Illinois
Illinois | |
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State of Illinois | |
CDT) | |
USPS abbreviation | IL |
ISO 3166 code | US-IL |
Traditional abbreviation | Ill. |
Latitude | 36° 58′ N to 42° 30′ N |
Longitude | 87° 30′ W to 91° 31′ W |
Website | www |
Tully monster | |
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Mineral | Fluorite |
Rock | Dolomite |
Soil | Drummer silty clay loam |
State route marker | |
State quarter | |
Released in 2003 | |
Lists of United States state symbols |
Illinois (
Illinois has a highly diverse
Present-day Illinois was inhabited by various indigenous cultures for thousands of years, including the advanced civilization centered in the
By 1900, the growth of industrial jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. Illinois became one of America's most industrialized states and remains a major manufacturing center.[10] The Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans, particularly in Chicago, who founded the city's famous jazz and blues cultures.[11][12] Chicago became a leading cultural, economic, and population center and is today one of the world's major commercial centers; its metropolitan area, informally referred to as Chicagoland, holds about 65% of the state's 12.8 million residents.
Two
Etymology
"Illinois" is the modern spelling for the early
American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant 'man' or 'men' in the
History
Pre-European
The civilization vanished in the 15th century for unknown reasons, but historians and archeologists have speculated that the people depleted the area of resources. Many indigenous tribes engaged in constant warfare. According to Suzanne Austin Alchon, "At one site in the central Illinois River valley, one third of all adults died as a result of violent injuries."[25] The next major power in the region was the Illinois Confederation or Illini, a political alliance.[26] As the Illini declined during the Beaver Wars era, members of the Algonquian-speaking Potawatomi, Miami, Sauk, and other tribes including the Fox (Meskwaki), Iowa, Kickapoo, Mascouten, Piankeshaw, Shawnee, Wea, and Winnebago (Ho-Chunk) came into the area from the east and north around the Great Lakes.[27][28]
European exploration and settlement prior to 1800
French explorers
A few British soldiers were posted in Illinois, but few British or American settlers moved there, as the Crown made it part of the territory reserved for Indians west of the Appalachians, and then part of the
19th century
Prior to statehood
The Illinois-Wabash Company was an early claimant to much of Illinois. The Illinois Territory was created on February 3, 1809, with its capital at Kaskaskia, an early French settlement.
During the discussions leading up to Illinois's
The State of Illinois prior to the Civil War
In 1818, Illinois became the 21st U.S. state. The capital remained at Kaskaskia, headquartered in a small building rented by the state. In 1819,
Though it was ostensibly a "
The
In 1832, the Black Hawk War was fought in Illinois and present-day Wisconsin between the United States and the Sauk, Fox (Meskwaki), and Kickapoo Indian tribes. It represents the end of Indian resistance to white settlement in the Chicago region.[39] The Indians had been forced to leave their homes and move to Iowa in 1831; when they attempted to return, they were attacked and eventually defeated by U.S. militia. The survivors were forced back to Iowa.[40]
By 1839, the
After it was established in 1833, Chicago gained prominence as a Great Lakes port, and then as an Illinois and Michigan Canal port after 1848, and as a rail hub soon afterward. By 1857, Chicago was Illinois's largest city.[30] With the tremendous growth of mines and factories in the state in the 19th century, Illinois was the ground for the formation of labor unions in the United States.
In 1847, after lobbying by Dorothea L. Dix, Illinois became one of the first states to establish a system of state-supported treatment of mental illness and disabilities, replacing local almshouses. Dix came into this effort after having met J. O. King, a Jacksonville, Illinois businessman, who invited her to Illinois, where he had been working to build an asylum for the insane. With the lobbying expertise of Dix, plans for the Jacksonville State Hospital (now known as the Jacksonville Developmental Center) were signed into law on March 1, 1847.[43]
Civil War and after
During the American Civil War, Illinois ranked fourth in soldiers who served (more than 250,000) in the Union Army, a figure surpassed by only New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. Beginning with President Abraham Lincoln's first call for troops and continuing throughout the war, Illinois mustered 150 infantry regiments, which were numbered from the 7th to the 156th regiments. Seventeen cavalry regiments were also gathered, as well as two light artillery regiments.[44] The town of Cairo, at the southern tip of the state at the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, served as a strategically important supply base and training center for the Union army. For several months, both General Grant and Admiral Foote had headquarters in Cairo.
During the Civil War, and more so afterwards, Chicago's population skyrocketed, which increased its prominence. The Pullman Strike and Haymarket Riot, in particular, greatly influenced the development of the American labor movement. From Sunday, October 8, 1871, until Tuesday, October 10, 1871, the Great Chicago Fire burned in downtown Chicago, destroying four sq mi (10 km2).[45]
20th century
At the turn of the 20th century, Illinois had a population of nearly 5 million. Many people from other parts of the country were attracted to the state by employment caused by the expanding industrial base. Whites were 98% of the state's population.[46] Bolstered by continued immigration from southern and eastern Europe, and by the African-American Great Migration from the South, Illinois grew and emerged as one of the most important states in the union. By the end of the century, the population had reached 12.4 million.
