marche) to join that of Rimini on 15 August 2009.[16][17] The municipalities are Casteldelci, Maiolo, Novafeltria, Pennabilli, San Leo, Sant'Agata Feltria and Talamello.

On 20 and 29 May 2012 two

powerful earthquakes struck the central area of the region, killing 27 people and causing substantial damages to the region's artistic heritage as well as to numerous manufacturing facilities. The 5.8 magnitude earthquake left 14,000 people temporarily homeless.[18]

Geography

Relief map of Emilia-Romagna
Lagoons along the Po
delta
See also: Po Delta Interregional Park

The region of Emilia-Romagna consists of nine provinces and covers an area of 22,446 km2 (8,666 sq mi), ranking sixth in Italy. Nearly half of the region (48%) consists of plains while 27% is hilly and 25% mountainous. The region's section of the

calanques) and caves. The mountains stretch for more than 300 km (186.41 mi) from the north to the south-east, with only three peaks above 2,000 m – Monte Cimone (2,165 m), Monte Cusna (2,121 m) and Alpe di Succiso
(2,017 m).

The plain was formed by the gradual retreat of the sea from the

marshland
in ancient times, its history is characterised by the hard work of its people to reclaim and reshape the land in order to achieve a better standard of living.

The

thermal springs throughout the rest of the region as a result of groundwater rising towards the surface at different periods of history. All the rivers rise locally in the Apennines except for the Po, which has its source in the Alps in Piedmont
. The northern border of Emilia-Romagna follows the path of the river for 263 km (163+1⁄2 mi).

The region has temperate broadleaved and mixed forests and the vegetation may be divided into belts: the

Padan plain and adriatic coast) which is now covered (apart from the Mesóla forest in Province of Ferrara) with fruit orchards and fields of wheat and sugar beet, the Pubescent oak-European hop-hornbeam belt on the lower slopes up to 800–900 m, the European beech-Silver fir belt between 800–900 m and 1,700 m and the final mountain heath belt above 1,700–1,800 m. Emilia-Romagna has two Italian National Parks, the Foreste Casentinesi National Park and the Appennino Tosco-Emiliano National Park
.

Land use

Emilia-Romagna has been a highly populated area since ancient times. Inhabitants over the centuries have radically altered the landscape, building cities, reclaiming wetlands, and establishing large agricultural areas. All these transformations in past centuries changed the aspect of the region, converting large natural areas to cultivation, up until the 1960s. The trend then changed, and agricultural lands began giving way to residential and industrial areas. The increase of urban-industrial areas continued at very high rates until the end of the 2010s. In the same period, hilly and mountainous areas saw an increase in the registration of semi-natural areas, because of the abandonment of agricultural lands.[citation needed]

Land use changes can have strong effects on ecological functions. Human interactions such as agriculture, forestation and deforestation affect soil function, e.g. food and other biomass production, storing, filtering and transformation, habitat and gene pool.[19]

In the Emilia-Romagna plain, which represents half of the region and where three quarters of the population of the region live, the agricultural land area has been reduced by 157 km2 while urban and industrial areas have increased to over 130 km2 between 2003 and 2008. The impact of

water runoff due to soil sealing requires adaptation measures for river and irrigation canals such as the building of retention basins, at a total cost estimated in the order of billions of euros.[20]

In 2000 there were 103,700 farm holdings and in 2010 there were 73,470, or a -29.2% loss in holdings for the region. The total utilised agricultural area (UAA) was 1,114,590 hectares (2,754,200 acres) in 2000 and 1,064,210 hectares (2,629,700 acres) in 2014 for a loss of 4.5%, indicating a downturn of smaller farm ownership. During this same timeframe there was a 14.5% decrease in the farm labor workforce.[21]

Government and politics

Main article: Politics of Emilia-Romagna
Regional Assembly of Emilia-Romagna in Bologna

