Encounter (magazine)

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Encounter
Categories
ISSN
0013-7073

Encounter was a

United States government.[1][2]

Spender served as literary editor until 1967, when he resigned.

philanthropists, including a Cincinnati gin distiller.[6]

Encounter experienced its most successful years in terms of readership and influence under Melvin J. Lasky, who succeeded Kristol in 1958 and would serve as the main editor until the magazine ceased publication in 1991. Other editors in this period included D. J. Enright.

Founding, funding and first editors

Representatives of MI6 and the CIA met in 1951 to discuss the creation of an “Anglo-American left-of-centre publication”, partly to counter the

Victor Rothschild, both of whom were aware of the set up.[1]

In 1963,

Sunday Telegraph, published an article which revealed that the UK Foreign Office was covertly funding Encounter. The article caused consternation among the UK and US intelligence services, which convinced Edward Heath, who was McLachlan's source, to tell McLachlan that the information was incorrect. The Sunday Telegraph issued a retraction in which it withdrew "any suggestion there might have been that the Foreign Office provided a subsidy and that the editorial independence of Encounter is not in question".[7]

The covert partial funding of Encounter by the

neoconservative
" tendency in opposition to the prevailing left-liberalism in elite opinion are evident.

The choices for the first two Encounter co-editors, the American political essayist Irving Kristol (1920–2009) and the English poet Stephen Spender (1909–95) were telling, and in retrospect, can be seen to have set in template much of the course of the magazine's evolution even over its final twenty-three years succeeding Spender's resignation in 1967, after the revelations of covert CIA-funding.

Irving Kristol and the New York intellectuals

Irving Kristol edited the political articles in Encounter from 1953 until 1958, and though still a self-described liberal at the time, he was already laying the foundations of his eventual stance, from the late 1970s until his death in 2009, as the "godfather of neoconservatism." Influenced by his experiences in the City College of New York cafeterias of the late 1930s, where Marxists, Trotskyists and Stalinists argued freely, Kristol had already, as early as 1952, in his writings in Commentary during the McCarthy years,[10] set the tone for the neo-populist critique of liberal "new class" elites he would later seed during his almost forty-year stint (1965–2002) as founding co-editor of The Public Interest, the public-policy quarterly.

Stephen Spender and the English literary legacy

The God That Failed (1949) edited by Richard Crossman. The other contributors who had become disillusioned with Communism included Louis Fischer, André Gide, Arthur Koestler, Ignazio Silone, and Richard Wright; Koestler and Silone would in turn become from its outset regular contributors to Encounter. Spender's apprenticeship in the editor's chair had come over a decade before when he served as deputy to the English aesthete Cyril Connolly in editing, for its first two years, the influential literary monthly Horizon
(1940–49), many of whose writers would show up in Encounter in due course throughout the 1950s and after.

Spender's range of cultural contacts, in and out of the academic world, combined with the high-stakes sense of Cold War cultural mission driving the Paris-based CCF, enabled Encounter to publish, especially during its first fourteen years prior to the revelation of the early CIA funding and the defections so provoked, an international range of poets, short-story writers, novelists, critics, historians, philosophers and journalists, from both sides of the

Bright Young Things generations of the early 20th century was a marked feature of the early years of Spender's tenure as the editor of the Encounter's literary pages, with contributors such as Robert Graves, Aldous Huxley, Nancy Mitford, Bertrand Russell, Edith Sitwell, John Strachey, Evelyn Waugh, and Leonard and Virginia Woolf
– Virginia in posthumous diary form, her surviving husband Leonard as a political essayist and reviewer.

Oxbridge and London academics

Encounter provided a prime forum for academics from the colleges of

Cambridge, and London Universities—Isaiah Berlin, Hugh Trevor-Roper, and A. J. P. Taylor among them—who discussed European history and the intellectuals helping to shape it. Trevor-Roper used the magazine as an outlet for his attacks, one on Arnold Toynbee's best-selling ten-volume Study of History,[11] and on The Origins of the Second World War by A. J. P. Taylor.[12]

Early outings by Encounter belletrists came when

Two Cultures" of the hard sciences and the humanities. Among the magazine's early luminaries in aesthetics and the history of art were Stuart Hampshire[19] and Richard Wollheim.[20][21]

Political contours

On the political side of Encounter, Kristol brought on board many members of the group usually known as

Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. and John Kenneth Galbraith rounded out the American contours in politics, while the early English contributions in politics came largely from the social-democratic, anti-Communist, anti-unilateral nuclear disarmament wing of the Labour fold, as represented by C.A.R. Crosland (Anthony Crosland) (a close friend of Daniel Bell), R.H.S. Crossman (Richard Crossman), and David Marquand, with occasional contributions from Conservative journalists such as Peregrine Worsthorne and the young Henry Fairlie
broadening the coverage.

