Endogenous viral element

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An endogenous viral element (EVE) is a DNA sequence derived from a virus, and present within the germline of a non-viral organism. EVEs may be entire viral genomes (proviruses), or fragments of viral genomes. They arise when a viral DNA sequence becomes integrated into the genome of a germ cell that goes on to produce a viable organism. The newly established EVE can be inherited from one generation to the next as an allele in the host species, and may even reach fixation.

cell surface receptors
.

Diversity and distribution

EVEs have been identified in

bornaviruses and circoviruses have been identified in vertebrate genomes. In plant genomes, EVEs derived from pararetroviruses are relatively common. EVEs derived from other, non-retrotranscribing virus families, such as Geminiviridae, have also been identified in plants. Moreover, EVEs related to giant viruses (aka GEVEs) of phylum Nucleocytoviricota (NCLDV) similar to Aureococcus anophagefferens virus (AaV) have been found in 2019/2020.[5]

Identification

EVEs are traditionally identified by similarity to known viruses. In 2021, it has been demonstrated that the k-mer composition of endogenous RNA virus resemble that of their exogenous counterparts. As a result, it is now possible to identify novel groups of endogenous RNA viruses whose exogenous relatives have become extinct.[6]

Use in paleovirology

EVEs are a rare source of retrospective information about ancient viruses. Many are derived from germline integration events that occurred millions of years ago, and can be viewed as viral fossils. Such ancient EVEs are an important component of paleovirological studies that address the long-term evolution of viruses. Identification of

Bornaviridae and Circoviridae families of viruses,[3] >100 million years in the Flaviviridae,[7] and 12 million years for the Lentivirus genus of the Retroviridae family. EVEs also facilitate the use of molecular clock-based approaches to obtain calibrations of viral evolution in deep time.[8][9]

Co-option and exaptation by host species

EVEs can sometimes provide a

ungulates, with integration dates ranging from 10 to 85 million years ago.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ Taylor DJ, Bruenn J (December 2009). "The evolution of novel fungal genes from non-retroviral RNA viruses". BMC Biology. 7: 88.
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  2. ^ Koonin EV (January 2010). "Taming of the shrewd: novel eukaryotic genes from RNA viruses". BMC Biology. 8: 2.
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  3. ^ a b Katzourakis A, Gifford RJ (November 2010). "Endogenous viral elements in animal genomes". PLOS Genetics. 6 (11): e1001191.
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  4. ^ Feschotte C, Gilbert C (March 2012). "Endogenous viruses: insights into viral evolution and impact on host biology" (PDF). Nature Reviews. Genetics. 13 (4): 283–296.
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  10. S2CID 1883507
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  11. PMID 18818869
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  12. ^ Dupressoir A, Lavialle C, Heidmann T (September 2012). "From ancestral infectious retroviruses to bona fide cellular genes: role of the captured syncytins in placentation". Placenta. 33 (9): 663–671.
    PMID 22695103
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