The Regional Government (Giunta Regionale) is presided by the President of the Region (Presidente della Regione), who is elected for a five-year term. The Regional Government is composed of the President and the Ministers (Assessori), of which there are currently twelve including the Vice President and the Under-Secretary for the President's office.[22]

Apart from the

Red Belt" called with Tuscany, Umbria and Marche. This is probably due to the strength of the anti-fascist resistance around the time of World War II as well as a strong tradition of anti-clericalism dating from the 19th century, when part of the region belonged to the Papal States
. The strength of the anti-fascist resistance is one of the main factors, along with the effectiveness of trade-unionism, that led to the dominance of the PCI in the region.

Emilia-Romagna has since World War II been a left-wing stronghold, nowadays led by the Democratic Party, since its creation in 2007.

Administrative divisions

Piazza del Popolo in Cesena
View of Bologna
Arch of Augustus in Rimini

Emilia-Romagna is divided into nine provinces. Apart from the creation of the Metropolitan City of Bologna, plans to reduce the number of provinces from nine to four have been dropped.

Map of region of Emilia-Romagna, Italy, with provinces-it.svg
Province Area (km2) Population Density (inhabitants/km2) Region
Metropolitan City of Bologna 3,702 1,011,291 262.9
Emilia - Romagna
Province of Ferrara 2,632 357,471 135.8
Emilia
Province of Forlì-Cesena 2,377 387,200 162.9 Romagna
Province of Modena 2,689 686,104 255.1
Emilia
Province of Parma 3,449 431,419 125.1
Emilia
Province of Piacenza 2,589 284,885 110.0
Emilia
Province of Ravenna 1,858 383,945 206.6 Romagna
Province of Reggio Emilia 2,293 517,374 225.6
Emilia
Province of Rimini 863 325,219 377.0 Romagna

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1861 2,083,000—    
1871 2,228,000+7.0%
1881 2,289,000+2.7%
1901 2,547,000+11.3%
1911 2,813,000+10.4%
1921 3,077,000+9.4%
1931 3,267,000+6.2%
1936 3,339,000+2.2%
1951 3,544,000+6.1%
1961 3,667,000+3.5%
1971 3,847,000+4.9%
1981 3,958,000+2.9%
1991 3,910,000−1.2%
2001 3,983,000+1.9%
2011 4,342,135+9.0%
2019 4,459,577+2.7%
Source:
ISTAT 2011[24]

Via Emilia, where two thirds of the population and the majority of the industrial production are concentrated. The coast of Romagna
is also densely populated due to the booming seaside tourism in recent decades. In the peripheral areas of the Apennine Mountains and the agricultural plains around Ferrara and Piacenza, the population is less dense.

Cities, towns and metropolitan areas

The region has nine cities with populations exceeding one hundred thousand: Bologna, Parma, Modena, Reggio Emilia, Ravenna, Rimini, Ferrara, Forlì and Piacenza. These cities rank among the 50 most populous in Italy. The regional capital, Bologna, has about 400,000 inhabitants and lies at the heart of a metropolitan area of about one million residents.

 
 
Largest cities or towns in Emilia-Romagna
Source:[24]
Rank Province Pop. Rank Province Pop.
Parma
Parma
 1 Bologna Bologna 390,636 11 Carpi Modena 71,836
Reggio nell'Emilia
Reggio nell'Emilia
2 Parma Parma 196,518 12 Imola Bologna 69,798
3 Modena Modena 186,307 13 Faenza Ravenna 58,755
4
Reggio nell'Emilia
Reggio nell'Emilia
 171,997 14 Sassuolo Modena 40,918
5 Ravenna Ravenna 157,663 15 Casalecchio di Reno Bologna 36,512
6 Rimini Rimini 150,576 16 Cento Ferrara 35,474
7 Ferrara Ferrara 132,052 17 Riccione Rimini 35,181
8 Forlì
Forlì
 117,798 18 Formigine Modena 34,559
9 Piacenza Piacenza 103,942 19 Castelfranco Emilia Modena 33,059
10 Cesena
Forlì
 97,210 20 San Lazzaro di Savena Bologna 32,518

