Emmonsiosis

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Emmonsiosis
Other namesEmergomycosis
organ transplant, steroid use.[1]
Diagnostic methodskin biopsy, histopathology[1]
Differential diagnosisHistoplasmosis[1]
TreatmentAntifungals
MedicationAmphotericin B[1]
FrequencyRare[1]

Emmonsiosis, also known as emergomycosis, is a systemic

dip, ulcer and dead tissue in the centre.[4]

It is caused by the Emergomyces species, a novel dimorphic

Emmonsia.[3] These fungi are found in soil and transmitted by breathing in its spores from the air.[1] Inside the body it converts to yeast-like cells which then cause disease and invade beyond the lungs.[1] Diagnosis is by skin biopsy and its appearance under the microscope.[5] It is difficult to distinguish from histoplasmosis.[3][6]
Treatment is usually with amphotericin B.[3]

Emmonsiosis can be fatal.[3] The disseminated type is more prevalent in South Africa, particularly in people with HIV.[3]

Signs and symptoms

Generally, all cases have involvement of the skin.

dip, ulcer and dead tissue in the centre.[4] There may be several lesions and their distribution can be widespread.[1] The lungs may be affected.[3][4]

Cause

It is caused by the

Emmonsia.[3][7] Following a revised taxonomy in 2017 based on DNA sequence analyses, five of these Emmonsia-like fungi have been placed under the separate genus Emergomyces.[3] These include Emergomyces pasteurianus, Emergomyces africanus, Emergomyces canadensis, Emergomyces orientalis and Emergomyces europaeus.[3][8]

Emmonsia africanus, which has similar features to Histoplasma spp. and the family of Ajellomycetaceae.[6]

The disease has been observed among people who have a

organ transplant and steroid use.[1][3]

Mechanism

The fungus is found in soil and is released in the air.

antiretroviral treatment.[1]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is by skin biopsy and its appearance under the microscope.[5]

Differential diagnosis

Generally, it is difficult to distinguish from histoplasmosis.

drug reactions.[4]

Treatment

Treatment usually includes amphotericin B.[3]

Prognosis

It can be fatal.[5]

Epidemiology

The disseminated type is more prevalent in South Africa, particularly in people with HIV.[5]

History

The disease was thought to be a rare condition of the lung.[2] Early cases may have been misdiagnosed as histoplasmosis.[6]

Other animals

The genus Emmonsia can cause adiaspiromycosis, a lung disease in wild animals.[9]

References

  1. ^
    PMID 31536607
    .
  2. ^ a b c d "ICD-11 - ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics". icd.who.int. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
  3. ^
    PMID 33968970
    .
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-1-119-64706-5
    .
  5. ^
    PMID 26060283
    .
  6. ^
    ISBN 978-0-7020-6983-3
    .
  7. PMID 31700845
    .
  8. S2CID 46987097
    .
  9. ^ Henry, Ronnie Etymologia: Emmonsia. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2017;23(2):348. doi:10.3201/eid2302.et2302.
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