The
Illinois had a prominent role in the emergence of the
In 1961, Illinois became the first state in the nation to adopt the recommendation of the
The first Farm Aid concert was held in Champaign to benefit American farmers, in 1985. The worst upper Mississippi River flood of the century, the Great Flood of 1993, inundated many towns and thousands of acres of farmland.[30]
21st century
Illinois entered the 21st century under Republican Governor George Ryan. Near the end of his term in January 2003, following a string of high-profile exonerations, Ryan commuted all death sentences in the state.[55]
The 2002 election brought Democrat Rod Blagojevich to the governor's mansion. It also brought future president Barack Obama into a committee leadership position in the Illinois Senate, where he drafted the Health Care Justice Act, a forerunner of the Affordable Care Act.[56] Obama's election to the presidency in Blagojevich's second term set off a chain of events culminating in Blagojevich's impeachment, trial, and subsequent criminal conviction and imprisonment, making Blagojevich the second consecutive Illinois governor to be convicted on federal corruption charges.[57]
Blagojevich's replacement Pat Quinn was defeated by Republican Bruce Rauner in the 2014 election. Disagreements between the governor and legislature over budgetary policy led to the Illinois Budget Impasse, a 793-day period stretching from 2015 to 2018 in which the state had no budget and struggled to pay its bills.[58]
On August 28, 2017, Rauner signed a bill into law that prohibited state and local police from arresting anyone solely due to their immigration status or due to federal detainers.[59][60] Some fellow Republicans criticized Rauner for his action, claiming the bill made Illinois a sanctuary state.[61]
In the 2018 election, Rauner was replaced by J. B. Pritzker, returning the state government to a Democratic trifecta.[62] In January 2020 the state legalized marijuana.[63]
On March 9, 2020, Pritzker issued a disaster proclamation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He ended the state of emergency in May 2023.[64]
Geology
During the early part of the
Illinois was above sea level for at least part of the Mesozoic, but by its end was again submerged by the Western Interior Seaway. This receded by the Eocene Epoch.
During the
Geography
Illinois is located in the
Boundaries
Illinois's eastern border with
Topography
Though Illinois lies entirely in the Interior Plains, it does have some minor variation in its elevation. In extreme northwestern Illinois, the Driftless Area, a region of unglaciated and therefore higher and more rugged topography, occupies a small part of the state. Southern Illinois includes the hilly areas around the Shawnee National Forest.
Charles Mound, located in the Driftless region, has the state's highest natural elevation above sea level at 1,235 ft (376 m). Other highlands include the Shawnee Hills in the south, and there is varying topography along its rivers; the Illinois River bisects the state northeast to southwest. The floodplain on the Mississippi River from Alton to the Kaskaskia River is known as the American Bottom.
Divisions
Illinois has three major geographical divisions. Northern Illinois is dominated by Chicago metropolitan area, or Chicagoland, which is the city of Chicago and its suburbs, and the adjoining exurban area into which the metropolis is expanding. As defined by the federal government, the Chicago metro area includes several counties in Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin, and has a population of over 9.8 million. Chicago itself is a cosmopolitan city, densely populated, industrialized, the transportation hub of the nation, and settled by a wide variety of ethnic groups. The city of Rockford, Illinois's third-largest city and center of the state's fourth largest metropolitan area, sits along Interstates 39 and 90 some 75 mi (121 km) northwest of Chicago. The Quad Cities region, located along the Mississippi River in northern Illinois, had a population of 381,342 in 2011.
The midsection of Illinois is the second major division, called
The third division is
In addition to these three, largely latitudinally defined divisions, all of the region outside the Chicago metropolitan area is often called "downstate" Illinois. This term is flexible, but is generally meant to mean everything outside the influence of the Chicago area. Thus, some cities in Northern Illinois, such as DeKalb, which is west of Chicago, and Rockford—which is actually north of Chicago—are sometimes incorrectly considered to be 'downstate'.
Climate
Illinois has a climate that varies widely throughout the year. Because of its nearly 400-mile distance between its northernmost and southernmost extremes, as well as its mid-continental situation, most of Illinois has a
Illinois averages approximately 51 days of
City | January | February | March | April | May | June | July | August | September | October | November | December |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cairo[77] | 43/25 | 48/29 | 59/37 | 70/46 | 78/57 | 86/67 | 90/71 | 88/69 | 81/61 | 71/49 | 57/39 | 46/30 |
Chicago[78] | 31/16 | 36/21 | 47/31 | 59/42 | 70/52 | 81/61 | 85/65 | 83/65 | 75/57 | 64/45 | 48/34 | 36/22 |
Edwardsville[79] | 36/19 | 42/24 | 52/34 | 64/45 | 75/55 | 84/64 | 89/69 | 86/66 | 79/58 | 68/46 | 53/35 | 41/25 |
Moline[80] | 30/12 | 36/18 | 48/29 | 62/39 | 73/50 | 83/60 | 86/64 | 84/62 | 76/53 | 64/42 | 48/30 | 34/18 |
Peoria[81] | 31/14 | 37/20 | 49/30 | 62/40 | 73/51 | 82/60 | 86/65 | 84/63 | 77/54 | 64/42 | 49/31 | 36/20 |
Rockford[82] | 27/11 | 33/16 | 46/27 | 59/37 | 71/48 | 80/58 | 83/63 | 81/61 | 74/52 | 62/40 | 46/29 | 32/17 |
Springfield[83] | 33/17 | 39/22 | 51/32 | 63/42 | 74/53 | 83/62 | 86/66 | 84/64 | 78/55 | 67/44 | 51/34 | 38/23 |
Urban areas
Chicago is the largest city in the state and the
The most populated city in the state south of Springfield is Belleville, with 42,000 residents. It is located in the Metro East region of Greater St. Louis, the second-most populous urban area in Illinois with over 700,000 residents. Other major urban areas include the Peoria metropolitan area, Rockford metropolitan area, Champaign–Urbana metropolitan area (home to the University of Illinois), Springfield metropolitan area, the Illinois portion of the Quad Cities area, and the Bloomington–Normal metropolitan area.