Immigration and ethnicity

The largest resident foreign-born
groups on 31 December 2019[25]
Nationality Population
 Romania 93,428
 Morocco 60,680
 Albania 57,148
 Ukraine 31,895
China 28,931
 Moldova 26,363
 Pakistan 22,752
 Tunisia 18,319
 India 17,583
 Nigeria 15,632

Between 1876 and 1976, about 1.2 million people emigrated from Emilia-Romagna to other countries. As of 2008, there were 119,369 people from this region living outside Italy, particularly in

ISTAT
) estimated that 365,687 foreign-born immigrants lived in Emilia-Romagna, equal to 8.5% of the total regional population.

Language

Main articles:
Romagnol language

Apart from standard

Red Book of Endangered Languages of UNESCO
.

Economy

Wheat fields in Province of Reggio Emilia

Emilia-Romagna today is considered one of the richest European regions and the third wealthiest Italian region by gross domestic product (GDP) per capita.[8] These results have been achieved by developing a very well balanced economy that comprises Italy's biggest agricultural sector as well as a long-standing tradition in automobile, motor and mechanics manufacturing and a strong banking and insurance industry.

Maserati Alfieri
Ferrari 458 Spider
Lamborghini Aventador
Pagani Huayra

Agriculture

In spite of the depth and variety of industrial activities in the region, agriculture has not been eclipsed. Emilia-Romagna is among the leading regions in the country, with farming contributing 5.8% of the gross regional product. The agricultural sector has aimed for increased competitiveness by means of structural reorganisation and high-quality products, and this has led to the success of marketed brands. Cereals, potatoes, maize, tomatoes and onions are the most important products, along with fruit and grapes for the production of wine (of which the best known are Emilia's Lambrusco, Bologna's Pignoletto [it], Romagna's Sangiovese and white Albana). Alongside cereals, which for centuries remained the first local product, the cultivation of fruit trees has developed (especially peaches, but also apricots, plums, apples and pears).

Cattle and pig breeding are also highly developed. Farm cooperatives have been working along these lines in recent years. With their long tradition in the region there are now about 8,100 cooperatives, generally in the agricultural sector and mainly located in the provinces of Bologna (2,160) and Forlì-Cesena (1,300).[27]

Industry

The regional economy is more geared to export markets than other regions in the country: the main exports are from mechanical engineering (53%), the extraction of non-metallic minerals (13%) and the clothing industry (10%).[27] Industry in the region presents a varied and complex picture and is located along the Via Emilia.

The food industry (e.g.

Parma ham, Parmesan and Grana Padano cheeses, Modena balsamic vinegar, Mortadella sausages. It is not restricted to these famous products, but also include production of sausages, other cheese, dairy products, coffee, sugar, fruit and vegetable conserves and stuffed pasta
.

Automotive industry produce a sport cars (

Pagani), trucks (Astra), buses (Menarinibus) and motorcycles (Ducati, Bimota).[28]

Machine building is well-developed and represented with fork-lifts (

Landi Renzo), undercarriages (ThyssenKrupp Berco), ceramic machine (SACMI), packaging machine (Coesia [it], SACMI, IMA), pumps (Interpump), wood-working machine tools (SCM Group), home appliance (Smeg, Saeco), automatic data capture equipment (Datalogic
) etc.

There is a chemical industrial park [it] in Ferrara, where different companies manufacturing polyethylene, polypropylene, synthetic rubber and nitrogenous fertilizers. Other industrial park is Mirandola Biomedical District. In Parma there is pharmaceutical manufacturing from Chiesi Farmaceutici.

Sport and fitness articles is manufacturing by Technogym in Cesena.

The ceramic sector is concentrated in Faenza and Sassuolo.

