Emirate of Jabal Shammar

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the former country. For the mountain range, see Shammar Mountains. For other uses, see Shammar (disambiguation).

Emirate of Jabal Shammar
إِمَارَة جَبَل شَمَّر (
Arabic
)
1836–1921
Flag of Nejd
Muhammad bin Talāl
History 
• Abdullah bin Rashīd coup
1836
2 November 1921
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Emirate of Nejd
Emirate of Riyadh
Sultanate of Nejd
Kingdom of Hejaz
Today part ofSaudi Arabia
Jordan
Iraq
Part of a series on the
History of Saudi Arabia
ARABIA
flag Saudi Arabia portal

The Emirate of Jabal Shammar (

Ha'il.[2] It was led by the monarchy of the Rashidi dynasty. It included parts of modern-day Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Jordan
.

History

A photograph of Abdul Aziz bin Mutʿib, nicknamed "Al-Janāzah", the sixth Amir of Jabal Shammar.

The Emirate of Jabal Shammar was established in 1836 as vassal of the second Saudi state when the first ruler the emirate Abdullah bin Rashid was appointed as governor of

Second Saudi State, the Emirate of Nejd, and incorporation of its territory into Jabal Shammar. As the Saudis were out of the picture, exiled in Kuwait, the House of Rashīd sought friendly ties with the Ottoman Empire to its north. This alliance became less and less profitable during the course of the 19th century as the Ottomans lost influence and legitimacy. The Emirate’s capital, Ha’il, served as an important stopping point for persons traveling between the cities of Mecca and Medina and the towns and cities of Iraq and Iran.[4]

In 1902,

war over the region of Qassim, which resulted in a painful defeat for the Rashīdis and the death of the Rashīdi emir Abdul Aziz ibn Mitaab Al Rashīd
.

Following the death of the Emir, Jabal Shammar gradually went into decline, being further pressed with the demise of its Ottoman patron in World War I. Ibn Saud, allied with the British Empire as a counterweight to the Ottomans' support for Jabal Shammar, emerged far stronger from the First World War. The Emirate of Jabal Shammar was finally terminated with the Saudi campaign of late 1921. The Emirate surrendered to the Saudis on November 2, 1921, and was subsequently incorporated into the Sultanate of Nejd.

Emirs

A photograph of Saud bin Abdulaziz, the tenth Emir.
ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz
bin Mutʿib I bin ʿAbdullah I bin Rashīd, the eleventh Amir.
  1. Arabic
    : عبدالله بن رشيد‎; 1836–48). Abdullah bin Rashid came to power after leading a revolt (together with his brother prince ʿUbayd Al Rashīd) against the ruler of Ha'il, Muhammad bin Ali, who was a fellow member of the Jaafar al-Shammari lineage. As a leader, Abdullah was praised for bringing peace and stability both to Ha'il and to the surrounding region. Abdullah demanded from his brother prince ʿUbayd an ahd (covenant), according to which succession to the office of amir would remain in Abdullah's line.
  2. William Gifford Palgrave, 1865: 129.)

    Talal was considered relatively tolerant towards foreigners, including traders in Ha'il:

    "Many of these traders belonged to the Shia sect, hated by some Sunni, doubly hated by the Wahabees. But Telal [sic] affected not to perceive their religious discrepansies, and silenced all murmurs by marks of special favour towards these very dissenters, and also by the advantages which their presence was not long in procuring for the town". (William Gifford Palgrave 1865: 130.)

    In the 1860s, internal disputes in the House of Saud allowed a Rashīd/Ottoman alliance to oust them. The Rashīd occupied the Saudi capital of Riyadh in 1865 and forced the leaders of the House of Saud into exile. Talal later died in a shooting incident which has been termed "mysterious". Charles Doughty, in his book Travels in Arabia Deserta
    , writes that Talal committed suicide. Talal left seven sons, but the oldest, Bandar, was only 18 or 20 when his father died.
  3. Mutʿib (I) bin ʿAbdullah [ar] (متعب بن عبدالله‎; 1868–69). A younger brother of Talal, he was supported by senior members of the Rashīd family and the sheikhs of the Shammar sections. After only a year, he was shot and killed in the Barzan Palace by his nephew and next amir, Bandar. Doughty's version of the events is that Bandar and Badr, the second-oldest son, cast a silver bullet to kill their uncle because they knew he wore an amulet that protected him against lead.
  4. Bandar bin Talal (بندر بن طلال‎; 1869). Ruled for only a short time before he was killed by his uncle, Muḥammad. Bandar reportedly married his uncle's widow and had a son by her.
  5. Abdul Aziz Al-Saud, went into exile in Kuwait
    .
  6. Rawdat Muhanna with Ibn Saud
    in 1906.
  7. Mutaib (II) bin ʿAbdulazīz (متعب بن عبدالعزيز‎; 1906). Succeeded his father as amir. However, he was not able to win support of the whole family and, within a year, he was killed by Sultan bin Hammud.
  8. Sultān bin Ḥammūd (سلطان بن حمود‎; 1906–08). A grandson of Ubayd (the brother of the first amir), he was criticized because he ignored the ahd (covenant) between his grandfather and the first amir. He was unsuccessful in fighting Ibn Saud, and was killed by his own brothers.
  9. Saʿūd (I) bin Ḥammūd (سعود بن حمود‎; 1908). Another grandson of Ubayd. Saʿud was killed by the maternal relatives of Saʿud bin ʿAbd al-ʿAziz, the tenth amir.
  10. Fahda bint Asi Al Shuraim of the Abde section of the Shammar tribe became Ibn Saud's ninth wife and the mother of King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
    .
  11. ʿAbdullah (II) bin Mutʿib (عبدالله بن متعب‎; 1920–21; died 1947). A son of the 7th amir, he surrendered to Ibn Saud in 1921, after having come to the throne the year before, at the age of thirteen.
  12. Faisal bin Musa'id, the assassin of King Faisal.[5]

Economy

The Emirate had a mixed economy of pastoral nomadism, oasis agriculture, urban crafts, and trade.[4] Historically, the Emirate produced alfalfa.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ The Geographical Journal. Royal Geographical Society. 1911. p. 269.
  2. ^ a b J. A. Hammerton. Peoples Of All Nations: Their Life Today And Story Of Their Past (in 14 Volumes). Concept Publishing Company, 2007. Pp. 193.
  3. ISBN 978-1-4381-0830-8
    .
  4. ^ a b "Jabal Shammar". Encyclopedia.com.
  5. ^
    ISBN 9781860641930
    .
  6. ^ Prothero, G.W. (1920). Arabia. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 86.

Further reading

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar&oldid=1213543754"