Energy policy of India

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The

alternative sources of energy, particularly nuclear, solar and wind energy.[2][3] Net energy import dependency was 40.9% in 2021-22.[4]

The

EU.[13] The total manmade CO2 emissions from energy, process emissions, methane, and flaring is 2797.2 million tons of CO2 in CY2021 which is 7.2% of global emissions.[6] The energy intensity of agriculture sector is seven times less than industrial sector in 2022-23 (see Table 8.9[5]
)

In 2020-21, the

global energy consumption.[18] Given India's growing energy demands and limited domestic oil and gas reserves, the country has ambitious plans to expand its renewable and most worked out nuclear power programme.[19] India has the world's fourth largest wind power market and also plans to add about 100,000 MW of solar power capacity by 2022.[20][21] India also envisages to increase the contribution of nuclear power to overall electricity generation capacity from 4.2% to 9% within 25 years.[22] The country has five nuclear reactors under construction (third highest in the world) and plans to construct 18 additional nuclear reactors (second highest in the world) by 2025.[23] During the year 2018, the total investment in energy sector by India was 4.1% (US$75 billion) of US$1.85 trillion global investment.[24]

Indian solar power PV tariff has fallen to ₹2.44 (3.1¢ US) per

kWh in May 2017 which is lower than any other type of power generation in India.[25] In the year 2020, the levelized tariff in US dollars for solar PV electricity has fallen to 1.35 cents/kWh.[26][27] Also the international tariff of solar thermal storage power plants has fallen to US$0.063/kWh, which is cheaper than fossil fuel plants.[28][29][30] The cheaper hybrid solar power (mix of solar PV, wind power, and solar thermal storage power) need not depend on costly and polluting coal/gas fired power generation for ensuring stable grid operation.[31] Solar electricity price is going to become the benchmark price for deciding the other fuel prices (petroleum products, natural gas/biogas/LNG, CNG, LPG, coal, lignite, biomass, etc.) based on their ultimate use and advantages.[32][33][34]

The energy policy of

clean cooking fuels; limited domestic reserves of fossil fuels, and the need to import a vast fraction of the natural gas, and crude oil, and recently the need to import coal as well; and indoor, urban and regional environmental impacts, necessitating the need for the adoption of cleaner fuels and cleaner technologies. In recent years, these challenges have led to a major set of continuing reforms, restructuring, and a focus on energy conservation
.

India: Industry-wise total primary energy use of 87599 petajoules in 2019-20[36]

  Electricity, gas, steam & air conditioning supply (26%)
  Transportation & Storage (2%)
  Other Industries (19%)
  Households (7%)
  Accumulation (3%)
  Export (6%)
  Agriculture, Forestry & Fishery (2%)
  Mining & Quarring (1%)
  Manufacturing (34%)

India: Total primary energy supply of 882 Mtoe in 2017[37][38]

  Coal (44.3%)
  Biomass and waste (21.2%)
  Petroleum & oth. liquids (25.3%)
  Natural gas (5.8%)
  Nuclear (1.1%)
  Hydroelectric (1.4%)
  Other renewables (0.9%)

Oil and gas

See also: Oil and gas industry in India
Bombay High in the Arabian Sea
India's oil deficit
Gas Balance of India

India ranks third in oil consumption with 4.669 million barrels/day in 2020 after USA and China. During the calendar year 2019, India imported 221.7 million tons of crude oil and 44.4 million tons of refined petroleum products and exported 60.7 million tons of refined petroleum products. India is the second biggest net importer of crude oil and its products after China.[39] India has built surplus world-class refining capacity using imported crude oil for exporting refined petroleum products. The net imports of crude oil is lesser by one fourth after accounting exports and imports of refined petroleum products.[40] Natural gas production was 26.9 billion cubic meters and consumption 59.7 billion cubic meters during the calendar year 2019.