Footwear industry is well developed and located in 2 industrial districts San Mauro Pascoli and between Fusignano and Bagnacavallo.

Tourism

Tourism is increasingly important, especially along the Adriatic coastline and the cities of art. The most popular location for seaside tourism is Rimini.

Transport

The region of Emilia-Romagna has a very good system of transport, with 574 km of motorways, 1,053 km of railways and airports in Bologna, Forlì, Parma and Rimini. The main motorway crosses the region from north-west (Piacenza) to the south-east (Adriatic coast), connecting the main cities of Parma, Reggio Emilia, Modena, Bologna, and from here further to Ravenna, Rimini and the Adriatic coast.[27]

Unemployment rate

The unemployment rate stood at 5.7% in 2020 and was lower than the national average of 9.2%.[29][30]

Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
unemployment rate
(in %) 		3.4% 2.8% 3.2% 4.6% 5.6% 5.2% 7.0% 8.4% 8.3% 7.7% 6.9% 6.5% 5.9% 5.5% 5.7% 5.4%[31]

Culture

See also: List of museums in Emilia-Romagna

Cinema

Bernardo Bertolucci's star on Hollywood Walk of Fame

Emilia-Romagna has given birth to a number of important filmmakers and actors and was the main setting for numerous important movies.

Don Camillo 1950s-1960s movie series; Rossano Brazzi, who acted in numerous English-language films, including the 1954 drama film The Barefoot Contessa; and the 1980s comedy duo Gigi e Andrea
.

Cuisine and gastronomy

Barrels of traditional balsamic vinegar

Emilia-Romagna is considered one of the richest regions of Italy with regard to its gastronomic and wine-making tradition. The region is known for its egg and filled pasta made with soft wheat flour.

Parmigiano Reggiano (Parmesan Cheese) is produced in Reggio Emilia, Parma, Modena and Bologna and is much used in cooking, while Grana Padano
variety is produced in the rest of the region.

Wheels of Parmigiano Reggiano

Although the Adriatic coast is a major fishing area which produces eels and clams, the region produces more meat products, especially pork-based, including Parma's

Gutturnio and Trebbiano from Piacenza
.

Music

Emilia-Romagna gave birth to one of the most important composers in the history of music, Giuseppe Verdi, as well as Arturo Toscanini, one of the most acclaimed conductors of the 20th century, and the operatic tenor Luciano Pavarotti.

The region is well known in Italy for its

Zucchero. "Romagna mia", a song written in 1954 by Secondo Casadei, is considered by many as the unofficial anthem of Romagna.[citation needed
]

Sport

Motorsports

AlphaTauri in Faenza, the heir of Minardi and Scuderia Toro Rosso
.

MotoGP and the Superbike World Championship. Ducati has won two MotoGP titles, with Australian Casey Stoner in 2007 and with Italian Pecco Bagnaia in 2022. Stoner is also the most successful rider for the team in MotoGP, having won 23 Grands Prix in his four seasons. Ducati have had multiple World Champions Valentino Rossi and Jorge Lorenzo race for the team. In 2017, Emilia-Romagna native Andrea Dovizioso finished second in the MotoGP championship for Ducati. The team has frequently had at least one Italian rider in its factory team since its entry into the premier class in 2003 at the beginning of the four-stroke engine era. Its first Grand Prix winner was Emilia-Romagna native Loris Capirossi in the team's inaugural season. Ducati have also won multiple Superbike titles with riders such as Carl Fogarty, Troy Bayliss, and Alvaro Bautista
being among title winners.

Aside from Dovizioso and Capirossi, high-profile racers such as Marco Melandri and Marco Simoncelli have also come out of Emilia-Romagna. Simoncelli died in an accident when he was run over on track in the 2011 Malaysian Grand Prix at the age of 24, and was honoured by having the Misano World Circuit named after him.

