Ein Gedi

Coordinates: 31°28′0″N 35°23′38″E / 31.46667°N 35.39389°E / 31.46667; 35.39389
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
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En Gedi
)
This article is about the spring, ruins and nature reserve. For other uses, see Ein Gedi (disambiguation).
The David Falls, Ein Gedi
"The Window Dry Fall", overlooking Ein Gedi and the Dead Sea, Israel

Ein Gedi (

Arabic: عين جدي, romanized: 'Ain Jidy), also spelled En Gedi,[1] meaning "spring of the kid",[2] is an oasis, an archeological site and a nature reserve in Israel, located west of the Dead Sea, near Masada and the Qumran Caves. Ein Gedi, a kibbutz
, was established nearby in 1954.

Ein Gedi is a popular tourist attraction, and was listed in 2016 as one of the most popular nature sites in Israel.[3] The site attracts about one million visitors a year.[4]

Etymology

The name Ein Gedi is composed of two words (In both Arabic and Hebrew): ein means spring or a fountain and gǝdi means goat-kid. Ein Gedi thus means "kid spring" or "fountain of the kid". The Hebrew name is also transliterated as 'En Gedi, En-gedi, Eggadi, Engaddi, and Engedi; the Arabic name as 'Ain Jidi and 'Ein Jidi.[5] The archaeological mound (tell) is known in Hebrew as Tel Goren and in Arabic as Tell el-Jurn or Tell Jurn.[5] The site has been identified with the biblical Hazazon Tamar[5] (חַצְצוֹן תָּמָר ḥaṣṣōn tāmār, "portion [of land] of date palms"), on account of the palm groves which surrounded it.[6] It is also written Hazazon-tamar,[7] Hazazontamar,[5] Hatzatzon-Tamar,[8] Hazezon Tamar,[9] and Hazezontamar.[6]

History and archaeology

Early habitation

At Mikveh Cave archaeologists found

Hebrew as Tel Goren. The first permanent Iron Age settlement was Judean and was established around 630 BCE. The site was destroyed or abandoned after the Babylonian destruction of Jerusalem in 587/86 BCE.[citation needed
]

Hebrew Bible

In Joshua 15:62, Ein Gedi is enumerated among the wilderness cities of the

Betharaba, and in Ezekiel 47:10
, it is prophesied that one day, its coastal location will make it into a fishing village, after the water of the Dead Sea has been made sweet:

Fishing nets will be spread from En-gedi to En-eglaim.[11]

Fleeing from

King Saul, David hides in the strongholds at Ein Gedi (1 Samuel 23:29 and 24:1–2) and Saul seeks him "even upon the most craggy rocks, which are accessible only to wild goats" (1 Samuel 24:2). Psalm 63, subtitled a Psalm of David when he was in the wilderness of Judah, has been associated with David's sojourn in the desert of En-gedi.[12]

In 2 Chronicles 20:2 Ein Gedi is identified with Hazazon-tamar,

Amorite city, smitten by Chedorlaomer in his war against the cities of the plain
.

The

Ecclesiasticus
24:18, "I was exalted like a palm tree in Cades" ('en aígialoîs), may perhaps be understood as the palm trees of Ein Gedi.

Persian, Hellenistic, and early Roman periods

The settlement at Tel Goren is a rare example of a town which reached its zenith during the Persian period, probably during the late 5th century BCE.[citation needed] Ein Gedi receives a fortress under Hellenistic rule and becomes a royal Hasmonean estate.[citation needed] According to Jewish-Roman historian Josephus, Ein Gedi served as the capital of a toparchy, and there were excellent palm trees and balsam growing there.[13] The date palm's fruit and the balsam plant's fragrance were essential to the village's economy. The balsam plant also served as a source for expensive medications.[14]

During the First Jewish-Roman War, the Sicarii, who fought the Romans until their defeat and mass suicide at Masada, plundered local villages including Ein Gedi. At Ein Gedi, they drove out the defenders, and killed over seven hundred women and children who could not run away.[15][16][17] Pliny claims that Ein Gedi was destroyed during the war, although the Babatha archive shows that Jews lived there once again during the reign of Hadrian and probably earlier. The Babatha archive mentions Ein Gedi as a crown property; the Cohors I Milliaria Thracum is attested there, indicating the presence of Roman soldiers there at the time. The Babatha archive also refers to Ein Gedi as "a village in the territory of Jericho in Judaea". This evidence led researchers to believe that Ein Gedi was no longer a toparchy in its own right following the First Jewish-Roman War and had instead become a village inside the toparchy of Jericho.[13]

Late Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman periods

Mosaic from ancient Ein Gedi synagogue

Ein Gedi survived the catastrophic results of the Bar Kokhba revolt and continued to exist until the sixth or seventh centuries.[14] Eusebius described Ein Gedi as "a large Jewish village" in his early fourth-century Onomasticon.[14] In the early third century CE, a synagogue was built in the center of the village. Its remains include a Judeo-Aramaic inscription mosaic now on display at Jerusalem's National Archaeology Campus warning inhabitants against "revealing the town's secret" – possibly the methods for extraction and preparation of the much-prized balsam resin, though not stated outright in the inscription – to the outside world.[18]

Ein Gedi was destroyed in a fire during the late Byzantine period. According to the archaeologists who excavated the synagogue, the village was destroyed during the early 6th century by Byzantine emperor Justinian as part of his persecution campaign against Jews in his empire. Others claim that the village was destroyed in a Bedouin raid that occurred before the Persian invasion, probably around the late 6th or early 7th century.[18]

After Ein Gedi was destroyed, the cultivation of balsam around the Dead Sea ceased, and it is believed that its Jewish residents, who were now refugees, took the knowledge of cultivating the balsam with them, causing this knowledge to be lost forever.