Rank
|
Name
|
County | Pop.
|
Rank
|
Name
|
County | Pop. |
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Chicago |
Cook | 2,746,388 | 11 | Cicero | Cook | 85,268 | Joliet Naperville | |
2 | Aurora | Kane | 180,542 | 12 | Schaumburg | Cook | 78,723 | ||
3 | Joliet | Will | 150,362 | 13 | Bloomington | McLean | 78,680 | ||
4 | Naperville | DuPage | 149,540 | 14 | Evanston | Cook | 78,110 | ||
5 | Rockford | Winnebago | 148,655 | 15 | Arlington Heights | Cook | 77,676 | ||
6 | Elgin | Kane, Cook | 114,797 | 16 | Bolingbrook | Will, DuPage | 73,922 | ||
7 | Springfield | Sangamon | 114,394 | 17 | Decatur | Macon | 70,522 | ||
8 | Peoria | Peoria | 113,150 | 18 | Palatine | Cook | 67,908 | ||
9 | Waukegan | Lake | 89,321 | 19 | Skokie | Cook | 67,824 | ||
10 | Champaign | Champaign | 88,302 | 20 | Des Plaines | Cook | 60,675 |
Demographics
Race / Ethnicity | Pop 2000[85] | Pop 2010[86] | Pop 2020[87] | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White alone (NH)
|
8,424,140 | 8,167,753 | 7,472,751 | 67.83% | 63.66% | 58.32% |
Black or African American alone (NH)
|
1,856,152 | 1,832,924 | 1,775,612 | 14.95% | 14.29% | 13.86% |
Alaska Native alone (NH)
|
18,232 | 18,849 | 16,561 | 0.15% | 0.15% | 0.13% |
Asian alone (NH) | 419,916 | 580,586 | 747,280 | 3.38% | 4.52% | 5.83% |
Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 3,116 | 2,977 | 2,959 | 0.03% | 0.02% | 0.02% |
Some Other Race alone (NH) | 13,479 | 16,008 | 45,080 | 0.11% | 0.12% | 0.35% |
Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) | 153,996 | 183,957 | 414,855 | 1.24% | 1.43% | 3.24% |
Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 1,530,262 | 2,027,578 | 2,337,410 | 12.32% | 15.80% | 18.24% |
Total | 12,419,293 | 12,830,632 | 12,812,508 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1800 | 2,458 | — | |
1810 | 12,282 | 399.7% | |
1820 | 55,211 | 349.5% | |
1830 | 157,445 | 185.2% | |
1840 | 476,183 | 202.4% | |
1850 | 851,470 | 78.8% | |
1860 | 1,711,951 | 101.1% | |
1870 | 2,539,891 | 48.4% | |
1880 | 3,077,871 | 21.2% | |
1890 | 3,826,352 | 24.3% | |
1900 | 4,821,550 | 26.0% | |
1910 | 5,638,591 | 16.9% | |
1920 | 6,485,280 | 15.0% | |
1930 | 7,630,654 | 17.7% | |
1940 | 7,897,241 | 3.5% | |
1950 | 8,712,176 | 10.3% | |
1960 | 10,081,158 | 15.7% | |
1970 | 11,113,976 | 10.2% | |
1980 | 11,426,518 | 2.8% | |
1990 | 11,430,602 | 0.0% | |
2000 | 12,419,293 | 8.6% | |
2010 | 12,830,632 | 3.3% | |
2020 | 12,812,508 | −0.1% | |
Source: 1910–2020) |
- 40–50%50–60%60–70%70–80%80–90%90%+
The
Illinois is the most populous state in the Midwest region. Chicago, the third-most populous city in the United States, is the center of the Chicago metropolitan area or Chicagoland, as this area is nicknamed. Although the Chicago metropolitan area comprises only 9% of the land area of the state, it contains 65% of the state's residents. The losses of population anticipated from the 2020 census results do not arise from the Chicago metro area; rather the declines are from the Downstate counties.[89]
According to
Race and ethnicity[92] | Alone | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
White (non-Hispanic)
|
58.3% | 61.3% | ||
Hispanic or Latino[c] | — | 18.2% | ||
African American (non-Hispanic) | 13.9% | 15.0% | ||
Asian | 5.8% | 6.7% | ||
Native American | 0.1% | 1.1% | ||
Pacific Islander | 0.02% | 0.1% | ||
Other | 0.4% | 1.1% |
Racial composition | 1990[93] | 2000[94] | 2010[95] |
---|---|---|---|
White |
78.3% | 73.5% | 71.5% |
Black |
14.8% | 15.1% | 14.5% |
Asian |
2.5% | 3.4% | 4.6% |
Native | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.3% |
Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander |
— | — | — |
Other race |
4.2% | 5.8% | 6.7% |
Two or more races |
— | 1.9% | 2.3% |
2022 American Community Survey
|
|
|
According to 2022 U.S. Census Bureau estimates, Illinois' population was 61.1%
The state's most populous ethnic group, non-Hispanic white, has declined from 83.5% in 1970[97] to 58.5% in 2022.[96]
As of 2011[update], 49.4% of Illinois's population younger than age 1 were minorities (Note: Children born to white Hispanics or to a sole full or partial minority parent are counted as minorities).[98]
At the 2007 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau, there were 1,768,518 foreign-born inhabitants of the state or 13.8% of the population, with 48.4% from Latin America, 24.6% from Asia, 22.8% from Europe, 2.9% from Africa, 1.2% from Canada, and 0.2% from Oceania. Of the foreign-born population, 43.7% were naturalized U.S. citizens, and 56.3% were not U.S. citizens.[99] In 2007, 6.9% of Illinois's population was reported as being under age 5, 24.9% under age 18 and 12.1% were age 65 and over. Females made up approximately 50.7% of the population.[100] The top countries of origin for immigrants in Illinois were Mexico, India, Poland, the Philippines and China in 2018.[101]
According to the 2007 estimates, 21.1% of the population had
Chicago, along the shores of Lake Michigan, is the nation's third largest city. In 2000, 23.3% of Illinois's population lived in the city of Chicago, 43.3% in Cook County, and 65.6% in the counties of the Chicago metropolitan area: Will, DuPage, Kane, Lake, and McHenry counties, as well as Cook County. The remaining population lives in the smaller cities and rural areas that dot the state's plains. As of 2000, the state's center of population was at 41°16′42″N 88°22′49″W / 41.278216°N 88.380238°W, located in Grundy County, northeast of the village of Mazon.[27][30][68][102]
Birth data
Births do not add up, because Hispanics are counted both by ethnicity and by race.