Emilia-Romagna have two major international race circuits;

circuit in Misano Adriatico. Imola used to host Formula One between 1980 and 2006, under the banner of San Marino Grand Prix on all but one occasion; as well as hosting two non-championship races in 1963 and 1979. The track was the site for the fatal crash of three-time world champion Ayrton Senna on 1 May 1994, along with a fatal crash the day before of Austrian Roland Ratzenberger. The track was rebuilt after the tragedies and returned to the calendar in a new guise already the following year. Imola was a happy hunting ground for Emilia-Romagna team Scuderia Ferrari during the era on the re-built track, with Michael Schumacher winning the race five times in front of the home crowd. In 2020, Imola returned to the calendar due to the COVID-19 pandemic and hosted the Emilia Romagna Grand Prix.[33]

Football

Several clubs from Emilia-Romagna compete at a high level on the national stage.

Parma, winners of four European trophies (two Europa Leagues, one Cup Winners' Cup and one Super Cup
) and three Coppe Italia.

The Derby dell'Emilia features Bologna and Parma, whereas the Derby dell'Enza features Parma and Reggiana.

The region has hosted 42 Italy national football team home matches. With 11 professional clubs in 2022/2023 season, the region is only bettered in terms of number of professional clubs by Lombardy. It also has 747 amateur clubs, 1,522 football pitches and 75,328 registered players.[34]

Included in the table below are all sides in the top three tiers of Italian football (Serie A, Serie B and Serie C), as well as any sides that have won major honours.

Club Town Current division Serie A seasons Major trophies
Bologna Bologna Serie A 76 9
Cesena Cesena Serie C 13 0
Fiorenzuola Fiorenzuola d'Arda Serie C 0 0
Imolese Imola Serie C 0 0
Modena Modena Serie B 13 0
Parma Parma Serie B 27 8
Piacenza Piacenza Serie C 8 0
Reggiana Reggio Emilia Serie C 3 0
Rimini Rimini Serie C 0 0
Sassuolo Sassuolo Serie A 10 0
S.P.A.L.
 Ferrara Serie B 19 0

Other sports

Another popular sport in this region is

Fortitudo Bologna, which has also won two scudetti, and Reggiana
from Reggio Emilia.

The region has a very strong tradition in

Copra Volley from Piacenza
.

Panthers Parma are one of four American football teams that have participated in every edition of the Italian Football League
.

Zebre compete professionally in the United Rugby Championship, the combined Irish, Italian, Scottish, South African and Welsh rugby union league. The club's home ground, the Stadio Sergio Lanfranchi, is located in Parma.[35]
Included in the table below are all sides in the top two tiers of Italian rugby.

Club Town Current division
Zebre Parma URC
Colorno Colorno Top10
Lyons Piacenza Top10
Noceto Noceto Serie A
Romagna RFC Ravenna Serie A
Valorugby Emilia Reggio Emilia Top10