Encounter provoked controversy, with some British commentators arguing the journal took an excessively deferential stand towards United States foreign policy.[24] Cambridge literary critic Graham Hough described the magazine as "that strange Anglo-American nursling" which had "a very odd concept of culture indeed". The Sunday Times referred to Encounter as "the police-review of American-occupied countries".[24]

Discussing the Encounter of the 1950s, Stefan Collini in 2006 wrote that although Encounter was not "narrowly sectarian in either political or aesthetic terms, its pages gave off a distinct whiff of Cold War polemicizing".[25]

Melvin Lasky and the 1960s

The transition to Kristol's replacement on the political side of Encounter in 1958 by

Anchor Books imprint of Doubleday, fruit of the 1950s quality-paperback revolution spearheaded by Jason Epstein
, and whose international roster of high-humanist contributors – Auden, Connolly, Koestler, Silone – made it resemble a concurrent mini-Encounter.

Ties to Eastern Bloc dissidents

During his 32 years at Encounter, Lasky, with his balding head and Van Dyke beard centrally cast as an inverted Lenin, proved instrumental in the long and dedicated cultivation of contacts from among the persecuted writers of Poland (i.a. Czesław Miłosz, Zbigniew Herbert), East Germany, Hungary, Romania, the Soviet Union, and then-Yugoslavia, and devoted extensive front-cover coverage throughout the 1960s and 1970s to the judicial travails in Russia of Andrei Sinyavsky[26][27] (aka "Abram Tertz", under which nom de plume several samizdat short stories appeared), Yuli Daniel, Joseph Brodsky[28] and Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, and in Poland to the case of Leszek Kołakowski,[29] the philosopher exiled to the West in 1968 by the Polish Communist Party, and who became one of the magazine's defining contributors, whose blend of intellectual history and anti-Soviet militancy made him a sort of Slavic cross between Isaiah Berlin and Sidney Hook. A special 65-page anthology in April 1963, "New Voices in Russian Writing,"[30] presented, with the aid of translations by poets W. H. Auden, Robert Conquest, Stanley Kunitz and Richard Wilbur, a selection of the latest works of the rising generation of Russian poets and short-story writers, among them Andrei Voznesensky, Yevgeny Yevtushenko, and Vasily Aksyonov ("Matryona's Home,"[31] the most-read short story by Solzhenitsyn, was held over until the next issue).

Focus on decolonised nations

As for the nations of the so-called developing world, thanks in part to Spender's early attention to matters echt-English, the aftermath of the

Nirad Chaudhuri among the earliest of the magazine's long-serving correspondents from the subcontinent. Lasky, for his part, having written and published Africa For Beginners in 1962, made a point of devoting a special issue to that continent, along with others devoted to Asia and Latin America
.

Changing times

The 1960s would prove to be the high-water mark of Encounter's time on the world newsstand. As distinguished symposiasts from diverse spheres debated in its political sections such matters as the advisability of Britain's entry into the

R.D. Laing, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Konrad Lorenz, György Lukács, Marshall McLuhan – and speculated on the prospect of other false dawns in culture rather than politics. In the case of the imagined Arcadia presaged by the new wave of "high pornography", reformers like Olympia Press founder Maurice Girodias[32] weighed in for the defence, with conservative sociologist Ernest van den Haag[33] countering with a measured defence of the social need for both pornography and censorship, with the young George Steiner,[34]
dissenting from what to him seemed the neo-totalitarian import entailed by the literal stripping of literary characters of any vestige of privacy, in contrast to the more artful metaphoric indirections of such masters as Dante.