Race
|
2013[103] | 2014[104] | 2015[105] | 2016[106] | 2017[107] | 2018[108] | 2019[109] | 2020[110] | 2021[111] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White: | 119,157 (75.9%) | 119,995 (75.7%) | 119,630 (75.6%) | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
Non-Hispanic White | 85,866 (54.7%) | 86,227 (54.4%) | 85,424 (54.0%) | 82,318 (53.3%) | 78,925 (52.8%) | 77,244 (53.3%) | 74,434 (53.1%) | 70,550 (52.9%) | 71,482 (54.1%) |
Black | 27,692 (17.6%) | 28,160 (17.8%) | 28,059 (17.7%) | 25,619 (16.6%) | 25,685 (17.2%) | 24,482 (16.9%) | 23,258 (16.6%) | 22,293 (16.7%) | 20,779 (15.7%) |
Asian | 9,848 (6.3%) | 10,174 (6.4%) | 10,222 (6.5%) | 10,015 (6.5%) | 9,650 (6.5%) | 9,452 (6.5%) | 9,169 (6.5%) | 8,505 (6.4%) | 8,338 (6.3%) |
American Indian | 234 (0.1%) | 227 (0.1%) | 205 (0.1%) | 110 (0.0%) | 133 (0.1%) | 129 (0.1%) | 119 (0.1%) | 79 (>0.1%) | 86 (>0.1%) |
Hispanic (of any race) | 33,454 (21.3%) | 33,803 (21.3%) | 33,902 (21.4%) | 32,635 (21.1%) | 31,428 (21.0%) | 30,362 (21.0%) | 30,097 (21.5%) | 28,808 (21.6%) | 28,546 (21.6%) |
Total Illinois | 156,931 (100%) | 158,556 (100%) | 158,116 (100%) | 154,445 (100%) | 149,390 (100%) | 144,815 (100%) | 140,128 (100%) | 133,298 (100%) | 132,189 (100%) |
- Since 2016, data for births of White Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in one Hispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
Languages
The official language of Illinois is English,[112] although between 1923 and 1969, state law gave official status to "the American language". Nearly 80% of people in Illinois speak English natively, and most of the rest speak it fluently as a second language.[113] A number of dialects of American English are spoken, ranging from Inland Northern American English and African-American English around Chicago, to Midland American English in Central Illinois, to Southern American English in the far south.
Over 20% of Illinoians speak a language other than English at home, of which
Religion
Christianity
Roman Catholics constitute the single largest religious denomination in Illinois; they are heavily concentrated in and around Chicago and account for nearly 30% of the state's population.
Illinois played an important role in the early Latter Day Saint movement, with Nauvoo becoming a gathering place for Mormons in the early 1840s. Nauvoo was the location of the succession crisis, which led to the separation of the Mormon movement into several Latter Day Saint sects. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the largest of the sects to emerge from the Mormon schism, has more than 55,000 adherents in Illinois today.[118]
Other Abrahamic religious communities
A significant number of adherents of other
The largest and oldest surviving Baháʼí House of Worship in the world is located on the shores of Lake Michigan in Wilmette, Illinois, one of eight continental Baháʼí House of Worship.[122] It serves as a space for people of all backgrounds and religions to gather, meditate, reflect, and pray, expressing the Baháʼí principle of the oneness of religions.[123] The Chicago area has a very large Jewish community, particularly in the suburbs of Skokie, Buffalo Grove, Highland Park, and surrounding suburbs. Former Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel was the Windy City's first Jewish mayor.
Other religions
Chicago is also home to a very large population of
Economy
As of 2022, the
As of February 2019, the unemployment rate in Illinois reached 4.2%.[125]
Illinois's minimum wage will rise to $15 per hour by 2025, making it one of the highest in the nation.[126]
Agriculture
Illinois's major agricultural outputs are
Manufacturing
Illinois is one of the nation's manufacturing leaders, boasting annual value added productivity by manufacturing of over $107 billion in 2006. As of 2011[update], Illinois is ranked as the 4th-most productive manufacturing state in the country, behind California, Texas, and Ohio.[133] About three-quarters of the state's manufacturers are located in the Northeastern Opportunity Return Region, with 38 percent of Illinois's approximately 18,900 manufacturing plants located in Cook County. As of 2006, the leading manufacturing industries in Illinois, based upon value-added, were chemical manufacturing ($18.3 billion), machinery manufacturing ($13.4 billion), food manufacturing ($12.9 billion), fabricated metal products ($11.5 billion), transportation equipment ($7.4 billion), plastics and rubber products ($7.0 billion), and computer and electronic products ($6.1 billion).[134]
Services
By the early 2000s, Illinois's economy had moved toward a dependence on high-value-added services, such as financial trading, higher education, law, logistics, and medicine. In some cases, these services clustered around institutions that hearkened back to Illinois's earlier economies. For example, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, a trading exchange for global derivatives, had begun its life as an agricultural futures market. Other important non-manufacturing industries include publishing, tourism, and energy production and distribution.