During the financial year 2012–13, the production of crude oil was 37.86 million tons and 40,679 million standard cubic meters (nearly 26.85 million tons)

Biogas digesters / Renewable natural gas will also become a source of LNG forming decentralised base for the production of LNG to cater to the widely distributed demand.[51][52][53][54] There is possibility to convert most of the heavy duty vehicles (including diesel driven rail engines) into LNG fuelled vehicles to reduce diesel consumption drastically with operational cost and least pollution benefits.[55][56][57] Also, the break even price at user end for switching from imported coal to LNG in electricity generation is estimated near US$6 per million British thermal units ($20/MWh).[58] The advent of cheaper marine CNG transport will restrict LNG use in high end transport sector to replace costly liquid fuels leaving imported CNG use for other needs.[59][60][61] As the marine CNG transport is economical for medium distance transport and has fast unloading flexibility at many ports without costly unloading facilities, they have become alternate solution to submarine gas pipelines.[62][63] Natural gas/methane can also be converted cheaply into hydrogen gas and carbon black without emitting any greenhouse gas for use in the transport sector with fuel cell vehicle technology.[64]

The state-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) acquired shares in oil fields in countries like Sudan, Syria, Iran, and Nigeria – investments that have led to diplomatic tensions with the United States.

north-eastern Himalayas.[66]

India has nearly 63

Iran-Pakistan-India pipeline
is a part of India's plan to meet its increasing energy demand.

Coal

A coal mine in Jharkhand state
See also:
Coal mining in India

India has the world's 3rd largest proven

coal reserves with nearly 177 billion metric tons as on 1 April 2021.[71][72] In India, coal is the bulk primary energy contributor with 56.90% share equivalent to 452.2 Mtoe in 2018.[8]

India is the second largest producer of coal in 2023.

China 3,680 (3,645), United States 893 (922), India 605 (607), Australia 478 (453) and Indonesia 421 (386). However, India ranks fifth in global coal production at 228 Mtoe (5.9%) in 2013 when its inferior quality coal tonnage is converted into tons of oil equivalent.[42] Coal-fired power plants account for 59% of India's installed electricity capacity.[75][76] After electricity production, coal is also used for cement production in substantial quantity.[77] Pet coke availability, at a cheaper price than local coal, is replacing coal in cement plants.[78] In financial year 2021-22, India imported nearly 209 million tons of steam coal and coking coal which is 20% of total consumption to meet the demand in electricity, cement, and steel production. In the FY2021-22, India imported nearly 57.16 million tons (90%) of coking coal against the consumption of 63.74 MT.[79]

pet coke available from crude oil refineries. India is planning to use 100 million tonnes of coal for gasification by 2030.[73]

India has recently approved the construction of new coal-fired power stations to address its increasing electricity needs, which are driven by the nation's rapid economic growth. Despite facing criticism for environmental pollution and contributing to global greenhouse emissions, these actions reflect India's practical approach to ensure a stable energy supply. Additionally, the government has extended the operational life of older coal plants, such as the Tuticorin facility, highlighting coal's continued importance in India's energy strategy, even as the country works toward incorporating more renewable energy sources.

India has pledged to decrease its dependence on coal, but the demands of its rapidly growing economy and increasing energy requirements tell a different story. The Tuticorin power plant in southern India, which was scheduled to be shut down because it could not meet pollution standards, continues to operate at high capacity. This scenario is indicative of a wider national trend where the need for consistent and reliable electricity often takes precedence over environmental concerns. Consequently, many older coal-fired power stations throughout India remain operational and are even undergoing expansions. Faced with the challenge of ensuring a steady power supply, the Indian government has often prioritized meeting its immediate energy needs over fulfilling its environmental promises, leading to a renewed reliance on coal. This situation has important ramifications for India's environmental targets and its contribution to global efforts aimed at reducing dependence on fossil fuels.[90]

Bio-fuels

Gasification of Char / Coal
carbonaceous
fuels
Biomass pellet fuel from India
See also: Second-generation biofuels

carbon neutral.[93]

