Energy policy of China
This article needs to be updated.(April 2024) |
Being a country that
Summary
Population (million) |
Primary energy TWh |
Production TWh |
Import TWh |
Electricity TWh |
CO2 emissions Mt | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2004 | 1,296 | 18,717 | 17,873 | 1,051 | 2,055 | 4,732 |
2007 | 1,320 | 22,746 | 21,097 | 1,939 | 3,073 | 6,028 |
2008 | 1,326 | 24,614 | 23,182 | 2,148 | 3,252 | 6,508 |
2009 | 1,331 | 26,250 | 24,248 | 3,197 | 3,503 | 6,832 |
2010 | 1,338 | 28,111 | 25,690 | 3,905 | 3,938 | 7,270 |
Change 2004–10 | 3.3% | 50% | 44% | 272% | 92% | 54% |
Mtoe = 11.63 TWh, excludes Hong Kong. |
Environment and carbon emissions
This section needs to be updated.(September 2020) |
Between 1980 and 2000, China's emissions density (its ratio of
On June 19, 2007, the
The Initial National Communication on Climate Change of the People's Republic of China calculated that carbon dioxide emissions in 2004 had risen to approximately 5.05 billion metric tons, with total greenhouse gas emissions reaching about 6.1 billion metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent.[13]
In 2002, China ranked 2nd (after the United States) in the list of countries by carbon dioxide emissions, with emissions of 3.3 billion metric tons, representing 14.5% of the world total.[14] In 2006, China overtook the US, producing 8% more emissions than the US to become the world's largest emitter of CO2 emissions.[15] However per capita China was ranked 51st in CO2 emissions per capita in 2016, with emissions of 7.2 tonnes per person (compared to 15.5 tonnes per person in the United States).[4] In addition, it has been estimated that around a third of China's carbon emissions in 2005 were due to manufacturing exported goods.[16]
Energy use and carbon emissions by sector
In the industrial sector, six industries – electricity generation, steel, non-ferrous metals, construction materials, oil processing and chemicals – account for nearly 70% of energy use.[17]
In the construction materials sector, China produced about 44% of the world's cement in 2006.[12] Cement production produces more carbon emissions than any other industrial process, accounting for around 4% of global carbon emissions.[12]
National Action Plan on Climate Change
China has been taking
The publication of the strategy was officially announced during a meeting of the State Council, which called on governments and all sectors of the economy to implement the plan, and for the launch of a public environmental protection awareness campaign.[20]
The National Action Plan includes increasing the proportion of electricity generation from renewable energy sources and from nuclear power, increasing the efficiency of coal-fired power stations,[21] the use of cogeneration, and the development of coal-bed and coal-mine methane.[19]
In 2007 China stated that the (now reversed) one-child policy prevented 300 million births, saving 1.3 billion tons of CO2 emissions based on average world per capita emissions of 4.2 tons at 2005 level.[22]
11th Five-Year Plan
Beginning with the 11th, each of China's five year plans have sought to move China away from energy-intensive manufacturing and into high-value sectors and have highlighted the importance of low-carbon technology as a strategic emerging industry, particularly in the areas of wind and solar power.[10]: 26–27 The plan set a national energy intensity target.[10]: 54 of a 20% reduction.[23]: 167 It was identified as a "binding target" and focused on throughout the Plan's implementation.[23]: 167 Policymakers viewed emissions reductions and energy conservation as the highest priority environmental matters under the 11th Five-Year Plan.[23]: 136
12th Five-Year Plan
Successful achievement of emissions and energy conservation targets[
In January 2012, as part of its
The plan will also pilot the construction of a number of
To facilitate carbon trading and to more broadly help assess emissions targets and meet the transparency requirements of the Paris Agreement, the Plan improved the system for greenhouse gas emissions monitoring.[10]: 55 This was the first time that carbon emissions trading had featured in one of China's Five-Year Plans.[25]: 80
The plan also provided for the development of an ultra-high-voltage (UHV) transmission corridor to increase the integration of renewable energy from the point of generation to its point of consumption.[10]: 39–41
In addition, the Government will in future include data on greenhouse emissions in its official statistics.[24]
Carbon trading scheme
In a separate development, on January 13, 2012,
Fossil fuels
Coal
Production | Net import | Net available | |
---|---|---|---|
2005 | 2,226 | -47 | 2,179 |
2008 | 2,761 | nd | 2,761 |
2009 | 2,971 | 114 | 3,085 |
2010 | 3,162 | 157 | 3,319 |
2011 | 3,576 | 177 | 3,753 |
2015 | 3,527 | 199 | 3,726 |
Excludes Hong Kong |
Coal remains the foundation of the Chinese energy system, covering close to 70 percent of the country's primary energy needs and representing 80 percent of the fuel used in electricity generation.[28] China produces and consumes more coal than any other country. Analysis in 2016 shows that China's coal consumption appears to have peaked in 2014.[29][30] According to Global Energy Monitor, China's government has limited the hours of 40% of coal-fired power stations built in 2019, due to overcapacity in electricity generation.[31]
In 2023, China accounted for about two-thirds of the global increase in coal capacity, commissioning 47.4 gigawatts (GW) of new coal plants. This level of expansion represents the largest annual increase in coal capacity initiated by any country since 2015.[32]
Petroleum
China's oil supply was 4,855 TWh in 2009 which represented 10% of the world's supply.[33]
Although China is still a major crude oil producer, it became an oil importer in the 1990s. China became dependent on imported oil for the first time in its history in 1993 due to demand rising faster than domestic production.