Investments
Venture capitalists funded a total of approximately $62 billion in the U.S. economy in 2016. Of this amount, Illinois-based companies received approximately $1.1 billion. Similarly, in FY 2016, the federal government spent $461 billion on contracts in the U.S. Of this amount, Illinois-based companies received approximately $8.7 billion.[citation needed]
Energy
Illinois is a net importer of fuels for energy, despite large coal resources and some minor oil production. Illinois exports electricity, ranking fifth among states in electricity production and seventh in electricity consumption.[135]
Coal
The coal industry of Illinois has its origins in the middle 19th century, when entrepreneurs such as
Mattoon was chosen as the site for the Department of Energy's FutureGen project, a 275-megawatt experimental zero emission coal-burning power plant that the DOE just gave a second round of funding. In 2010, after a number of setbacks, the city of Mattoon backed out of the project.[138]
Petroleum
Illinois is a leading refiner of petroleum in the American
Nuclear power
Wind power
Illinois has seen growing interest in the use of
As of 2007, wind energy represented only 1.7% of Illinois's energy production, and it was estimated that wind power could provide 5–10% of the state's energy needs.[146][147] Also, the Illinois General Assembly mandated in 2007 that by 2025, 25% of all electricity generated in Illinois is to come from renewable resources.[148]
Biofuels
Illinois is ranked second in
The National Corn-to-Ethanol Research Center (NCERC), the world's only facility dedicated to researching the ways and means of converting corn (maize) to ethanol is located on the campus of Southern Illinois University Edwardsville.[149][150]
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign is one of the partners in the Energy Biosciences Institute (EBI), a $500 million biofuels research project funded by petroleum giant BP.[151][152]
Taxes
Tax is collected by the
On May 1, 2019, the Illinois Senate voted to approve a constitutional amendment that would have stricken language from the Illinois Constitution requiring a flat state income tax, in a 73–44 vote. If approved, the amendment would have allowed the state legislature to impose a graduated income tax based on annual income. The governor, J. B. Pritzker, approved the bill on May 27, 2019. It was scheduled for a 2020 general election ballot vote[157][158] and required 60 percent voter approval to effectively amend the state constitution.[159] The amendment was not approved by Illinoisans, with 55.1% of voters voting "No" on approval and 44.9% voting "Yes".[160]
As of 2017 Chicago had the highest state and local sales tax rate for a U.S. city with a populations above 200,000, at 10.250%.[161] The state of Illinois has the second highest rate of real estate tax: 2.31%, which is second only to New Jersey at 2.44%.[162]
Culture
Museums
Illinois has numerous museums; the greatest concentration of these are in Chicago. Several museums in Chicago are ranked as some of the best in the world. These include the John G. Shedd Aquarium, the Field Museum of Natural History, the Art Institute of Chicago, the Adler Planetarium, and the Museum of Science and Industry.
The modern Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum in Springfield is the largest and most attended presidential library in the country. The Illinois State Museum boasts a collection of 13.5 million objects that tell the story of Illinois life, land, people, and art. The ISM is among only 5% of the nation's museums that are accredited by the American Alliance of Museums. Other historical museums in the state include the Polish Museum of America in Chicago; Magnolia Manor in Cairo; Easley Pioneer Museum in Ipava; the Elihu Benjamin Washburne; Ulysses S. Grant Homes, both in Galena; and the Chanute Air Museum, located on the former Chanute Air Force Base in Rantoul.
The Chicago metropolitan area also hosts two zoos: The
-
Victorian period historic house museum in Cairo.
-
The Polish Museum of America in Chicago
-
ARailway Post Office preserved at the Illinois Railway Museum in Union
Music
Illinois is a leader in music education, having hosted the Midwest Clinic International Band and Orchestra Conference since 1946, as well being home to the Illinois Music Educators Association (ILMEA, formerly IMEA), one of the largest professional music educator's organizations in the country. Each summer since 2004, Southern Illinois University Carbondale has played host to the Southern Illinois Music Festival, which presents dozens of performances throughout the region. Past featured artists include the Eroica Trio and violinist David Kim.
Chicago, in the northeast corner of the state, is a major center for music[165] in the midwestern United States where distinctive forms of blues (greatly responsible for the future creation of rock and roll), and house music, a genre of electronic dance music, were developed.
The
In the early 1930s, Gospel music began to gain popularity in Chicago due to Thomas A. Dorsey's contributions at Pilgrim Baptist Church.
In the 1980s and 1990s, heavy rock, punk, and hip hop also became popular in Chicago. Orchestras in Chicago include the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Lyric Opera of Chicago, and the Chicago Sinfonietta.[166]
Movies
Sports
Major league sports
As one of the United States' major metropolises, all major sports leagues have teams headquartered in Chicago.
- Two Major League Baseball teams are located in the state. The Chicago Cubs of the National League play in the second-oldest major league stadium, Wrigley Field, and went the longest length of time without a championship in all of major American sport, from 1908 to 2016, when they won the World Series.[167][168] The Chicago White Sox of the American League won the World Series in 2005, their first since 1917. They play on the city's south side at Guaranteed Rate Field.
- The NFL Championships, the last occurring in Super Bowl XXon January 26, 1986.
- The Chicago Bulls of the NBA is one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world, largely as a result of the efforts of Michael Jordan, who led the team to six NBA championships in eight seasons in the 1990s.
- The Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL began playing in 1926, and became a member of the Original Six once the NHL dropped to that number of teams during World War II. The Blackhawks have won six Stanley Cups, most recently in 2015.
- Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cups in that timespan. The team played in Bridgeview, adjacent to Chicago from 2006 to 2019. The team now plays at Soldier Field in Chicago.
- The Chicago Red Stars have played at the top level of U.S. women's soccer since their formation in 2009, except in the 2011 season. The team currently plays in the National Women's Soccer League, playing at SeatGeek Stadium, the Bridgeview venue it formerly shared with Fire FC.
