Energy in Brazil
This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: Parts of the article are out dated by over a decade.(April 2024) |
Overview
In 2020, Brazil derived roughly one third of its total energy supply from oil, and another third from biofuels. Access to electricity across the country is almost universal, making Brazil’s energy sector one of the least carbon-intensive in the world.[7]
Energy source | indicator | rank | year | quantity | unity | % world | 'comments' |
Crude oil | Production | 9º | 2019p | 145 | Mt | 3,3 % | 1º : United States (742 Mt), 2º : Russia (560 Mt), 3º : Saudi Arabia (546 Mt) |
Electricity | Production | 8º | 2018 | 601 | TWh | 2,3 % | 1º : China (7149 TWh), 2º : United States (4434 TWh) |
Net import | 3º | 2018 | 35 | TWh | 9,3 % | 1º : United States (44 TWh), 2º : Italy (44 TWh) | |
Electricity production by source | Renewables | 3º | 2018 | 495 | TWh | 7,4 % | 1º : China (1833 TWh), 2º : United States (743 TWh) |
Hydroelectricity | Production | 2º | 2018 | 389 | TWh | 9,0 % | 1º : China (1232 TWh), 3º : Canada (386 TWh) |
Power installed | 2º | 2018 | 105 | GW | 8,1 % | 1º : China (352 GW), 3º : United States (103 GW) | |
% hydro/electric * | 2º | 2018 | 64,7 | % | 1º : Norway (95,0 %) | ||
Wind power | Electricity production | 7º | 2018 | 48 | TWh | 3,8 % | 1º : China (366 TWh), 2º : United States (276 TWh) |
Power installed | 8º | 2018 | 14,4 | GW | 2,6 % | 1º : China (184.3 GW) | |
% wind/electric * | 4º | 2018 | 8,1 | % | 1º : Spain (18,5 %) | ||
Biomass | Primary energy consumption | 5º | 2019 | 3915 | PJ | 6,9 % | 1º : India (7998 PJ), 2º : China (5299 PJ), 3º : Nigeria (4929 PJ), 4º : United States (4540 PJ) |
Electricity production[8] | 3º | 2019 | 54,9 | TWh | 10,1 % | 1º : China (111,1 TWh), 2º : United States (56 TWh) | |
* % hydro/electric : share of hydroelectricity in electricity production (ranking on the top 10 producers) 2019p = provisional estimate for 2019. |
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Energy in Brazil, 2004–2013[9][10][11] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Capita | Prim. energy | Production | Import | Electricity | CO2-emission | |
Million | TWh | TWh | TWh | TWh | Mt | |
2004 | 183.9 | 2,382 | 2,050 | 364 | 360 | 323 |
2007 | 191.6 | 2,740 | 2,507 | 289 | 413 | 347 |
2008 | 192.0 | 2,890 | 2,653 | 314 | 429 | 365 |
2009 | 193.7 | 2,793 | 2,679 | 182 | 426 | 338 |
2010 | 195.0 | 3,089 | 2,865 | 289 | 465 | 388 |
2012 | 196.7 | 3,140 | 2,898 | 333 | 480 | 408 |
2012R | 198.7 | 3,276 | 2,930 | 391 | 498 | 440 |
2013 | 200.0 | 3,415 | 2,941 | 531 | 517 | 517 |
2014 | 203.5 | 3,450 | 504 | |||
Change 2004-10 | 6.0% | 30% | 40% | -21% | 29% | 20% |
Mtoe = 11.63 TWh, Prim. energy includes energy losses >
2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated |
Energy and electricity mix
Energy
In 2021, Brazil's
Electricity
In 2021, Brazil's electricity generation was primarily driven by renewables, accounting for 75.9% of the total electricity produced, with hydro contributing 54.8% and other renewables making up 21.1%. Following renewables, natural gas contributed 14.5%, while coal and nuclear energy each contributed 4.0% and 2.2%, respectively. Crude oil and other petroleum liquids contributed 3.4%. Brazil ranks as the world's third-largest hydropower producer, following China and Canada. In 2021, Brazil's hydroelectricity generation amounted to 363 terawatt-hours, representing 9% of global hydropower output.[12]
Energy sector reforms
At the end of the 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s, Brazil's energy sector underwent market liberalization. In 1997, the Petroleum Investment Law was adopted,
Current[when?] government policies concentrate mainly on improving energy efficiency in both residential and industrial sectors, as well as increasing use of renewable energy. Further restructuring of the energy sector will be one of the key issues for ensuring sufficient energy investments to meet the rising need for fuel and electricity.[14]
The expansion of Brazil's
Energy sources
Oil
Brazil is the world's 8th-largest oil producer. Up to 1997, the government-owned Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. (Petrobras) had a monopoly on oil. More than 50 oil companies were engaged in oil exploration by 2006.[3] The only global oil producer is Petrobras, with an output of more than 2 million barrels (320,000 m3) of oil equivalent per day. It is also a major distributor of oil products, and owns oil refineries and oil tankers.[15]