China announced on June 20, 2008, plans to raise petrol, diesel and aviation kerosene prices. This decision appeared to reflect a need to reduce the unsustainably high level of subsidies these fuels attract, given the global trend in the price of oil.[36]
Top oil producers were in 2010:
Natural gas
China's natural gas supply was 1,015 TWh in 2009 that was 3% of the world supply.[38]
China was top seventh in natural gas production in 2010.[37]
Issued by China's State Council in September 2013, China's Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution illustrates government desire to increase the share of natural gas in China's energy mix.[1] In May 2014 China signed a 30-year deal with Russia to deliver 38 billion cubic metres of natural gas each year.[39] The Power of Siberia pipeline is designed to reduce China's dependence on coal, which is more carbon intensive and causes more pollution than natural gas.[40] The proposed western gas route from Russia's West Siberian petroleum basin to North-Western China is known as Power of Siberia 2.[41]
In November 2021, U.S. producer Venture Global LNG signed a twenty-year contract with China's state-owned Sinopec to supply liquefied natural gas (LNG).[42] China's imports of U.S. natural gas would more than double.[43]
Electricity generation
In 2013, China's total annual electricity output was 5.398 trillion
This is an increase from 2009, when China's total annual electricity output was 3.71465 trillion
Coal
In 2015, China generated 73% of its electricity from coal-fired power stations, which has been dropping from a peak of 81% in 2007.[27]
In recent years, China has increased its use of coal power and continued to build new coal power plants. The National Energy Administration's early warning risk rating for coal plants approved the establishment of new power plants in 2020. China shut down roughly 7GW of power plants at the same time, continuing to decommission ageing coal-fired power reactors.[50]
From coal | Total | % | |
---|---|---|---|
2004 | 1,713 | 2,200 | 78% |
2007 | 2,656 | 3,279 | 81% |
2008 | 2,733 | 3,457 | 79% |
2009 | 2,913 | 3,696 | 79% |
2010 | 3,273 | 4,208 | 78% |
2011 | 3,724 | 4,715 | 79% |
2012 | 3,850 | 4,937 | 78% |
2013 | 4,200 | 5,398 | 78% |
2014 | 4,354 | 5,583 | 78% |
2015 | 4,115 | 5,666 | 73% |
In 2024, global coal-power capacity reached a record 2,130 gigawatts, with China initiating 70 gigawatts of new coal plants—nearly 20 times more than the rest of the world combined. This expansion led to a 2% increase in the world's coal fleet, primarily to enhance China's energy security. Despite a global shift away from coal, this rise underscores potential conflicts with China's climate goals. Additionally, coal capacity also grew in Indonesia and India, marking the first global increase outside China since 2019.[51]
Renewables
China is the world's leading renewable energy producer, with an installed capacity of 152 GW.
Approximately 7% of China's energy was from renewable sources in 2006, a figure targeted to rise to 10% by 2010 and to 16% by 2020.
China is the largest producer of wind turbines and solar panels.[54][needs update]
Nuclear power
In 2012, China had 15 nuclear power units with a total electric capacity of 11 GW and total output of 54.8 billion kWh, accounting for 1.9% country's total electricity output. This rose to 17 reactors in 2013. By 2016 the number of operating nuclear reactors was 32 with 22 under construction and other dozen to start construction this year. There are plans to increase nuclear power capacity and nuclear power percentage, bringing the total electricity output to 86 GW and 4% respectively by 2020.[55] Plans are to increase this to 200 GWe by 2030, and 400 GWe by 2050. China has set an end-of-the-century goal of 1500GWs of nuclear energy, most of this from fast reactors. China has 32[56] reactors under construction, the highest number in the world.[needs update]
Rural electrification
This section needs to be updated.(April 2024) |
Following the completion of the similar Township Electrification Program in 2005, the Village Electrification Program plans to provide renewable electricity to 3.5 million households in 10,000 villages by 2010. This is to be followed by full rural electrification using renewable energy by 2015.[57]
Renewable energy sources
Although a majority of the renewable energy in China is from hydropower, other renewable energy sources are in rapid development. In 2006, a total of 10 billion US dollars had been invested in renewable energy, second only to Germany.[58]
China is a major source of clean energy technology transfer to other developing countries.[10]: 4
Bioenergy
In 2006, 16 million tons of corn were used to produce a first generation biofuel (ethanol).[59] However, because food prices in China rose sharply during 2007, China has decided to ban the further expansion of the corn ethanol industry.