English poets

Encounter was eclectic in the poets it published. Its literary co-editors generally had a background in poetry, with Spender succeeded by the literary critic

The Great Terror, 1968), held a sceptical attitude toward left-liberalism. Amis published in Encounter in 1960 an article against the expansion of higher education, that proved influential.[35]

Left-liberals vs. early neoconservatives

The more explicit development of that very scepticism, as it happened, came to mark the evolution of the political side of Encounter as it entered the 1970s and beyond. The ideological fissures in the world of Anglo-American political/literary journals began to see hairline crack turn to outright cleavage in the wake of the rise of the

New York Review of Books
, founded in 1963, began to enlist from its outset a regular roster of the cream of the very sort of prestige British humanists and scientific essayists who had so distinguished themselves in the pages of Encounter in its first ten years, creating a rival outlet for them whose greater prominence in the much larger American market would only deepen after the 1967 high-profile resignations of Spender and Kermode, both of them at the very summit of Anglo-American literary life.

The then largely intra-Democratic rifts issuing from reactions to, for instance, the

Reagan Democrats
and go on to play a pivotal role in the 1980 and 1984 elections.

1970s

The economic crisis of the 1970s, afflicting all the world's advanced democracies with a corrosive blend of decade-long inflation, sector-wide industrial strikes, overburdened welfare states expanded under pressure of an affluence-driven "revolution of rising expectations", the overturning of the supremacy of Keynesian economics under a simultaneous inflation and recession long thought inconceivable, and the resulting unravelling of the postwar, bipartisan social-democratic consensus – such was the stuff of a good portion of the debate on domestic affairs within Encounter throughout the 1970s. Those from the center-left addressing such topics included the veteran analysts of capitalism Andrew Shonfield[37] and Robert Skidelsky, biographer of Keynes, and economic historian of Depression Britain. Among those from the developing New Right to assail eminent thinkers leftward was the Australian-born LSE political scientist Kenneth Minogue, among whose many contributions was a stinging rebuke to John Kenneth Galbraith for offering, in his 1977 documentary series The Age of Uncertainty, far more wit than wisdom[38] – a charge to which the Harvard economist replied, wittily.[39]

Novelist and political writer,

Nobel Prize in Economics and a starring role in the education of the English prime minister newly arrived at its end, contributed four essays in the history of ideas, among them one on "The Miscarriage of the Democratic Ideal"[40] and another on his cousin Ludwig Wittgenstein.[41] Shirley Robin Letwin took the American liberal legal philosopher Ronald Dworkin to task for promoting judicial activism in his signature work Taking Rights Seriously,[42] while the conservative philosopher Roger Scruton, a recent Encounter hand, examined the cultural roots of latter-day ills, and economist EJ Mishan> assayed the parasitic moral hazards arising from economic growth. And lively debate over the north–south divide, the Brandt Report, and western foreign aid to the 'Third World' was on hand courtesy of the prestigious development economist Peter Bauer
and his critics.

Hazards of détente

In foreign affairs in the 1970s, Encounter's prime interests, along with Euro-terrorism and Euro-communism, included the strains upon the

Harvard[47][48] — the latter due in several years for a post helping Ronald Reagan plot strategy toward the Soviet Union — and Leopold Labedz,[49][50]
Polish-born editor of Survey, a quarterly journal of Soviet-bloc affairs. The exchanges, marked each time on the part of Kennan's critics by a ritual and almost incantatory deference to his stature and role as almost Old Testament wise man, grew increasingly testy on both sides, with Seton-Watson accusing Kennan of allowing his aristocratic-utopian hand-wringing over Western cultural degeneracy to vanquish his sense of the moral urgency and legitimacy of the west's need to better defend itself against a newly hardened foe, with Pipes accusing him of an overly-optimistic estimate of relaxation in Soviet military strategy since the death of Stalin, charges amplified by Labedz. Kennan, for his part in reply, fired back from several angles with a long-running complaint of his, perhaps best summarised as: nobody understands me.

Contributing literary figures

The range of literary figures, some young and others established, whose first contributions to Encounter came during the 1970s included novelists

D.M. Thomas, William Trevor, critics and essayists Clive James, Gabriel Josipovici, Bernard Levin, David Lodge, Jonathan Raban, Wilfrid Sheed, Gillian Tindall, poets Alan Brownjohn, Douglas Dunn, Gavin Ewart, James Fenton, Seamus Heaney, Erica Jong, Michael Longley, John Mole, Blake Morrison, Andrew Motion, Tom Paulin, Peter Porter, Peter Reading, Peter Redgrove, Vernon Scannell, George Szirtes, and R. S. Thomas
.