A huge quantity of imported coal is being used in pulverized coal-fired power stations. Raw biomass can not be used in pulverized coal mills as they are difficult to grind into fine powder due to

caking property of raw biomass. However, biomass can be used after torrefaction in the pulverized coal mills to replace imported coal.[94] North west and southern regions can replace imported coal use with torrefied biomass where surplus agriculture/crop residual biomass is available.[95][96] Biomass power plants can also get extra income by selling the Renewable Purchase Certificates (RPC).[97] Central Government has made cofiring (minimum 5%) of biomass mandatary from October 2022 in all coal fired plants.[98][99]

In cement production, carbon-neutral biomass is being used to replace coal for reducing carbon footprint drastically.[100][101]

algae oil from algae or spirulina particularly in tropical countries like India would displace the prime position of crude oil in near future.[106][107][108]

Reliance Industries is already producing hydrogen from Torrefied Biomass from its pet coke/coal gasifiers and planning to install a blue hydrogen pilot plant of 50 tonnes per day plant using a catalytic gasification process.[109] India's three Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) are currently setting up 12 second-generation ethanol plants across the country which will collect agriculture waste from farmers and convert it into bio-ethanol.[110][111] In 2018, India has set a target to produce 15 million tons of biogas/bio-CNG by installing 5,000 large scale commercial type biogas plants which can produce daily 12.5 tons of bio-CNG by each plant.[112][113] As of May 2022, nearly 35 such plants are in operation.[114]

Biopropane is also produced from non-edible vegetable oils, used cooking oil, waste animal fats, etc.[115][116]

Nuclear power

Further information: Nuclear power in India
The Kudankulam Nuclear power plant (2x1000 MW) in Tamil Nadu while under construction

India boasts a quickly advancing and active nuclear power program. It is expected to have 20 GW of nuclear capacity by 2020, though it currently stands as 9th in the world in terms of nuclear capacity.

An Achilles' heel of the Indian nuclear power program, is the fact that India is not a signatory of the

United States-India Peaceful Atomic Energy Cooperation Act
seems to be a way to get access to advanced nuclear technologies for India.

Further information: India's three-stage nuclear power programme

India has been using imported enriched uranium and is under International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards, but it has developed various aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle to support its reactors. The development of select technologies has been strongly affected by limited imports. The use of heavy-water reactors has been particularly attractive for the nation because it allows uranium to be burnt with little to no enrichment. India has also done a great amount of work in the development of a thorium-centered fuel cycle. While uranium deposits in the nation are extremely limited, there are much greater reserves of thorium, and it could provide hundreds of times the energy with the same mass of fuel. The fact that thorium can theoretically be utilized in heavy water reactors has tied the development of the two. A prototype reactor that would burn uranium-plutonium fuel while irradiating a thorium blanket is under construction at the Madras/Kalpakkam Atomic Power Station.

Uranium used for the weapons program has been separate from the power program using uranium from scant indigenous reserves.

Hydro electricity

See also: Hydroelectric power in India and Power sector of Andhra Pradesh § Pumped storage hydroelectricity projects

India is endowed with economically exploitable and viable hydro potential assessed to be about 125,570 MW at 60% capacity factor.[117] India ranked fourth globally by underutilized hydropower potential. In addition, 6,780 MW in terms of installed capacity from Small, Mini, and Micro Hydel schemes have been assessed. Also, 56 sites for pumped storage schemes (PSS) with an aggregate installed capacity of 94,000 MW have been identified for catering to peak electricity demand and water pumping for irrigation needs.[118] It is the most widely used form of renewable energy but the economically exploitable hydropower potential keeps on varying due to technological developments and the comparable cost of electricity generation from other sources.[citation needed] The hydro-electric potential of India ranks 5th in terms of exploitable hydro-potential on the global scenario.

The installed capacity of hydropower is 45,315 MW as of 31 May 2018.

Mahanadi and Narmada
river basins has not yet been developed on a major scale due to potential opposition from the tribal population.

compressed air storage systems, etc is costlier than electricity production by standby generator.[122] India has already established nearly 4785 MW pumped storage capacity which is part of its installed hydro power plants.[123]

Wind power

Mean wind speed in India.[124]
Progress in India's installed wind power generating capacity since 2006
Main article: Wind power in India

India has the fourth largest installed wind power capacity in the world.