See also

References

  1. ^ Art. 1, comma 3, dello Statuto della Regione Emilia-Romagna Archived 2012-11-14 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ a b "Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018" (Press release). ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 1 September 2020.
  3. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  4. ^ "Emilia-Romagna". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  5. ^ "Emilia-Romagna". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  6. ^ "Emilia-Romagna". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 27 May 2022.
  7. ^ "Emilia-Romagna". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  8. ^ a b Regional GDP per inhabitant in the EU27: GDP per inhabitant in 2005 ranged from 24% of the EU27 average in Nord-Est Romania to 303% in Inner London. European Commission, Eurostat. 12 February 2008.
  9. ^ "Qualita' della vita: il dossier". Il Sole 24 ORE. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
  10. ^ "Università di Bologna (oldest university in the world)". Virtual Globetrotting. 21 October 2006. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
  11. ^ "UNESCO SITES in Emilia Romagna". UNESCO SITES in Emilia Romagna. 16 February 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2018.
  12. ^ Planet, Lonely. "10 best places to visit in Europe in 2019". Lonely Planet.
  13. ^ "Cittadini Stranieri in Italia - 2021". Tuttitalia.it (in Italian). Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  14. Ab Urbe Condita
     XXXIX 1; Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 617
  15. ^ "Musei Civici Reggio Emilia » Napoleone e la Repubblica Reggiana". www.musei.re.it. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  16. ^ "Article about the legislation". Archived from the original on 22 July 2011.
  17. ^ (in Italian) Article Archived 19 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine on "il Resto del Carlino"
  18. ^ Colleen Barry (30 May 2012). "Dailystar, 17 dead and 200 injured in latest killer quake in northern Italy". Dailystar.com.lb. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
  19. ^ European Commission (2002). "Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Towards a Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection. Thematic strategy for soil protection COM(2002)179". European Commission, Brussels.
  20. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.01.019
    .
  21. ^ Eurostat- Retrieved 4 July 2018
  22. ^ "Giunta – E-R Il Portale della Regione Emilia-Romagna". Regione.emilia-romagna.it. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
  23. ^ "Owen Hatherley's Eurovisionaries: Bologna". Architects' Journal. 4 September 2015.
  24. ^ a b c "Emilia-Romagna (Italy). Resident population on 1st January 2019 by territory". dati.istat.it. Istat. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  25. National Institute of Statistics
    . Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  26. ^ "Museo Nazionale Emigrazione Italiana". Museonazionaleemigrazione.it. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2013.
  27. ^ a b c "Eurostat". Circa.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 23 February 2009. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
  28. ISBN 978-1-4020-7555-1
    . Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  29. ^ "Unemployment rate by NUTS 2 regions". ec.europa.eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  30. ^ "Tasso di disoccupazione - livello regionale". dati.istat.it (in Italian). Retrieved 12 March 2020.
  31. ^ "Mercato del lavoro nel secondo trimestre 2020". statistica.regione.emilia-romagna.it (in Italian). Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  32. ^ Piras, 187.
  33. ^ Morlidge, Matt (25 August 2020). "Nurburgring, Portugal and Imola races added to F1 2020 calendar". Sky Sports. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  34. ^ "FIGC" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  35. ^ "Zebre rugby: Tutte le notizie sulla storica squadra di Parma". Archived from the original on 23 October 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2014.

Further reading

  • Alfani, Guido. "The famine of the 1590s in Northern Italy. An analysis of the greatest "system shock" of sixteenth century." Histoire & mesure 26.XXVI-1 (2011): 17-50 online.
  • Bayer, Andrea. North of the Apennines: sixteenth-century Italian painting in Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna (Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2003).
  • Bianchi, Patrizio, and Maria Grazia Giordani. "Innovation policy at the local and national levels: The case of Emilia‐Romagna." European Planning Studies 1.1 (1993): 25–41.
  • Cooke, Philip. "Building a twenty‐first century regional economy in Emilia‐Romagna." European Planning Studies 4.1 (1996): 53–62.
  • Passarelli, Gianluca, and Dario Tuorto. "The Lega Nord goes south: The electoral advance in Emilia-Romagna: A new territorial model?." Political Geography 31.7 (2012): 419-428 online[dead link].
  • Rossi, Leonardo, Britta Holtschoppen, and Christoph Butenweg. "Official data on the economic consequences of the 2012 Emilia-Romagna earthquake: a first analysis of database SFINGE." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 17.9 (2019): 4855–4884.

Guide books

  • Facaros, Dana, and Michael Pauls. Northern Italy: Emilia-Romagna: including Bologna, Ferrara, Modena, Parma, Ravenna and the Republic of San Marino (2018) – excerpt
  • Macadam, Alta. Blue Guide Emilia Romagna (2017) – excerpt

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emilia-Romagna.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Emilia-Romagna.

44°30′38″N 10°57′25″E / 44.51056°N 10.95694°E / 44.51056; 10.95694

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emilia-Romagna&oldid=1157553365"