- The Chicago Sky have played in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) since 2006. The Sky won their first WNBA Championship in 2021. They play at Wintrust Arena in Chicago.
- The Chicago Bandits of the NPF, a women's softball league; have won four league titles, most recently in 2016. They play at Parkway Bank Sports Complex in Rosemont, Illinois in the Chicago area.
Minor league sports
Many minor league teams also call Illinois their home. They include:
- The Bloomington Edge of the Indoor Football League
- The Bloomington Flex of the Midwest Professional Basketball Association
- The Chicago Dogs of the American Association of Professional Baseball
- Chicago Fire FC II of MLS Next Pro
- The Chicago Wolves are an AHL team playing in the suburb of Rosemont
- The Gateway Grizzlies of the Frontier League in Sauget, Illinois
- The Kane County Cougars of the American Association
- The Joliet Slammers of the Frontier League
- The Peoria Chiefs of the Midwest League
- The SPHLteam
- The Rockford Aviators of the Frontier League
- The Rockford IceHogs of the AHL
- The Schaumburg Boomers of the Frontier League
- The Southern Illinois Miners based out of Marion in the Frontier League
- The Windy City Bulls, playing in the Chicago suburb of Hoffman Estates, of the NBA G League
- The Windy City ThunderBolts of the Frontier League
College sports
The state features 13 athletic programs that compete in NCAA Division I, the highest level of U.S. college sports.
The two most prominent are the Illinois Fighting Illini and Northwestern Wildcats, both members of the Big Ten Conference and the only ones competing in one of the so-called "Power Five conferences". The Fighting Illini football team has won five national championships and three Rose Bowl Games, whereas the men's basketball team has won 17 conference seasons and played five Final Fours. Meanwhile, the Wildcats have won eight football conference championships and one Rose Bowl Game.
The Northern Illinois Huskies from DeKalb, Illinois compete in the Mid-American Conference winning four conference championships and earning a bid in the Orange Bowl along with producing Heisman candidate Jordan Lynch at quarterback. The Huskies are the state's only other team competing in the Football Bowl Subdivision, the top level of NCAA football.
Four schools have football programs that compete in the second level of Division I football, the
The city of Chicago is home to four Division I programs that do not sponsor football. The DePaul Blue Demons, with main campuses in Lincoln Park and the Loop, are members of the Big East Conference. The Loyola Ramblers, with their main campus straddling the Edgewater and Rogers Park community areas on the city's far north side, compete in the Atlantic 10 Conference. The UIC Flames, from the Near West Side next to the Loop, are in the MVC. The Chicago State Cougars, from the city's south side, are one of only two all-sports independents in Division I after leaving the Western Athletic Conference in 2022.
Finally, two non-football Division I programs are located downstate. The Bradley Braves (Peoria) are MVC members, and the SIU Edwardsville Cougars (in the Metro East region across the Mississippi River from St. Louis) compete in the OVC.
Former Chicago sports franchises
Folded teams
The city was formerly home to several other teams that either failed to survive or belonged to leagues that folded.
- The Chicago Blitz, United States Football League 1983–1984
- The Chicago Sting, North American Soccer League 1975–1984 and Major Indoor Soccer League
- The Chicago Cougars, World Hockey Association 1972–1975
- The Chicago Rockers, Continental Basketball Association
- The Chicago Skyliners, American Basketball Association2000–01
- The Arena Football League1987–1989
- The Chicago Power, National Professional Soccer League 1984–2001
- The Chicago Blaze, National Women's Basketball League
- The Chicago Machine, Major League Lacrosse
- The Chicago Whales of the Federal Baseball League, a rival league to Major League Baseball from 1914 to 1916
- The Chicago American Giants of the Negro baseball league, 1910–1952
- The Chicago Bruins of the National Basketball League, 1939–1942
- The Chicago Studebaker Flyers of the NBL, 1942–43
- The Chicago American Gears of the NBL, 1944–1947
- The Chicago Stags of the Basketball Association of America, 1946–1950
- The Chicago Majors of the American Basketball League, 1961–1963
- The Chicago Express of the ECHL
- The Chicago Enforcers of the XFL pro football league
- The Chicago Fire, World Football League 1974
- The Chicago Winds, World Football League 1975
- The Chicago Hustle, Women's Professional Basketball League 1978–1981
- The Chicago Mustangs, North American Soccer League 1966–1967
- The Chicago Rush, Arena Football League 2001–2013
- The American Professional Slo-Pitch League (APSPL), 1977–1978
- The North American Softball League (NASL), 1980
Relocated teams
The NFL's
Professional sports teams outside Chicago
The Peoria Chiefs are a High-A minor league baseball team affiliated with the St. Louis Cardinals. The Schaumburg Boomers, Southern Illinois Miners, Gateway Grizzlies, Joliet Slammers and Windy City ThunderBolts all belong to the independent Frontier League. Additionally, the Kane County Cougars play in the American Association and the Lake County Fielders were members of the former North American League.
In addition to the Chicago Wolves, the AHL also has the
Motor racing
Golf
Illinois features several golf courses, such as Olympia Fields, Medinah, Midlothian, Cog Hill, and Conway Farms, which have often hosted the BMW Championship, Western Open, and Women's Western Open.
Also, the state has hosted 13 editions of the U.S. Open (latest at Olympia Fields in 2003), six editions of the PGA Championship (latest at Medinah in 2006), three editions of the U.S. Women's Open (latest at The Merit Club), the 2009 Solheim Cup (at Rich Harvest Farms), and the 2012 Ryder Cup (at Medinah).
The
Parks and recreation
The Illinois state parks system began in 1908 with what is now Fort Massac State Park, becoming the first park in a system encompassing more than 60 parks and about the same number of recreational and wildlife areas.