MW an increase of 4148 MW over the previous year[126][127] Wind power accounts for nearly 10% of India's total installed power generation capacity and generated 52.666 billion kWh in the fiscal year 2017-18 which is nearly 3% of total electricity generation.[128] The capacity utilisation factor is nearly 16% in the fiscal year 2017-18. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) of India has announced a revised estimation of the potential wind power resource (excluding offshore wind power potential) from 49,130 MW assessed at 50m Hub heights to 102,788 MW assessed at 80m Hub height at 15% capacity factor
.

Solar energy

Main articles: Solar power in India and Growth of photovoltaics
Global Horizontal Irradiation in India.[129]

India's

solar insolation and a big potential consumer base density.[132][133] Also a major factor influencing a region's energy intensity is the cost of energy consumed for temperature control. Since cooling load requirements are roughly in phase with the sun's intensity, cooling from intense solar radiation could make perfect energy-economic sense in the subcontinent located mostly in the tropics
.

Installation of solar power PV plants requires nearly 2.0 hectares (5 acres) of land per MW capacity which is similar to coal-fired power plants when life cycle coal mining, consumptive water storage & ash disposal areas are also accounted for, and hydropower plants when submergence area of the water reservoir is also accounted. 1.6 million MW capacity solar plants can be installed in India on its 1% land (32,000 square km). There are vast tracts of land suitable for solar power in all parts of India exceeding 8% of its total area which are unproductive barren and devoid of vegetation.[134] Part of wastelands (32,000 square km) when installed with solar power plants can produce 2400 billion kWh of electricity (two times the total generation in 2013-14) with land productivity/yield of 0.9 million Rs per acre (3 Rs/kWh price) which is at par with many industrial areas and many times more than the best productive irrigated agriculture lands.[135] Moreover, these solar power units are not dependent on the supply of any raw material and are self productive. There is unlimited scope for solar electricity to replace all fossil fuel energy requirements (natural gas, coal, lignite, and crude oil) if all the marginally productive lands are occupied by solar power plants in the future. The solar power potential of India can meet perennially to cater to per capita energy consumption at par with USA/Japan for the peak population in its demographic transition.[136]

Solar thermal power

Typical tower type CSP plant.

The installed capacity of commercial

load following power plants compared to fossil fuel power plants.[138] They can cater the load/ demand perfectly and work as base load power plants when the extracted solar energy is found excess in a day.[139][140] Proper mix of solar thermal and solar PV can fully match the load fluctuations without the need of costly battery storage.[141][28]

Synergy with irrigation water pumping and hydropower stations

Price history of silicon PV cells since 1977. The great thing about solar power is that it is a technology and not a fuel. It is unlimited and the more it is deployed the cheaper it would be.[25] While the more limited fossil fuels are used, the more expensive they become.

The major disadvantage of solar power (PV type only) is that it can not produce electricity during the nighttime and cloudy daytime also. In India, this disadvantage can be overcome by installing

water resources.[142][143]

Electric vehicles

See also:
Electric vehicle industry in India

The retail prices of

IPPs offered to sell solar power below 3.00 Rs/kWh to feed into the high voltage grid.[144] This price is far below the affordable retail electricity tariff for the solar power to replace petrol and diesel use in transport sector.[145]

The retail price of diesel is 101.00 Rs/liter in 2021–22, and the retail price of petrol was 110.00 ₹/liter. The affordable electricity retail price (860 kcal/kWh at 75% input electricity to shaft power conversion efficiency) to replace diesel (lower heating value 8572 kcal/liter at 40%

fuel energy to crankshaft conversion efficiency) is up to 19 ₹/Kwh. The affordable electricity retail price (860 kcal/kWh at 75% input electricity to shaft power conversion efficiency) to replace petrol (lower heating value 7693 kcal/liter at 33% fuel energy to crankshaft conversion efficiency) is up to 28 ₹/Kwh. In 2021-22, India consumed 30.849 million tons of petrol and 76.687 million tons of diesel which are mainly produced from imported crude oil at huge foreign exchange outgo.[145][41]

