Ems Ukaz

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Ems Ukaz
Created1876
Author(s)Emperor of Russia Alexander II
Purposeto prohibit the use of Ukrainian language
Plaque dedicated to Ems Ukraz in Bad Ems.

The Ems Ukaz or Ems Ukase (

ukaz) of Emperor Alexander II of Russia issued on 30 May [O.S. 18 May] 1876 banning the use of the Ukrainian language in print except for reprinting old documents.[1] The ukaz also forbade the import of Ukrainian publications and the staging of plays or lectures in Ukrainian. It was named after the city of Bad Ems, Germany
, where it was promulgated.

Background

In the 1860s, a decade and a half after the Imperial Russian government had broken up the

Kiev (March 1847) and exiled or arrested its founder Mykola Kostomarov and other prominent figures, Ukrainian intellectuals gained further awareness of their cultural background. Hromada cultural associations, named after the traditional village assembly, started in a number of cities, and Sunday schools started in the cities and towns since the Russian Imperial administration had neglected education. The new cultural movement was partly driven by publications in both Russian and Ukrainian, including journals (such as Kostomarov's Osnova, 1861–62, and Hlibov's Chernyhosvs'kyy Lystok, 1861–63), historical and folkloristic monographs (Kostomarov's biography of the Cossack hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, Kulish's two-volume folklore collection Zapiski o Yuzhnoy Rusi, Notes on Southern Rus', 1856–57), and elementary primers (Kulish's Hramatka, 1857, 1861, Shevchenko's Bukvar Yuzhnoruskiy, 1861[2]). In Osnova
, Kostomarov published his influential article "Dve russkiye narodnosti" ("Two Russian Nationalities").

Although Ukrainianism had been considered popular and somewhat chic in Russian cultural circles, a debate began at the time over its relation to the ideology of Russian

Right-Bank Ukraine
.

After the 1861 emancipation of the serfs in the Russian Empire, many landowners were unhappy with the loss of their serfs, and peasants were generally displeased with the terms of the emancipation. In the atmosphere of discontent, increasing reports reached the imperial government that Ukrainian leaders were plotting to separate from Russia. The 1863 January Uprising in Poland raised tensions around the issue of ethnic separatism in general even further. Several Ukrainian activists were arrested, Sunday schools and hromadas were closed, and their publication activities were suspended.

A new Ukrainian translation by

Valuyev's Circular, which implemented a policy based on the opinion of the Kyiv Censorship Committee, cited in the circular, that "the Ukrainian language never existed, does not exist, and shall never exist". The circular banned the publication of secular and religious books, apart from belles-lettres
, on the premise that the distribution of such publications was a tool to foster separatist tendencies, coming primarily from Poland.

Ems Ukaz

In the 1870s, the Kyiv

Pavlo Chubynsky
. They held an Archaeological Congress in 1874, and published in the Russian-language paper Kyiv telegraf.

A member of the Geographic Society,

Tsar Alexander II appointed an Imperial Commission on Ukrainophile Propaganda in the Southern Provinces of Russia, which found evidence of a danger to the state and recommended extending the scope of the Valuyev Decree. While enjoying a spa in Bad Ems, Germany, on May 18, 1876, Alexander signed what would come to be called the Ems Ukaz, which extended the publication ban to all books and song lyrics in the "Little Russian dialect" and prohibited the import of such materials. Also, public lectures, plays, and song performances in Ukrainian were forbidden, as well as teaching of any discipline in Ukrainian. Prohibited was also preservation or circulation of any Ukrainian book in school libraries. Teachers suspected of Ukrainophilism were removed from teaching.[4]

The ukaz coincided with other actions against the

University of St Vladimir and emigrated, along with other cultural leaders such as Fedir Vovk and Serhiy Podolynsky
. The situation was exposed by professor Mykhailo Drahomanov at the 1878 Paris International Literary Congress.