1980s and end of the Cold War

The final decade for Encounter, the 1980s, was marked by regular elegy for old and distinguished friends of the magazine who had aged along with it, chief among them the Hungarian-born writer

American Spectator
.

Edward Pearce, a regular contributor to the magazine in the 1980s, claimed that Encounter's editors reassigned him from political writing to theatre criticism after he repeatedly used his Encounter column to criticise the Thatcher government.[60]

Though the literary side of Encounter throughout the 1980s featured a far smaller proportion of writers at the forefront of their national literatures as had its 1960s incarnation under Stephen Spender, and a 1983 change in cover design scrapped its austere "Continental" template in favour of a glossy look more characteristic of proverbially "slick" periodicals familiar from American newsstands, given the lofty heights from which it would recede, it still sustained its nonpolitical autonomy and ample proportions when the English poet Anthony Thwaite was replaced in 1985 by Richard Mayne, an English journalist, broadcaster, translator from the French, the magazine's Paris correspondent and "M." columnist, and former assistant to Jean Monnet, architect of the European Economic Community.

Encounter published its final issue in September 1990, almost a year after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of Communist rule in the European satellites, and a year before the largely peaceful demise of Soviet rule itself. The magazine's end was brought about due to its increasing debts.[61] The Bradley Foundation acquired the name and helped close down the Encounter organisation in 1991.[62]

Assessments

Thanks to the uncommon distinction, disciplinary and geographic range of the contributors it brought together in one venture, especially during the years 1953–67 prior to the CIA-funding revelations, Encounter earned regard as a high-water mark in postwar periodical literature. In a review of recent work by Stephen Spender in The New Republic in 1963, the American poet John Berryman wrote, "I don't know how Spender has got so many poems done, especially because he does many things besides write poetry: he is a brilliant and assiduous editor (I would call Encounter the most consistently interesting magazine now being published)."[63] In the early 1970s, the American monthly Esquire said of Encounter that it was "probably not as good now as when it was backed by the CIA, but [it is] still the best general monthly magazine going."[64][65] In the late 1970s, The Observer was of the opinion that "Encounter is a magazine which constantly provides, in any given month, exactly what a great many of us would have wished to read... there is no other journal in the English-speaking world which combines political and cultural material of such consistently high quality", while the International Herald Tribune called Encounter "one of the few great beacons of English-language journalism... a model of how to present serious writing."[66] In a review in 2011 in The New Republic of a posthumous collection of essays by Irving Kristol, Franklin Foer wrote that "Encounter... deserve[s] a special place in the history of the higher journalism... [it] was some of the best money that the [CIA] ever spent. The journal, published out of London, was an unlikely coupling of the New York intelligentsia with their English counterparts—an exhilarating intermarriage of intellectual cultures. I am not sure that any magazine has ever been quite so good as the early Encounter, with its essays by Mary McCarthy and Nancy Mitford, Lionel Trilling and Isaiah Berlin, Edmund Wilson and Cyril Connolly. In his typically self-effacing manner, Kristol heaped credit upon Spender for the achievement."[67]

Richard Wollheim said that Encounter gave "the impression that it was the whole spectrum of opinion they were publishing. But invariably they were cutting it off at a certain point, notably where it concerned areas of American foreign policy”. One CIA chief described Encounter as "propaganda in the sense that it did not often deviate from what the State Department would say US foreign policy was". Frances Stonor Saunders wrote in 1999 that Encounter is "rightly remembered for its unflinching scrutiny of cultural curtailment in the communist bloc. But its mitigation of McCarthyism was less clear-sighted: where the journal could see the beam in its opponent’s eye, it failed to detect the plank in its own".[1]

Most prolific authors

The following is a list of all authors who appeared in Encounter at least ten times:

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Frances Stonor Saunders (12 July 1999), "How the CIA plotted against us", New Statesman., archived from the original on 10 October 2014
  2. ^ "Robert Fulford: When the CIA had a magazine". nationalpost. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  3. ^ a b Fox, Sylvan (8 May 1967), "Stephen Spender Quits Encounter; British Poet Says Finding of C.I.A. Financing Led to His Leaving Magazine Encounter Editor Quits His Post Over Disclosure of C.I.A.'s Role", The New York Times.
  4. ^ Braden, Thomas W. (20 May 1967), "I'm glad the CIA is 'immoral'", The Saturday Evening Post
  5. ^ Sir Frank Kermode obituary. The Guardian.
  6. ISBN 978-1-84275-177-0
    .
  7. ^ McEVOY, JOHN (15 April 2024). "UK intelligence secretly funded leftist magazine, then covered it up". Declassified Media Ltd. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
  8. ^ Stern, Sol (March 1967). "NSA and the CIA". Ramparts.
  9. ^ Cline, Ray S. (1981). The CIA Under Reagan, Bush & Casey The Evolution of the Agency from Roosevelt to Reagan. Acropolis Books. p. 152.
  10. ISBN 9780415952651
    , There is one thing that the American people know about Senator McCarthy: he, like them, is unequivocally anti-Communist. About the spokesmen for American liberalism, they feel they know no such thing. And with some justification.
  11. ^ Trevor-Roper, HR (June 1957). "Arnold Toynbee's Millennium". Encounter. London: 14–27. ...every chapter of it has been shot to pieces by the experts... It is written in a style compared with which that of Hitler or Rosenberg is that of Gibbonian lucidity... As a dollar-earner, we are told, it ranks second only to whisky.
  12. ^ Trevor-Roper, HR (July 1961). "AJP Taylor, Hitler, and the War". Encounter: 88–96.
  13. ^ Mitford, Nancy (September 1955), "The English Aristocracy", Encounter: 5–12.
  14. ^ Waugh, Evelyn (December 1955), "An open letter to the Hon'ble Mrs. Peter Rodd (Nancy Mitford) on A Very Serious Subject", Encounter: 11–16.
  15. ^ Snow, CP (June 1959), "The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution", Encounter: 17–24.
  16. ^ Snow, CP (July 1959), "The Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution", Encounter: 22–7.
  17. ^ Snow, CP (February 1960), "The 'Two-Cultures' Controversy: Afterthoughts", Encounter: 64–68.
  18. ^ Allen, Walter; Lovell, ACB; Plumb, JH; Riesman, David; Russell, Bertrand; Cockcroft, John; Ayrton, Michael (August 1959), "'The Two Cultures': A Discussion of C.P. Snow's Views", Encounter: 67–73.
  19. ^ Stuart Hampshire in Encounter, 1954–62, 19 items.
  20. ^ Richard Wollheim in Encounter, 1955–64, 12 items.
  21. ^ For a superbly entertaining series of essays profiling a number of the prime controversies exercising the leading British historians and philosophers who were among the core contributors to Encounter in these years, see Mehta, Ved (1963), Fly and the Fly-Bottle: Encounters With British Intellectuals, Boston: Atlantic-Little, Brown, a gifted young Indian-American writer for The New Yorker.
  22. ISBN 9780306802522
    .
  23. ^ MacDonald, Dwight (1974), Discriminations: Essays & Afterthoughts, Da Capo, p. 90.
  24. ^
    ISBN 1862070296
    (pp. 187-88).
  25. ISBN 9780199291052
    (p. 145).
  26. ^ Labedz, Leopold; Hayward, Max (January 1966), "Writers & the Police", Encounter: 84–88.
  27. ^ Labedz, Leopold (April 1966), "The Trial in Moscow", Encounter: 82–91.
  28. ^ Brodsky, Josef; et al. (September 1964), "Trial of a Young Poet", Encounter: 84–91.
  29. ^ Labedz, Leopold (March 1969), "Kolakowski: On Marxism & Beyond", Encounter: 77–87.
  30. ^ "New Voices in Russian Writing", Encounter: 27–91, April 1963.
  31. ^ Solzhenitsyn, Alexander (May 1963), "Matryona's Home", Encounter: 28–45.
  32. ^ Maurice Girodias (February 1966), "The Erotic Society", Encounter: 52–57.
  33. ^ van den Haag, Ernest (December 1967), "Is Pornography a Cause of Crime?", Encounter: 52–55.
  34. ^ George Steiner (October 1965), "Night Words: High Pornography & Human Privacy", Encounter: 14–18.
