Encarsia
| Encarsia | |
|---|---|
| |
| Adult Encarsia perplexa with eggs and hatching nymphs of citrus blackfly | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Aphelinidae |
| Subfamily: | Coccophaginae |
| Genus: | Encarsia Foerster, 1878 |
| Species | |
|
See text | |
Encarsia is a large genus of minute parasitic wasps of the family Aphelinidae. The genus is very diverse with currently about 400 described species and worldwide distribution.[1] The number of existing species is expected to be several times higher because many species are still undescribed.[2] Encarsia is a very complex genus, with specimens showing both inter- and intra-specific variations, making morphological classification difficult.[3]
The adult wasps, tiny insects about 1 or 2 millimeters in size, are primarily parasitoids of sessile stages of Sternorrhyncha, in particular whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) and scale insects (Diaspididae). A few species are known to parasitize aphids, eggs of shield-back bugs (Plataspidae), and eggs of Lepidoptera. Females mostly develop as primary endoparasitoids, and males are commonly hyperparasitoids of the same or other species. This so-called heteronomy, a sexually dimorphic host relationship, occurs in quite a few species.[4][5]
Species of Encarsia are of particular interest because of their economic importance for
Species used in biological control
- Encarsia berlesei on white peach scale (Pseudaulacaspis pentagona)[6]
- Bemisia tabaci)[7]
- Encarsia clypealis on citrus blackfly (Aleurocanthus woglumi)[8]
- Trialeurodes vaporariorum)[9]
- Encarsia harrisoni on long mussel scale (Lepidosaphes gloverii)[6]
- Encarsia inaron on cabbage whitefly (Aleyrodes proletella)[10] and ash whitefly (Siphoninus phillyreae)[11]
- Encarsia lahorensis on citrus whitefly (Dialeurodes citri)[6]
- Bemisia tabaci/Bemisia argentifolii) and greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum)[12]
- Encarsia pergandiella on sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)[13]
- Quadraspidiotus perniciosus) [6]
- Encarsia perplexa (syn. Encarsia opulenta) on citrus blackfly (Aleurocanthus woglumi)[14]
- Encarsia sophia on papaya whitefly (Trialeurodes variabilis) and sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)[15]
- Encarsia tricolor on cabbage whitefly (Aleyrodes proletella)[10]
References
- ^ Noyes, J. S. 2003. Universal Chalcidoidea database
- ^ Heraty, J. M., et al. (2008) Systematics and Biology of Encarsia. Chapter 4, pp. 71-87 In: Gould, J., et al. (Eds), In: Classical Biological Control of Bemisia tabaci in the United States. A review of interagency research and implementation. Progress in Biological Control 4. Springer Science and Business Media B. V. 1-343.
- (PDF) from the original on 31 December 2013.
- ^ Hunter, M. S. and J. B. Woolley. (2001). Evolution and behavioral ecology of heteronomous aphelinid parasitoids. Annual Review of Entomology 46, 251-90.
- ^ a b c d "EPPO". Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-12-19.
- ^ Heraty, J. M., et al. (2008). Systematics and Biology of Encarsia. Chapter 4, pp. 71-87 In: Gould, J., et al. (Eds), In: Classical Biological Control of Bemisia tabaci in the United States. A review of interagency research and implementation. Progress in Biological Control 4. Springer Science and Business Media B. V. 1-343.
- ^ Singh, S. P. (2004) Some success stories in classical biological control of pests in India. Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions, Publication 2004/2.
- ^ Hoddle, M. S., et al. (1998). Biology and use of the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa. Annual Review of Entomology 43, 645-69.
- ^ (PDF) from the original on 31 December 2013.
- ^ Ash Whitefly. Center for Invasive Species Research. University of California, Riverside. 2009.
- ^ Schauff, Michael E.; Evans, Gregory A. (1996). "A pictorial guide to the species of Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitic on whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in North America" (PDF). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington. 98: 1–35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2004. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
- ^ Hoelmer, K. and J. Goolsby. Release, establishment and monitoring of Bemisia tabaci natural enemies in the United States. In: 1st International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods, Honolulu, Hawaii, January 2002. pp. 58-65.
- ^ Nguyen, R., et al. (1983). Population density of the citrus blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), and its parasites in urban Florida in 1979-1981. Environmental Entomology 12, 878-84.
- ^ Luo, C. and T. X. Liu. (2011). Fitness of Encarsia sophia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitizing Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Insect Science 18(1), 84-91.