In 2006, Brazil had 11.2 billion barrels (1.78×109 m3) the second-largest proven oil reserves in South America after Venezuela. The vast majority of proven reserves were located in the Campos and Santos offshore basins off the southeast coast of Brazil.[15] In November 2007, Petrobras announced that it believed the offshore Tupi oil field had between 5 and 8 billion barrels (1.3×109 m3) of recoverable light oil and neighbouring fields may even contain more, which all in all could result in Brazil becoming one of the largest producers of oil in the world.[16]
Brazil has been a net
Transpetro, a wholly owned subsidiary of Petrobras, operates a crude oil transport network. The system consists of 6,000 kilometres (3,700 mi) of crude oil pipelines, coastal import terminals, and inland storage facilities.[15]
In 2022, Brazil ranked second in Central and South America for crude oil reserves, with approximately 13.24 billion barrels, behind Venezuela.[12]
Oil shale
Brazil has the world's second largest known oil shale (the Irati shale and lacustrine deposits) resources and has second largest
Natural gas
As of January 2023, Brazil possesses natural gas reserves totaling approximately 13.4 trillion cubic feet (Tcf), placing it fourth among Central and South American nations. These reserves primarily consist of associated gas from oil fields, notably within the pre-salt reserves. Approximately 76% of these reserves are located offshore in the Santos Basin, with the remaining 24% situated onshore, primarily in the Solimões Basin and Paranaíba Basin.[12]
At the end of 2017, the proven reserves of Brazil's natural gas were 369 x 109 m³, with possible reserves expected to be 2 times higher.[20] Petrobras controls over 90 percent of Brazil's natural gas reserves.[15]
Brazil's inland gas pipeline systems are operated by
In 2005, the gas production was 18.7 x 109 m³, which is less than the natural gas consumption of Brazil.
Coal
In 2004, Brazil had total coal reserves of about 30 billion tonnes, but the deposits vary by the quality and quantity. The proved recoverable reserves were approximately 10 billion tonnes.[22] In 2004 Brazil produced 5.4 million tonnes of coal, while coal consumption reached 21.9 million tonnes.[3] Almost all of Brazil's coal output is steam coal, of which about 85% is fired in power stations. Reserves of sub-bituminous coal are located mostly in the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná.[22]
Nuclear
Brazil has the 6th largest uranium reserves in the world.[23] Deposits of uranium are found in eight different states of Brazil. Proven reserves are 162,000 tonnes. Cumulative production at the end of 2002 was less than 1,400 tonnes. The Poços de Caldas production centre in Minas Gerais state was shut down in 1997 and was replaced by a new plant at Lagoa Real in Bahia.
Electricity
Power sector reforms were launched in the mid-1990s and a new regulatory framework was applied in 2004. In 2004, Brazil had 86.5 GW of installed generating capacity and it produced 387 Twh of electricity.[3] As of today 66% of distribution and 28% of power generation is owned by private companies.[3] In 2004, 59 companies operated in power generation and 64 in electricity distribution.[5]
The major power company is
During the electricity crisis in 2001,[24] the government launched a program to build 55 gas-fired power stations with a total capacity of 22 GW, but only 19 power stations were built, with a total capacity of 4,012 MW.[14]
In 2021, Brazil was the world's sixth-largest electricity producer, generating 663 terawatt-hours (TWh), which represented 2% of
Hydropower
In 2006, Brazil was the third largest
In total electricity generation, in 2019 Brazil reached 170,000 megawatts of installed capacity, more than 75% from renewable sources (the majority,
In 2013, the Southeast used about 50% of the load of the National Integrated System (SIN), being the main energy consuming region in the country. The region's installed electricity generation capacity totaled almost 42,500 MW, which represented about a third of Brazil's generation capacity. The
The South Region has the
Northern Brazil has large hydroelectric plants such as Belo Monte and Tucuruí, which produce much of the national energy.
Brazil's hydroelectric potential has not yet been fully explored, so the country still has the capacity to build several renewable energy plants in its territory.