Areas under the protection of the
Law and politics
In a 2020 study, Illinois was ranked as the 4th easiest state for citizens to vote in.[171]
State government
The government of Illinois, under the Constitution of Illinois, has three branches of government: executive, legislative and judicial. The executive branch is split into several statewide elected offices, with the governor as chief executive. Legislative functions are granted to the Illinois General Assembly. The judiciary is composed of the Supreme Court and lower courts.
The Illinois General Assembly is the state legislature, composed of the 118-member Illinois House of Representatives and the 59-member Illinois Senate. The members of the General Assembly are elected at the beginning of each even-numbered year. The Illinois Compiled Statutes (ILCS) are the codified statutes of a general and permanent nature.[172][173]
The executive branch is composed of six elected officers and their offices as well as numerous other departments.[174] The six elected officers are:[174] Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Secretary of State, Comptroller, and Treasurer. The government of Illinois has numerous departments, agencies, boards and commissions, but the so-called code departments provide most of the state's services.[174][175]
The
The administrative divisions of Illinois are counties, townships, precincts, cities, towns, villages, and special-purpose districts.[176] The basic subdivision of Illinois are the 102 counties.[177] Eighty-five of the 102 counties are in turn divided into townships and precincts.[177][178] Municipal governments are the cities, villages, and incorporated towns.[177] Some localities possess home rule, which allows them to govern themselves to a certain extent.[179]
Party balance
Illinois is a Democratic stronghold.[180] Historically, Illinois was a political swing state, with near-parity existing between the Republican and the Democratic parties. However, in recent elections, the Democratic Party has gained ground, and Illinois has come to be seen as a solid "blue" state in presidential campaigns.[181][182] Votes from Chicago and most of Cook County have long been strongly Democratic. However, the "collar counties" (the suburban counties surrounding Cook County) can be seen as moderate voting districts.[183][184] College towns like Carbondale, Champaign, and Normal also lean Democratic.
Republicans continue to prevail in the rural areas of northern and central Illinois, as well as southern Illinois outside of East St. Louis. From 1920 until 1972, Illinois was carried by the victor of each of these 14 presidential elections.[185] In fact, the state was long seen as a national bellwether,[186] supporting the winner in every election in the 20th century, except for 1916 and 1976. By contrast, Illinois has trended more toward the Democratic party, and has voted for their presidential candidates in the last six elections; in 2000, George W. Bush became the first Republican to win the presidency without carrying either Illinois or Vermont. Local politician and Chicago resident Barack Obama easily won the state's 21 electoral votes in 2008, with 61.9% of the vote. In 2010, incumbent governor Pat Quinn was re-elected with 47% of the vote, while Republican Mark Kirk was elected to the Senate with 48% of the vote. In 2012, President Obama easily carried Illinois again, with 58% to Republican candidate Mitt Romney's 41%. In 2014, Republican Bruce Rauner defeated Governor Quinn 50% to 46% to become Illinois's first Republican governor in 12 years after being sworn in on January 12, 2015, while Democratic senator Dick Durbin was re-elected with 53% of the vote. In 2016, Hillary Clinton carried Illinois with 55% of the vote, and Tammy Duckworth defeated incumbent Mark Kirk 54% to 40%. George W. Bush and Donald Trump are the only Republican presidential candidates to win without carrying either Illinois or Vermont. In 2018, Democrat J. B. Pritzker defeated the incumbent Bruce Rauner for the governorship with 54% of the vote.
History of corruption
Politics in the state have been infamous for highly visible corruption cases, as well as for crusading reformers, such as governors
U.S. presidential elections
Illinois has shown a strong presence in presidential elections. Three presidents have claimed Illinois as their political base when running for president: Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, and most recently Barack Obama. Lincoln was born in Kentucky, but he moved to Illinois at age 21. He served in the General Assembly and represented the 7th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives before his election to the presidency in 1860. Ulysses S. Grant was born in Ohio and had a military career that precluded settling down, but on the eve of the Civil War and approaching middle age, he moved to Illinois and thus utilized the state as his home and political base when running for president. Barack Obama was born in Hawaii and made Illinois his home after graduating from law school, and later represented Illinois in the U.S. Senate. He then became president in 2008, running as a candidate from his Illinois base.
Ronald Reagan was born in Illinois, in the city of Tampico, raised in Dixon, Illinois, and educated at Eureka College, outside Peoria. Reagan later moved to California during his young adulthood. He then became an actor, and later became California's Governor before being elected president.
Hillary Clinton was born and raised in the suburbs of Chicago and became the first woman to represent a major political party in the general election of the U.S. presidency. Clinton ran from a platform based in New York State.
African-American U.S. senators
Political families
Three families from Illinois have played particularly prominent roles in the Democratic Party, gaining both statewide and national fame.
Stevenson
The Stevenson family, initially rooted in central Illinois and later based in the Chicago metropolitan area, has provided four generations of Illinois officeholders.
- Congressman
- Lewis Stevenson (1868–1929), son of Adlai, served as Illinois Secretary of State.
- Dwight Eisenhower.
- United States Senator.
Daley
The Daley family's powerbase was in Chicago.
- Richard J. Daley (1902–1976) served as Mayor of Chicago from 1955 to his death.
- Richard M. Daley (1942–), son of Richard J, was Chicago's longest-serving mayor, in office from 1989 to 2011.
- William M. Daley (1948–), another son of Richard J, is a former White House Chief of Staff and has served in a variety of appointed positions.
Pritzker
The Pritzker family is based in Chicago and have played important roles in both the private and the public sectors.
- Hyatt Hotelbased in Chicago.
- Penny Pritzker (born 1959), 38th United States Secretary of Commerce under President Barack Obama.