V2G is also feasible with electricity-driven vehicles for catering to the peak load in the electricity grid. Electricity-driven vehicles would become popular in the future when the energy storage / battery technology becomes more compact, lesser density, longer lasting, and maintenance-free.[146][147]

Hydrogen energy

See also:
Power to gas and List of fuel cell vehicles

The national hydrogen energy road map is constantly evolving in India by consolidating various capabilities at institutional and research centers.[148] The Hydrogen Energy program started in India after joining the IPHE (International Partnership for Hydrogen Economy) in the year 2003.

petcoke gasifiers.[109] Nearly 412,000 metric tons/year capacity green hydrogen projects are awarded to produce green hydrogen by the end of 2026.[153]

Hydrogen is a

PM2.5 from the ambient air.[162] Any medium or heavy duty vehicle can be retrofitted in to fuel cell vehicle as its system power density (watts/litre) and system specific power (watts/kg) are comparable with that of internal combustion engine.[163][164] The cost and durability of fuel cell engines with economies of scale production line are comparable with the petrol/diesel engines.[165][166]

The excess power generation capacity available in India is nearly 500 billion units/year presently and another 75,000 MW conventional power generating capacity is in pipeline excluding the targeted 175,000 MW renewable power by 2022.[167][168][11] The hydrogen fuel generated by 500 billion units of electricity can replace all diesel and petrol consumed by heavy and medium duty vehicles in India completely obviating the need of crude oil imports for internal consumption.[169] Use of hydrogen as fuel to replace jet fuel by aircraft is also a promising proposition.[170] Converting petrol/diesel driven road vehicles in to fuel cell electric vehicles on priority would save the huge import cost of crude oil and transform the stranded electricity infrastructure into productive assets with major boost to the overall economic growth.[171] Hydrogen spiked CNG is made available in Delhi to reduce pollution emissions from BS-IV compliant old buses.[172]

Electricity as a substitute for imported LPG and PNG

See also: Energy in India

The net import of LPG was 16.607 million tons and the total consumption was 28.33 million tons and the domestic consumption was 25.502 million tons which is 90% of total consumption in 2021–22.[41][173] The LPG import content is nearly 57% of total consumption in India in 2021-22. The affordable electricity retail price (860 kcal/kWh at 74% heating efficiency) to replace LPG (lower heating value 11,000 kcal/kg at 40% heating efficiency) in domestic cooking is up to 10.2 Rs/kWh when the retail price of an LPG cylinder is Rs 1000 (without subsidy) with 14.2 kg LPG content.[174] Replacing LPG consumption with electricity reduces its imports substantially.[175]

India's

piped natural gas (PNG) for domestic cooking needs was 12,175 million standard cubic meters (mmscm) which is nearly 19% of total natural gas consumption in 2021–22.[176] Natural gas/ LNG import content is nearly 56% of total consumption in 2021-22.[176] The affordable electricity retail tariff (860 Kcal/kWh at 74% heating efficiency) to replace PNG (net calorific value 8,500 Kcal/scm at 40% heating efficiency) in domestic cooking is up to 9 ₹/kWh when the retail price of PNG is ₹47.59 per scm.[177][178]
Replacing PNG consumption with electricity would reduce costly LNG imports substantially.

The domestic consumption of

calorific value
8240 Kcal/liter at 40% heating efficiency) in domestic cooking is up to 15.22 ₹/kWh when the kerosene retail price is 79 ₹/liter.

During the year 2021-22, The

residual-current circuit breaker
.

