Encephalartos woodii
Wood's cycad | |
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A large stem of Encephalartos woodii at the Durban Botanic Gardens
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Scientific classification ![]() | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Gymnospermae |
Division: | Cycadophyta |
Class: | Cycadopsida |
Order: | Cycadales |
Family: | Zamiaceae |
Genus: | Encephalartos |
Species: | E. woodii
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Binomial name | |
Encephalartos woodii | |
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Encephalartos woodii range
Extinct
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Encephalartos woodii, Wood's cycad, is a rare
Description
It is
E. woodii is
Taxonomy
Encephalartos woodii was first described by Wood as a
Distribution and habitat
Original distribution
The only known wild plants of E. woodii were a cluster of four stems of one plant discovered by Wood in 1895 in a small area of
Removal from natural habitat
A basal offset of the main stems was removed and sent to
Current distribution
While extinct in the wild, Encephalartos woodii specimens are found in many botanical gardens, institutions and collections around the world, with an estimated 500 individuals in existence, all clones of the original specimen.[2][12] For an Encephalartos cycad, E. woodii is relatively fast-growing and vigorous in cultivation.[12]
Two of the larger trunks that Wylie collected in the 1907 expedition are still to be seen in the Durban Botanic Gardens.
Conservation status
Despite numerous excursions in the oNgoye-Mtunzini area, no other specimens of Encephalartos woodii have ever been found. All known specimens of Encephalartos woodii are clones of the only known male plant which was completely removed from the wild. For these reasons, the plant is considered extinct in the wild.[1]
Legislation
As is the case with all members of the genus Encephalartos, Encephalartos woodii is protected by both national and international legislation:[4]
In South Africa one requires a permit from Nature Conservation to move, sell, buy, donate, receive, cultivate and sell Endangered Flora and to own adult cycads. On an international level all species and hybrids of Encephalartos are on
Reproduction and propagation
Vegetative reproduction
Encephalartos woodii reproduces with rapidly growing suckers.[4][5]
Sexual reproduction
Unless a female plant is found, E. woodii will never reproduce naturally. This species is known to form fertile hybrids with E. natalensis, and a backcrossing technique can be used: if each offspring is subsequently crossed with E. woodii and the process is then repeated, after several generations, female offspring will be closer to what a female Encephalartos woodii would be like.[4] However, genetic analysis of chloroplast DNA of F1 hybrids between E. woodii and E. natalensis showed that all chloroplasts are inherited from the female E. natalensis,[20] indicating that multigenerational hybrid offspring would have E. natalensis chloroplasts and could never be "pure" E. woodii.
Distribution of hybrids
Several hybrids between E. woodii and other species of Encephalartos have been produced including:
- Encephalartos gratus x E. woodii at Lotus Land, California.[17]
- Encephalartos natalensis x E. woodii at Orto botanico di Palermo in Italy, and in various collections in South Africa and the United States.
- Encephalartos transvenosus x E. woodii in collections in South Africa and the United States.[21]
- Encephalartos arenarius x E. woodii at Aloes in Wonderland, California.[22]
- Encephalartos horridus x E. woodii at Aloes in Wonderland, California.[23]
Gallery
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The bark of the specimen planted in Kirstenbosch botanical garden
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Male cone of Encephalartos woodii
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Male cone of Encephalartos woodii compare to human
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Portion of a leaf showing leaflets
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The last two stems of Encephalartos woodii at oNgoye in the early 1900s
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One of the original stems at the Durban Botanic Gardens
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Original stem at Durban Botanic Gardens, 2010
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Offshoots (suckers) showing roots developing on the largest one
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A female E. natalensis x woodii with cones
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Encephalartos natalensis x E. woodii hybrid at Orto botanico di Palermo
References
- ^ a b Donaldson, J.S. (2003). "'Encephalartos woodii'". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2003. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
- ^ ISBN 0-7301-0338-2.
- Kew Botanical Gardens. Archived from the originalon 20 June 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
- ^ a b c d e f g Notten, A. (May 2002). "Encephalartos woodii Sander". Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden and South African National Biodiversity Institute. Retrieved 16 November 2006.
- ^ a b c d Hill, K. (2004). "Encephalartos woodii". Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. Retrieved 1 December 2006.
- ^ Viljoen, C.D. & van Staden, J. The genetic relationship between Encephalartos natalensis and E. woodii determined using RAPD fingerprinting. South African Journal of Botany Volume 72, Issue 4, November 2006, Pages 642-645
- ISBN 1-875093-28-1.
- ^ Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife/. Retrieved 7 September 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Encephalartos woodii Sander: http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantefg/encephwoodii.htm, retrieved 7 September 2010
- ^ a b Czech Cycads: Cycads in Ireland: http://www.cykasy.cz/English/Cycads_in_Ireland.html, retrieved 20 September 2010.
- ^ National Botanical Gardens, Glasnevin: Conservation News: http://www.botanicgardens.ie/conserve/consnews.htm Archived 9 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 20 September 2010.
- ^ a b "Encephalartos woodii Sander". PlantZAfrika - South African National Biodiversity Institure. Retrieved 2 August 2023.
- ^ http://www.kew.org/plants/cycads/encephalartos_woodii.html Archived 30 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 7 September 2010.
- ^ Dutch Botanic Gardens Collections Foundation: http://www.nationale-plantencollectie.nl/UK/collectiehouders/Cycads-gen.htm[permanent dead link], retrieved 14 September 2010.
- ^ Los Gatos Plants - UK Cycad Resource: "Blogger: Anmelden". Archived from the original on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2010., retrieved 14 September 2010.
- ^ Rare Plants in Pennsylvania. Wood's Cycad. Encephalartos woodii: "Travel Guide | Photos | Pictures of Longwood Gardens | Rare Plants in Pennsylvania . Wood's Cycad . Encephalartos woodii | Getaways . Restaurant . Travel Guide". Archived from the original on 14 August 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2010., retrieved 14 September 2010.
- ^ a b Lotusland Plant Collection: http://www.lotusland.org/explore-garden/gardens/cycad-garden/, retrieved 14 September 2010.
- ^ Compiled List of Cycad Gardens: http://www.plantapalm.com/vce/cycadsof/cycadgardens.htm Archived 17 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, retrieved 14 September 2010.
- ^ a b c The King of Our Conservatory: http://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=296456165465, retrieved 14 September 2010.
- ^ Cafasso, D. et al. (2001). Maternal inheritance of plastids in Encephalartos Lehm. (Zamiaceae, Cycadales) Genome. 2001 (2):239-41.
- ^ "Encephalartos transvenosus x woodii at Aloes in Wonderland". www.aloesinwonderland.com. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
- ^ "Encephalartos arenarius x woodii at Aloes in Wonderland". www.aloesinwonderland.com. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
- ^ "Encephalartos horridus x woodii at Aloes in Wonderland". www.aloesinwonderland.com. Retrieved 30 September 2022.