Yaryzhka

See also: Yaryzhka

In 1881, the new

theatres and troupes could not be established.[5] Earlier, in 1879, Russian Interior Minister Mikhail Loris-Melikov allowed the organization of theatrical performances and concerts in the Ukrainian language, but only on rural themes and outside Kiev.[5]

Many illegal performances and publications were delivered by ingenuity and bribery, but Ukrainian cultural development practically ceased.

Effectiveness of the ban

The Ems Ukaz significantly limited the development of Ukrainian culture in Russia. The Hromada association, which had about 100 members before the ukaz, had only 14 after it, and in 1900 it was still only 25.[6] The Ukrainian language was excluded from education at every level. No press, scientific papers or modern, ambitious literature were published in the Ukrainian language.[6] The Ukrainian language was slowly becoming the language of the lower, uneducated masses.[6]

Nonetheless according to Ukrainian historian George Shevelov a plan to silence and annihilate Ukrainian literature failed completely.[7] Books in Ukrainian were still published in the Russian Empire, albeit in the Russian alphabet and often after many years of effort. The Kievskaia Starina editors owned a bookstore with Ukrainian books in Kyiv.[7] In 1898, the Moscow-based Charitable Society for the Publication of Inexpensive Books for General Use [uk] began printing Ukrainian books for the Ukrainian peasantry.[7] In 1903, Kiev Governor-General Mikhail Dragomirov allowed Kievskaia Starina to publish fiction in Ukrainian.[8]

The ban on the import of Ukrainian newspapers and books into Russia has been similarly ineffective. Ukrainian newspapers published in Galicia had numerous subscribers in Russian Ukraine (

Zorja [uk], for example, had 400 subscribers in 1890-1896).[6]

Aftermath

After the

newspapers began publication; Prosvita (‘Enlightenment’) educational societies were formed; some university professors lectured in Ukrainian; and the Orthodox bishop of the Podolia vicariate, Parfeniy Levytsky, allowed the language to be used in services and church schools there.[9]

In 1910, concerned about potential revolutionary activity, Interior Minister Pyotr Stolypin restored the ukaz's restrictions and shut down the Prosvita societies and Ukrainian-language publications. The Russian-language press and intellectuals launched a campaign against the idea of Ukrainian autonomy or separatism.

Thus, self-aware Ukrainians remained a small intelligentsia in

Galicia
, which was out of reach of Russian imperial authorities.

The ukaz was never cancelled but became void, along with all other Imperial Russian laws, in the

Soviet Ukraine
before 1931.

Excerpt

The importation into the Russian Empire, without special permission of the Central Censorship over Printing, of all books and pamphlets in the Little Russian dialect, published abroad, is forbidden,

The printing and publishing in the Empire of original works and translations in this dialect is forbidden with the exception of (a) historical documents and monuments; (b) works of belles-lettres but with the provision that in the documents the orthography of the originals be retained; in works of belles-lettres no deviations from the accepted Russian orthography are permitted and permission for their printing may be given only by the Central Censorship over Printing.

All theatrical performances and lectures in the Little Russian dialect, as well as printing of text to musical notes, are forbidden.

— [10]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Ems Ukase". encyclopediaofukraine.com. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
  2. ^ Shevchenko, Taras (1861). Букварь южнорусский // Шевченківський словник (in Ukrainian). Kyiv (published 1976).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. Zerkalo Nedeli (the Mirror Weekly), 5–19 August 2006, in Russian[dead link], in Ukrainian Archived 2007-03-11 at the Wayback Machine
    .
  4. ^ Shevelov 1989, p. 5-6.
  5. ^ a b c Shevelov 1989, p. 6.
  6. ^ a b c d Shevelov 1989, p. 8.
  7. ^ a b c Shevelov 1989, p. 7.
  8. ^ Shevelov 1989, p. 7-8.
  9. ISBN 966-00-0632-2
    .
  10. ^ Radians’kyi knyhar 1930, quoted in Luckyj 1990, pp 24–25. A full version, with five points addressed "for the Ministry of the Interior", five "for the Ministry of Education", and one "for the Third Section [secret police] of His Majesty's Supreme Chancellory" is published in Magocsi 1996, pp 372–3, translated from Savchenko 1970, p 381.

Sources


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