On February 7, a spokesman for the State Forestry Administration announced that 130,000 square kilometres (50,000 sq mi) would be devoted to biofuel production. Under an agreement reached with PetroChina in January 2007, 400 square kilometres of Jatropha curcas is to be grown for biodiesel production. Local governments are also developing oilseed projects. There were concerns that such developments may lead to environmental damage.[60]
In 2018,
Solar power
China has become the world's largest consumer of solar energy.
China's Sixth Five-Year Plan (1981-1985) was the first to address government policy support for solar PV panel manufacturing.[10]: 34 Policy support for solar panel manufacturing has been a part of every Five-Year Plan since.[10]: 34
As part of the stimulus plan of "Golden Sun", announced by the government in 2009, several developments and projects became part of the milestones for the development of solar technology in China. These include the agreement signed by LDK for a 500MW solar project, a new thin film solar plant developed by Anwell Technologies in Henan province using its own proprietary solar technology and the solar power plant project in a desert, headed by First Solar and Ordos City. The effort to drive the renewable energy use in China was further assured after the speech by the Chinese President, given at the UN climate summit on 22 September 2009 in New York, pledging that China would plan to have 15% of its energy from renewable sources by 2019. China is using solar power in houses, buildings, and cars.[67][68][69]
Because solar works well as a distributed power source, recent[when?] Chinese policies have focused on increasing the prevalence of distributed solar energy and for developing systems so that electricity from solar energy can be used at its point of generation instead of being transmitted over long distances.[10]: 34
Wind power
China's total wind power capacity reached 2.67 gigawatts (GW) in 2006 and 44.7 GW by 2010.[70][71] This figure reached 281 GW in 2020, an increase of 71.6 GW on the previous year.[72]
Energy conservation
General work plan
Officials were warned that violating energy conservation and environmental protection laws would lead to criminal proceedings, while failure to achieve targets would be taken into account in the performance assessment of officials and business leaders.[17]
After achieving less than half the 4% reduction in energy intensity targeted for 2006, all companies and local and national government were asked to submit detailed plans for compliance before June 30, 2007.[73][74]
During the first four years of the plan, energy intensity improved by 14.4%, but dropped sharply in the first quarter of 2010. In August 2010, China announced the closing of 2,087 steel mills, cement works and other energy-intensive factories by September 30, 2010. The factory closings were made more palatable by a labor shortage in much of China making it easier for workers to find other jobs.[75]
Space heating and air conditioning
A State Council circular issued on June 3, 2007, restricts the temperature of air conditioning in public buildings to no lower than 26 °C in summer (78.8 °F), and of heating to no higher than 20 °C (68 °F) in winter. The sale of inefficient air conditioning units has also been outlawed.[76]
Public opinion
The Chinese results from the 1st Annual World Environment Review, published on June 5, 2007, revealed that, in a sample of 1024 people (50% male):[77]
- 88% are concerned about climate change.
- 97% think their government should do more to tackle global warming.
- 63% think that China is too dependent on fossil fuels.
- 56% think that China is too reliant on foreign oil.
- 91% think that a minimum 25% of electricity should be generated from renewable energy sources.
- 61% are concerned about nuclear power.
- 79% are concerned about carbon dioxide emissions from developing countries.
- 62% think it appropriate for developed countriesto demand restrictions on carbon dioxide emissions from developing countries.
Another survey published in August 2007 by China Youth Daily and the British Council sampled 2,500 Chinese people with an average age of 30.1. It showed that 80% of young Chinese are concerned about global warming.[78]
See also
- Climate change in China
- China Energy Conservation Investment Corporation
- Environment of China
- Electricity sector in China
- List of power stations in China
- Low-carbon economy
- Peak oil
- Pollution in China
- Renewable energy in China
- Nuclear power in China
- Economics of nuclear power plants
- List of countries by energy consumption and production
- World energy consumption
- Category:Energy by country
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