Since December 2018, IPPs have been offering to sell solar power below 2.90 Rs/kWh to feed into the high-voltage grid.

alkylate which is a premium gasoline blending stock because it has exceptional antiknock properties and gives clean burning.[190] Propane can be used in hydrogen/Ammonia production with advantages compared to natural gas and also can be transported much cheaper than LNG or natural gas.[191]

Energy trading with neighboring countries

The per capita electricity consumption is low compared to many countries despite cheaper electricity tariff in India.[192] Despite low electricity per capita consumption in India, the country is going to achieve surplus electricity generation during the 12th plan (2012 to 2017) period provided its coal production and transport infrastructure is developed adequately.[193][194][195] India has been exporting electricity to Bangladesh and Nepal and importing excess electricity in Bhutan.[196][197] Surplus electricity can be exported to the neighbouring countries in return for natural gas supplies from Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar.[198]

Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Pakistan are producing substantial natural gas and using for electricity generation purposes.[199] Bangladesh, Myanmar and Pakistan produce 55 million cubic metres per day (mcmd), 9 mcmd and 118 mcmd out of which 20 mcmd, 1.4 mcmd and 34 mcmd are consumed for electricity generation respectively.[200][201] Whereas the natural gas production in India is not even adequate to meet its non-electricity requirements.[202]

Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Pakistan have proven reserves of 200 billion cubic meters (bcm), 1200 bcm, and 500 bcm respectively.

power purchase agreements with China for developing the hydropower potential of the Yarlung Tsangpo Grand Canyon in the Brahmaputra River basin of Tibet.[205] There is ample trading synergy for India with its neighboring countries in securing its energy requirements.[206]

India's

undersea interconnection to Sri Lanka (India–Sri Lanka HVDC Interconnection) have been proposed.[208] Sri Lanka can also export its surplus renewable energy (solar, onshore wind, offshore wind, etc) to india in future.[209]

In 2015, Nepal imported 224.21 MW of electric power from India, and Bangladesh imported 500 MW.[210][211] In 2018, Bangladesh proposed importing 10,000 MW power from India.[212] To encourage the carbon neutral solar power generation, plans are made to transform the Indian national grid into a transnational grid expanding up to Vietnam towards east and Saudi Arabia towards west spanning nearly 7,000 km wide.[213][214] Being at the central location of the widened grid, India will be able to import the excess solar power available outside its territory at cheaper prices to meet the morning and evening peak load power demands without much costly energy storage.[215]

Policy framework

In general, India's strategy is to encourage the development of

pumped hydroelectric energy storage potential, India is capable to meet the ultimate energy requirements of its peak population from its renewable energy sources alone.[122][217] In 2021, the government has upped India’s target to 500GW of renewable energy by 2030.[218] Increasing energy consumption associated primarily with activities in transport, mining, and manufacturing in India needs rethinking on India's energy production.[219]

The following trends are manifested in the energy policy to achieve energy self-sufficiency, least pollution, climate change mitigation, and long-term sustainability.[217][145]