  35. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/60221. (Subscription or UK public library membership
    required.)
  36. ^ Kristol contributed twice to the New York Review, in early 1964. His wife Gertrude Himmelfarb, the distinguished historian of Victorian England, wrote for it five times, ending in 1966; Norman Podhoretz once, in 1965; Podhoretz's wife Midge Decter three times through 1964. See Jacob Heilbrunn, "Norman's Conquest: Why Rudy Giuliani loves Norman Podhoretz Archived 2012-05-14 at the Wayback Machine," The Washington Monthly, December 2007; Merle Miller, "Why Norman and Jason Aren't Talking," The New York Times Magazine, 26 March 1972.
  37. ^ Shonfield, Andrew (January 1977), "Can Capitalism Survive till 1999?", Encounter: 10–17.
  38. ^ Minogue, Kenneth (December 1977), "Galbraith's Wit & Unwisdom: Ordeal by Caricature", Encounter: 14–18.
  39. ^ Galbraith, John Kenneth; Minogue, Kenneth (April 1978), "Galbraith on Minogue: And Vice Versa", Encounter: 87–88.
  40. ^ Hayek, FA (March 1978), "The Miscarriage of the Democratic Ideal", Encounter: 14–16.
  41. ^ Hayek, FA (August 1977), "Remembering My Cousin, Ludwig Wittgenstein", Encounter: 20–22.
  42. ^ Letwin, Shirley Robin (October 1977), "Taking the Law Unseriously: Dworkin's Rights and Wrongs", Encounter: 76–81.
  43. ^ Urban, George (September 1976), "From Containment to... Self-Containment: A Conversation with George F. Kennan", Encounter: 10–43.
  44. ^ Kennan, George F. (March 1978), "Mr. X Reconsiders: A Current Assessment of Soviet-American Relations", Encounter: 7–12.
  45. ^ Kennan, George F. (July 1978), "A Last Warning: Reply to My Critics", Encounter: 15–18.
  46. ^ Seton-Watson, Hugh (November 1976), "George Kennan's Illusions: A Reply", Encounter: 24–35.
  47. ^ Pipes, Richard (April 1978), "Mr X. Revises: A Reply to George F Kennan", Encounter: 18–21.
  48. ^ Pipes, George (September 1978), "Richard Pipes Replies", Encounter: 35.
  49. ^ Labedz, Leopold (April 1978), "The Two Minds of George Kennan: How To Un-Learn from Experience", Encounter: 78–85.
  50. ^ Labedz, Leopold (September 1978), "A Last Critique: On Kennan's Warnings", Encounter: 32–34.
  51. ^ "The Life & Death of Arthur Koestler", Encounter (special sections), July 1983.
  52. ^ "The Life & Death of Arthur Koestler", Encounter (special sections), September–October 1983.
  53. ^ Aron, Raymond (February 1984), "The Stroke: A Memoir before the End", Encounter: 9–11.
  54. ^ Bondy, Francois (February 1984), "Raymond Aron", Encounter: 21–4.
  55. ^ Lasky, Melvin J (February 1984), "Death of a Giant", Encounter: 75–77.
  56. ^ Hook, Sidney (March 1984), "Bertrand Russell: A Portrait from Memory", Encounter: 9–20.
  57. ^ Chalfont, Alun (January 1981), "Arguing About War & Peace: Thompson's 'Ban-the-Bomb' Army", Encounter: 79–87.
  58. ^ Chalfont, Alun (April 1983), "The Great Unilateralist Illusion: 'Ignorance is Strength'", Encounter: 18–38.
  59. ^ Chalfont, Alun (September 1984), "The 'Star Wars' Scenario: New Problems of Emergent Technology", Encounter: 52–58.
  60. ^ Pearce, Edward (11 September 1991), "Uncle Joe's Heirs and Disgraces", The Guardian
  61. ^ Wittstock, Melinda (18 January 1991), "Debts force suspension of journal", The Times, Encounter...has suspended publication because of a £60,000 exchange-rate loss and mounting debts
  62. ISSN 0734-0222
    . Retrieved 14 September 2022. Encounter closed in 1991 and the Bradley Foundation bought the name and settled its affairs
  63. ^ Berryman, John (29 June 1963), "Spender: The Poet as Critic", The New Republic.
  64. ISBN 9780883658611
    .
  65. ^ Felton, Bruce; Fowler, Mark (1994), The Best, Worst and Most Unusual, Galahad, p. 82.
  66. ^ Both quotes appeared in advertisements for Encounter run in numerous English periodicals of the time, e.g., in "Encounter: Britain's leading monthly of current affairs and the arts", Ecologist (advertisement), 8 (3): 90, May–June 1978.
  67. ^ Foer, Franklin (17 March 2011). "Ideas Rule the World". The New Republic..
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