- J. B. Pritzker (born 1965), current and 43rd governor of Illinois and co-founder of the Pritzker Group.
Education
Illinois State Board of education
The Illinois State Board of Education (ISBE) is autonomous of the governor and the state legislature, and administers
Primary and secondary schools
Education is compulsory for ages 7–17 in Illinois. Schools are commonly, but not exclusively, divided into three tiers of primary and secondary education: elementary school, middle school or junior high school, and high school. District territories are often complex in structure. Many areas in the state are actually located in two school districts—one for high school, the other for elementary and middle schools. And such districts do not necessarily share boundaries. A given high school may have several elementary districts that feed into it, yet some of those feeder districts may themselves feed into multiple high school districts.
Colleges and universities
Using the criterion established by
The
As of 19 August 2010[update], six of these rank in the "first tier" among the top 500 National Universities in the nation, as determined by the U.S. News & World Report rankings: the University of Chicago, Northwestern University, the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Loyola University Chicago, the Illinois Institute of Technology, DePaul University, University of Illinois Chicago, Illinois State University, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, and Northern Illinois University.[190]
Illinois also has more than twenty additional accredited four-year universities, both public and private, and dozens of small liberal arts colleges across the state. Additionally, Illinois supports 49 public community colleges in the Illinois Community College System.
School financing
Schools in Illinois are funded primarily by property taxes, based on state assessment of property values, rather than direct state contributions. Scholar Tracy Steffes has described Illinois public education as historically "inequitable", a system where one of "the wealthiest of states" is "the stingiest in its support for education". There have been several attempts to reform school funding in Illinois. The most notable attempt came in 1973 with the adoption of the Illinois Resource Equalizer Formula, a measure through which it was hoped funding could be collected and distributed to Illinois schools more equitably. However, opposition from affluent Illinois communities who objected to having to pay for the less well-off school districts (many of them Black majority communities, produced by redlining, white flight, and other "soft" segregation methods) resulted in the formula's abolition in the late 1980s.[191]
Infrastructure
Transportation
Because of its central location and its proximity to the
Airports
From 1962 until 1998, Chicago's
Rail
Illinois has an extensive passenger and freight rail transportation network. Chicago is a national
Waterways
In addition to the state's rail lines, the
Interstate highway system
The Interstate Highways in Illinois are all segments of the Interstate Highway System that are owned and maintained by the state.[194]
Illinois has the distinction of having the most primary (two-digit) interstates pass through it among all the 50 states with 13. Illinois also ranks third among the fifty states with the most interstate mileage, coming in after California and Texas, which are much bigger states in area.[195]
Major U.S. Interstate highways crossing the state include:
.U.S. highway system
The
Among the U.S. highways that pass through the state, the primary ones are:
Intercity buses
Due to its central location, Illinois sees numerous intercity bus services primarily connecting east and west. The
Local buses
Local transit map |
---|
SHOW Bus |
Gallery
-
Standard license plate introduced in 2017
-
Illinois license plate design used throughout the 1980s and 1990s, displaying the Land of Lincoln slogan that has been featured on the state's plates since 1954
See also
- Index of Illinois-related articles
- List of people from Illinois
- Outline of Illinois
- USS Illinois, 4 ships
Notes
- ^ a b Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
- ^ Illinois borders the state of Wisconsin to its north, Iowa to its northwest, Missouri to its southwest, Kentucky to its south, Indiana to its east, and has a water border with Michigan to the northeast in Lake Michigan.
- ^ Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin are not distinguished between total and partial ancestry.
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Further reading
- Bridges, Roger D.; Davis, Rodney O. (1984). Illinois: its history & legacy. St. Louis: River City Publishers. OCLC 11814096.
- Cole, Arthur Charles (1987) [1919]. The era of the Civil War, 1848–1870. Urbana: OCLC 14130434.
- Davis, James E. (1998). Frontier Illinois. Bloomington: OCLC 39182546.
- Grossman, James R.; Keating, Ann Durkin; Reiff, Janice L. (2005) [2004]. Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago (Online ed.). Chicago: from the original on June 17, 2014. Retrieved January 28, 2009.
- Hallwas, John E., ed. (1986). Illinois literature: the nineteenth century. Macomb: Illinois Heritage Press. OCLC 14228886.
- Howard, Robert P. (1972). Illinois; a history of the Prairie State. Grand Rapids: W. B. Eerdmans Pub. Co. OCLC 495362.
- Jensen, Richard E. (2001). Illinois: a history. Urbana: OCLC 46769728.
- Keiser, John H. (1977). Building for the centuries: Illinois, 1865 to 1898. Urbana: OCLC 2798051.
- Kilduff, Dorrell; Pygman, C. H. (1962). Illinois; History, government, geography. Chicago: Follett. OCLC 5223888.
- Kleppner, Paul (1988). Political atlas of Illinois. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. OCLC 16755435.
- Meyer, Douglas K. (2000). Making the heartland quilt: a geographical history of settlement and migration in early-nineteenth-century Illinois. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. from the original on May 25, 2012. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
- Nowlan, James D.; Gove, Samuel K.; Winkel, Richard J. (2010). Illinois Politics: A Citizen's Guide. Urbana: ISBN 978-0-252-07702-9.
- Sutton, Robert P. (1976). The Prairie State; a documentary history of Illinois. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. OCLC 2603998.
- Walton, Clyde C. (1970). An Illinois reader. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press. OCLC 89905.
- OCLC 239788752.
External links
- Official website
- Illinois: State Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress
- Geographic data related to Illinois at OpenStreetMap
- Illinois Office of Tourism
- Illinois - State Energy Profile Overview U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)
- State Fact Sheets: Illinois USDA's Economic Research Service
- USGS Central Midwest Water Science Center