Purpose Preferred fuel Next preferred fuel Least preferred fuel
Mobile military hardware Indigenous diesel, Indigenous petrol Ethanol, Biodiesel Nil
Air transport
Bioethanol,[220]
 LNG, Ammonia[221] ATF, HSK
Marine transport
Bioethanol
, Nuclear fuel, battery power. 		Pyrolysis oil, LNG, CNG, FCEV. LDO, HFO, Bunker fuel, Diesel[222]
Heavy-duty road vehicles FCEV, Battery power Bio methanol, Bioethanol, Biodiesel,[223] LNG, CNG, LPG Diesel, Animal draught power
Passenger four-wheel vehicles Battery power, FCEV Biodiesel, Bio methanol, Bioethanol, LPG, CNG Diesel, Petrol
Passenger two/three-wheel vehicles Battery power Biodiesel, Bio methanol, Bioethanol, LPG, CNG Petrol, Animal draught power
Railways Electricity, FCEV Biodiesel, Bio methanol, Bioethanol, LNG, LPG Diesel
Illumination/ Lighting Electricity, Bio CNG CNG, LPG Kerosene
Cooking Electricity, Bio methanol, Bio CNG CNG, Biochar Kerosene, LPG, Firewood
Space & water heating Electricity, Pyrolysis oil, Biochar, Solar energy, Bio methanol, Bio CNG CNG Kerosene, LPG, Firewood
Commercial / Domestic - appliances Electricity Battery power, Biomethanol, Bioethanol Diesel, Petrol, LPG, CNG
Industrial-motive power Electricity, Bio methanol, Bioethanol, Bio CNG Biodiesel, Pyrolysis oil CNG, LPG, Diesel, Petrol
Industrial- heating Electricity, Solar thermal energy, Biomass, Pyrolysis oil, Biochar Biogas, PNG Kerosene, LPG, Firewood
Urea fertilizer Biogas / syngas, Biochar, Electricity, Biomass Natural gas, Indigenous petcock Naphtha, Coal
Pipeline transport Electricity Biodiesel, Hydrogen fuel cell generator Natural gas, Diesel
Water pumping Electricity, Biodiesel LPG Kerosene, Diesel, Petrol
Agriculture- heating & drying Biomass, Pyrolysis oil, Solar energy LPG, Electricity Diesel, Petrol
Agriculture- appliances Electricity, LPG Biodiesel, Pyrolysis oil CNG, Diesel, Petrol
Bitcoin mining
 Carbon neutral electricity Cheaper electricity generated from fossil fuels.[224] Costly electricity sourced from fossil fuels.
Electricity Generation Solar Power, Wind, Hydropower, biomass, Torrifacted biomass, Biochar, Biogas plant residue, pumped-storage hydroelectricity CNG, Animal draught power (peaking power only), Battery energy storage system Petrol, Diesel, NGL, LPG, LDO, HFO, Naptha, Nuclear, Coal,
Petcoke
Steel production Renewable electricity, Charcoal, Biochar Renewable hydrogen, LPG, CNG[225] Coke, Coal
Cement production Indigenous petcock, Biomass,[100] Waste organic matter,[226] Renewable electricity LPG, CNG Coal
Roads construction Bioasphalt, carbon neutral cement Cement Asphalt
Feed stock for Petrochemicals Acetylene and hydrogen generated by renewable electricity, Biogas, Hydrogen from wood gas[160]
Bioethanol
, Biodiesel, Bio methanol
Naptha
Protein rich cattle/fish feed CNG, PNG, Biogas, LNG SNG from coal, Coalbed methane, Coal mine methane, SNG from renewable electricity, SNG from the indigenous petcock Nil
Industrial- raw materials As economically required Nil Nil

Electricity generation

Main article: Electricity sector in India

The installed capacity of utility power plants is 314.64

kWh which includes auxiliary power consumption of power generating stations. The installed capacity of captive power plants in industries (1 MW and above) is 50,289 MW as on 31 March 2017 and generated 197 billion kWh in the financial year 2016-17.[227] In addition, there are nearly 75,000 MW aggregate capacity diesel generator sets with units sizes between 100 KVA and 1000 KVA.[228] All India per capita consumption of Electricity is nearly 1,122 kWh during the financial year 2016-17.[227]

Ramagundam Thermal Power Station (2600 MW), Telangana

Total installed Power generation Capacity (end of April 2017)[229]

Source Utilities Capacity (
MW
)		 % Captive Power Capacity (MW) %
Coal 194,402.88 59.9 29,888.00 59.43
Hydroelectricity 44,594.42 14.0 64.00 0.11
Renewable energy source 50,018.00 15.9 Included in Oil -
Natural Gas 25,329.38 8.1 6,061.00 12.05
Nuclear 6,780.00 1.8 - -
Oil 837.63 0.3 14,285.00 28.41
Total 329,204.53 50,289.00 100

The total installed utility power generation capacity as on 30 April 2017 with sector wise & type wise break up is as given below.[229]

