Enteroendocrine cell

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Enteroendocrine cell
Actions of the major digestive hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells
Details
SystemEndocrine system
LocationGastrointestinal tract
Identifiers
Latinendocrinocyti gastroenteropancreatici
MeSHD019858
THH3.04.02.0.00024, H3.08.01.0.00003
FMA62930
Anatomical terms of microanatomy

Enteroendocrine cells are specialized

local messengers, or transmit them to the enteric nervous system to activate nervous responses.[1][2] Enteroendocrine cells of the intestine are the most numerous endocrine cells of the body.[3][4][5] They constitute an enteric endocrine system as a subset of the endocrine system just as the enteric nervous system is a subset of the nervous system.[6] In a sense they are known to act as chemoreceptors, initiating digestive actions and detecting harmful substances and initiating protective responses.[7][8] Enteroendocrine cells are located in the stomach, in the intestine and in the pancreas. Microbiota play key roles in the intestinal immune and metabolic responses in these enteroendocrine cells via their fermentation product (short chain fatty acid), acetate.[9]

Intestinal enteroendocrine cells

Intestinal enteroendocrine cells are not clustered together but spread as single cells throughout the intestinal tract.[7]

Hormones secreted include

microbiota and, in turn, coordinate antibacterial, mechanical, and metabolic branches of the host intestinal innate immune response to the commensal microbiota.[11]

K cell

K cells secrete

gastric inhibitory peptide, an incretin, which also promotes triglyceride storage.[12] K cells are mostly found in the duodenum.[13]

L cell

L cells secrete glucagon-like peptide-1, an incretin, peptide YY3-36, oxyntomodulin and glucagon-like peptide-2. L cells are primarily found in the ileum and large intestine (colon), but some are also found in the duodenum and jejunum.[14]

I cell

I cells secrete

mucosal density in the duodenum with a decreasing amount throughout the small intestine.[15] They modulate bile secretion, exocrine pancreas secretion, and satiety.[16]

G cell

Stomach enteroendocrine cells, which release gastrin, and stimulate gastric acid secretion.[17]

Enterochromaffin cell

Enterochromaffin cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells with a close similarity to adrenomedullary chromaffin cells secreting serotonin.[18]

Enterochromaffin-like cell

Enterochromaffin-like cells or ECL cells are a type of neuroendocrine cell secreting histamine.

N cell

Located in a increasing manner throughout the small intestine, with the highest levels found in the in ileum,[19] N cells release neurotensin, and control smooth muscle contraction.[20]

S cell

S cells secrete secretin mostly from the duodenum, but also in decreasing amounts throughout the rest of the small intestine,[21] and stimulate exocrine pancreatic secretion.[16]

D cell

Also called Delta cells, D cells secrete somatostatin.

Mo cell (or M cell)

Gastric enteroendocrine cells

Gastric enteroendocrine cells are found in the

Enterochromaffin-like cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells also known for their similarity to chromaffin cells secreting histamine
, which stimulates G cells to secrete gastrin.

Other hormones produced include

Pancreatic enteroendocrine cells

Pancreatic enteroendocrine cells are located in the

autonomous nervous system strongly regulates their secretion, with parasympathetic stimulation stimulating insulin secretion and inhibiting glucagon secretion and sympathetic stimulation having opposite effect.[25]

Other hormones produced include somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, amylin and ghrelin.

Clinical significance

Rare and slow growing carcinoid and non-carcinoid tumors develop from these cells. When a tumor arises it has the capacity to secrete large volumes of hormones.[2][26]

History

The very discovery of hormones occurred during studies of how the digestive system regulates its activities, as explained at Secretin § Discovery.

Other organisms

In rats (

mucosa.[27]

See also

References

External links

  • Histology image: 11604loa – Histology Learning System at Boston University - "Endocrine System: duodenum, enteroendocrine cells"