William Francis Lynch led an American expedition down the Jordan River into the Dead Sea, that stopped at Ein Gedi (Ain Jidy).[20]

Modern

In 1998–99, the archaeological expedition of Yizhar Hirschfeld at Ein Gedi systematically excavated what has been called "the Essenes site", first discovered by Yohanan Aharoni in 1956.[21]

The Botanical Garden at kibbutz Ein Gedi

compost toilets.[citation needed
]

The Ein Gedi race, also known as the Shalom Marathon – Dead Sea Half Marathon is a popular road running event over several distances that has been held by the Tamar Regional Council since 1983. The starting point for all races is the Ein Gedi Spa, 80 kilometers (50 mi) southeast of Jerusalem and 4 kilometers south of Kibbutz Ein Gedi.[22][23]

Nature reserve and national park

The Late Roman- and Byzantine-period synagogue and the village remains around it is run as a separate, archaeological park, distinct from the nature reserve and the antiquities contained therein. The Antiquities National Park centered on the synagogue was declared in 2002 and covers an area of 8 dunams (2.0 acres or 8,000 m2).[24]

Ein Gedi Nature Reserve, declared at the end of 1971 and expanded in 1988,

Judean Desert, bordering to the east on the Dead Sea, and covers an area of 14000 dunams (3,500 acres or 14 km2).[24] The elevation ranges from the level of the Dead Sea at 423 meters (1,388 ft) below sea level, to the plateau of the Judean Desert at 200 meters above sea level. The nature reserve includes two streams flowing year-round and each fed by a perennial spring: Nahal David [de; he] with Ein David ('David's Spring'), and Nahal Arugot [de; he; ar] with Ein Arugot ('Terraces Spring'). Two further springs, the Shulamit and Ein Gedi springs, also flow in the reserve. Together, the springs generate approximately three million cubic meters of water per year. Much of the water is used for agriculture or is bottled for consumption.[citation needed
]

Two Nubian ibices at Ein Gedi Nature Reserve

The reserve is a sanctuary for many types of plant, bird and animal species. The vegetation includes plants and trees from the tropical, desert, Mediterranean, and steppian regions, such as

Mamluk period, etc.[citation needed
]

Sinkholes

Ein Gedi has been subject to a large number of

arid region. The sinkholes form as a result of the receding shoreline (with the surface of the Sea having shrunk by about 33 per cent since the 1960s), where a thick layer of underground salt is left behind. When fresh water arrives in the form of heavy rains, it dissolves the salt as it sinks into the ground, forming an underground cavity, which eventually collapses under the weight of the surface ground layer.[1]

Tourism has been affected by the receding shoreline and the sinkholes, and the amount of water from the rains reaching the sea has diminished since

satellite monitoring to map the area for safety.[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Tlozek, Eric (9 June 2021). "The Dead Sea is disappearing, leaving behind a landscape shattered by sinkholes". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  2. ^ Conder, C. R.; Kitchener, Horatio Herbert (1881). The survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English name lists collected during the survey. Translated by Palmer, Edward Henry. p. 416 – via Internet Archive.
  3. ^ Israel nature spots draw 2 million visitors, Haaretz
  4. ^ What Israel's nature reserves booking system reveals, Haaretz
  5. ^ a b c d En Gedi at bibleplaces.com. Accessed 11 March 2024.
  6. ^ a b c Sir William Smith (1914). A Smaller Dictionary of The Bible, John Murrey, London. Page 169.
  7. ^
    NRSV and CEB
  8. ^
    CJB
  9. ^
    NKJV
  10. ^ Gošić Arama, Milena (2016). "Temples in the Ghassulian Culture: Terminology and social implications". Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology. 11 (3): 872–874. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  11. ^ Jerusalem Bible: Ezekiel 47:10
  12. Joseph Lightfoot, Works, vol. 1. p. 58, referenced by Gill, J. in Gill's Exposition of the Bible
    on 1 Samuel 23, accessed 24 May 2017
  13. ^
    OCLC 663773367
    .
  14. ^ a b c Hirschfeld, Y. (2004). Ein Gedi: A Large Jewish Village1. Qadmoniot, 37, 62-87.
  15. ^ The Wars of the Jews, or History of the Destruction of Jerusalem, by Flavius Josephus, translated by William Whiston, Project Gutenberg, Book IV, Chapter 7, Paragraph 2.
  16. ^ Flavius Josephus, De bello Judaico libri vii, B. Niese, Ed. J. BJ 4.7.2
  17. ^ Ancient battle divides Israel as Masada 'myth' unravels; Was the siege really so heroic, asks Patrick Cockburn in Jerusalem, The Independent, 30 March 1997
  18. ^ a b c Bar-Am, Aviva (2010-01-26). "Ein Gedi, A Streamlined approach". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2011-11-24.[dead link]
  19. ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, p. 212
  20. ^ William Francis Lynch (1852). Narrative of the United States' expedition to the river Jordan and the Dead sea. Blanchard and Lea. pp. 282–296. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
  21. ISBN 978-0-8028-4880-2
  22. ^ "Ein-Gedi Race" Archived February 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ Yagna, Yanir (2008-04-02). "Runners collapse near Dead Sea as temperatures hit seasonal highs". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2011-11-24.
  24. ^ a b c "List of National Parks and Nature Reserves" (PDF) (in Hebrew). Israel Nature and Parks Authority. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2010-09-27.

Bibliography

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Ein Gedi.

31°28′0″N 35°23′38″E / 31.46667°N 35.39389°E / 31.46667; 35.39389

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