Wind energy
In July 2022 Brazil reached 22 GW of installed wind power.[33][34] In 2021 Brazil was the 7th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (21 GW),[35][36] and the 4th largest producer of wind energy in the world (72 TWh), behind only China, USA and Germany.[37]
Brazil's gross wind resource potential was estimated, in 2019, to be about 522 GW (this, only onshore), enough energy to meet three times the country's current demand.[38][39] As of August 2021,[ref] according to ONS, total installed capacity was 18.9 GW, with average capacity factor of 58%.[40] While the world average wind production capacity factors is 24.7%, there are areas in Northern Brazil, specially in Bahia State, where some wind farms record with average capacity factors over 60%;[41][42] the average capacity factor in the Northeast Region is 45% in the coast and 49% in the interior.[43] In 2019, wind energy represented 9% of the energy generated in the country.[26] In 2020 Brazil was the 8th country in the world in terms of installed wind power (17.2 GW);[35] in November 2021 Brazil reached 20 GW of installed wind power.[44]
Solar power
In October 2022 Brazil reached 21 GW of installed solar power.[45][46] In 2021, Brazil was the 14th country in the world in terms of installed solar power (13 GW),[47] and the 11th largest producer of solar energy in the world (16.8 TWh).[48]
As of August 2021,[ref] according to ONS, total installed capacity of
Nuclear energy
In 2021, nuclear energy represented about 2.2% of Brazil's electricity generation. Brazil led Central and South America in nuclear electricity generation that year, producing 15 billion kWh. Operated by
Brazil signed a nuclear cooperation agreement with Argentina since 1991.[51]
Biofuels
In 2021, Brazil was the world's second-largest
In 2020, Brazil reached an installed capacity of 15.2 gigawatts (GW) for energy production derived from solid biofuels and renewable waste.[52]
Due to its
The production and consumption of biodiesel is expected to reach to 2% of diesel fuel in 2008 and 5% in 2013.[3]
Brazil's peat reserves are estimated at 25 billion tonnes, the highest in South America. However, no production of peat for fuel has yet been developed. Brazil produces 65 million tonnes of fuelwood per year. The annual production of charcoal is about 6 million tonnes, used in the steel industry. The cogeneration potential of agricultural and livestock residues varies from 4 GW to 47 GW by 2025.[22]
References
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- ^ a b Data and statistics : Brazil - Electricity 2019, International Energy Agency, retrieved October 2021.
- ^ IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics 2015 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, 2014 (2012R as in November 2015 Archived 2015-04-05 at the Wayback Machine + 2012 as in March 2014 is comparable to previous years statistical calculation criteria, 2013 Archived 2014-09-02 at the Wayback Machine, 2012 Archived 2013-03-09 at the Wayback Machine, 2011 Archived 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine, 2010 Archived 2010-10-11 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 Archived 2013-10-07 at the Wayback Machine, 2006 Archived 2009-10-12 at the Wayback Machine IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15
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- ^ "Brasil se tornará exportador líquido de petróleo em 2011, diz AIE". Archived from the original on 2018-02-13. Retrieved 2011-02-23.
- ^ Review on oil shale data Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine, by Jean Laherrere, September 2005
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Altun, N. E.; Hiçyilmaz, C.; Hwang, J.-Y.; Suat Bağci, A.; Kök, M. V. (2006). "Oil Shales in the world and Turkey; reserves, current situation and future prospects: a review" (PDF). S2CID 53395288. Retrieved 2007-06-16.
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- ^ "Key World Energy Statistics -- 2006 Edition" (PDF). International Energy Agency. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-07-09. Retrieved 2007-07-13.
- ^ a b c Quantas usinas geradoras de energia temos no Brasil?
- ^ "RENEWABLE CAPACITY STATISTICS 2022" (PDF). IRENA. Retrieved 19 May 2022.
- ^ "Brasil alcança 170 mil megawatts de capacidade instalada em 2019". Archived from the original on 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2020-07-21.
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- ^ Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser, Wind Power generation
- ^ Ventos promissores a caminho
- ^ "Brazilian onshore wind potential could be 880 GW, study indicates". Archived from the original on 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2020-11-01.
- ^ "Boletim Mensal de Geração Eólica Agosto/2021" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico - ONS. 2021-09-29. pp. 6, 14. Retrieved 2021-10-13.
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Further reading
- Silvestre, B. S., Dalcol, P. R. T. (2009) Geographical proximity and innovation: Evidences from the Campos Basin oil & gas industrial agglomeration — Brazil. Technovation, Vol. 29 (8), pp. 546–561.