Sector Thermal (MW) Nuclear
(MW) 		Renewable (MW) Total (MW) %
Coal Gas Diesel Sub-Total
Thermal 		Hydro Other
Renewable
Central 55,245.00 7,490.83 0.00 62,735.83 6,780.00 11,651.42 0.00 81,167.25 25
State 65,145.50 7,257.95 363.93 72,767.38 0.00 29,703.00 1,963.80 104,447.28 32
Private 74,012.38 10,580.60 473.70 85,066.68 0.00 3,240.00 55,283.33 143,590.01 43
All India 194,402.88 25,329.38 837.63 220,569.88 6,780.00 44,594.42 57,260.23 329,204.53 100
Yearly gross electricity generation – mode wise (GWh)[230]
Year Fossil Fuel Nuclear Hydro Sub
total 		RES[231] Utility and Captive Power
Coal Oil Gas Mini
hydro 		Solar Wind Bio
mass 		Other Sub
total 		Utility Captive Misc Total
2021–22[4] 1,078,444 115 36,143 47,019 151,695 1,313,418 10,463 73,483 68,640 16,056 2,268 170,912 1,484,442 235,000 na 1,719,442
2020-21[232] 981,239 129 51,027 42,949 150,305 1,225,649 10,258 60,402 60,150 14,816 1621 147,247[233] 1,373,187 200,000 na 1,573,187
2019-20[234] 995,840 108 48,497 46,381 155,970 1,246,796 9,366 50,103 64,639 13,843 366 138,318[235] 1,385,114 239,567 na 1,622,983
2018-19[236] 1,021,997 129 49,886 37,706 135,040 1,244,758 8,703 39,268 62,036 16,325 425 126,757 1,371,517 175,000 na 1,546,517
2017-18 986,591 386 50,208 38,346 126,123 1,201,653 5,056 25,871 52,666 15,252 358 101,839 1,303,493 183,000 na 1,486,493
2016-17 944,850 262 49,100 37,663 122,313 1,154,188 7,673 12,086 46,011 14,159 213 81,949 1,236,137 197,000 na 1,433,392
2015-16 896,260 406 47,122 37,413 121,377 1,102,578 8,355 7,450 28,604 16,681 269 65,781 1,168,359 183,611 na 1,351,970
2014-15 835,838 1,407 41,075 36,102 129,244 1,043,666 8,060 4,600 28,214 14,944 414 61,780 1,105,446 166,426 na 1,271,872
2013-14 746,087 1,868 44,522 34,228 134,847 961,552 na 3,350 na na na 59,615 1,021,167 156,643 na 1,177,810
2012-13 691,341 2,449 66,664 32,866 113,720 907,040 na na na na na 57,449 964,489 144,009 na 1,108,498
2011-12 612,497 2,649 93,281 32,286 130,511 871,224 na na na na na 51,226 922,451 134,387 na 1,056,838

Notes: Coal includes lignite; Misc: includes contributions from emergency diesel generator sets; *Hydro includes pumped storage generation; na = data not available.

In 2019-20, the total generation from all renewable energy sources is nearly 20% of the total electricity generation (utility and captive) in India.

Energy conservation and carbon trading

See also:
Negawatt power

The greenest energy is the energy we do not use.

Energy Conservation Building Code, and appliances to meet energy performance standards and to display energy consumption labels. The Act also created the Bureau of Energy Efficiency
to implement the provisions of the Act. In 2015, Prime Minister Mr. Modi launched a scheme called
LED lamps in place of other lamps to drastically cut down lighting power requirements and the evening peak electricity load. Energy efficient brushless DC fans at subsidized prices are offered to the electricity consumers by the electricity distribution companies (DisComs) to decrease peak electricity load.[238][239]

Energy saving certificates (PAT), various renewable purchase obligations (RPO), and renewable energy certificates (REC) are also traded on the power exchanges regularly.

sequestration of carbon in topsoil is feasible by converting desert and semi-desert lands into a lush green farm or forest lands using the available water resources fully.[121]

Rural electrification

Further information:
Rural Electrification Corporation Limited

As on 28 April 2018, all Indian villages were electrified.

biomass cakes – for cooking and general heating needs.[246]

See also

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External links

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