Entomology
Diversity of insects from different orders
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Entomology (from
Like several of the other fields that are categorized within zoology, entomology is a taxon-based category; any form of scientific study in which there is a focus on insect-related inquiries is, by definition, entomology. Entomology, therefore, overlaps with a cross-section of topics as diverse as molecular genetics, behavior, neuroscience, biomechanics, biochemistry, systematics, physiology, developmental biology, ecology, morphology, and paleontology.
Over 1.3 million insect species have been described, more than two-thirds of all known species.[2] Some insect species date back to around 400 million years ago. They have many kinds of interactions with humans and other forms of life on Earth.
History
Entomology is rooted in nearly all human
Early entomological works associated with the naming and classification of species followed the practice of maintaining
Entomology developed rapidly in the 19th and 20th centuries and was studied by large numbers of people, including such notable figures as Charles Darwin, Jean-Henri Fabre, Vladimir Nabokov, Karl von Frisch (winner of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine),[9] and twice Pulitzer Prize winner E. O. Wilson.
There has also been a history of people becoming entomologists through museum curation and research assistance,[10] such as Sophie Lutterlough at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Insect identification is an increasingly common hobby, with butterflies and dragonflies being the most popular.[citation needed]
Most insects can easily be allocated to
In pest control
In 1994, the Entomological Society of America launched a new professional certification program for the pest control industry called the Associate Certified Entomologist (ACE). To qualify as a "true entomologist" an individual would normally require an advanced degree, with most entomologists pursuing a PhD. While not true entomologists in the traditional sense, individuals who attain the ACE certification may be referred to as ACEs or Associate Certified Entomologists.[citation needed]
As such, there are also other credential programs managed by the Entomological Society of America, that have varying credential requirements. These other programs, are known as Public Health Entomology (PHE), Certified IPM Technicians (CITs), and Board Certified Entomologists (BCEs) (ESA Certification Corporation). To be qualified in Public Health Entomology (PHE), one must succeed in passing an exam, that refers to the types of arthropods that have the capability, of being able to spread diseases and lead to medical complications (ESA Certification Corporation). Along with this, these individuals also have to "agree to ascribe to a code of ethical behavior" (ESA Certification Corporation). Individuals who are planning to become Certified IPM Technicians (CITs), need to obtain at around 1-4 years of experience in pest management and successfully pass an exam, that is based on the information, that they are acquainted with (ESA Certification Corporation). Like in Public Health Entomology (PHE), those who want to become Certified IPM Technicians (CITs), also have to "agree to ascribe to a code of ethical behavior" (ESA Certification Corporation). Additionally, these individuals have to be approved on being able to use pesticides (ESA Certification Corporation). In respects to those, who plan on becoming Board Certified Entomologists (BCEs), these individuals have to pass two exams and "agree to ascribe to a code of ethical behavior" (ESA Certification Corporation). As with this, they also have to fulfill a certain amount of educational requirements, every 12 months (ESA Certification Corporation).[11]
Subdisciplines
Many entomologists specialize in a single order or even a family of insects, and a number of these subspecialties are given their own informal names, typically (but not always) derived from the scientific name of the group:
- Coleopterology – beetles
- Dipterology – flies
- Odonatology – dragonflies and damselflies
- Hemipterology – true bugs
- Isopterology – termites
- Lepidopterology – moths and butterflies
- Melittology (or Apiology) – bees
- Myrmecology – ants
- Orthopterology – grasshoppers, crickets, etc.
- caddisflies
- wasps
Entomologists
Organizations
Like other scientific specialties, entomologists have a number of local, national, and international organizations. There are also many organizations specializing in specific subareas.
- Amateur Entomologists' Society
- Entomological Society of America
- Entomological Society of Canada
- Entomological Society of Japan
- Entomologischer Verein Krefeld
- Entomological Society of India[12]
- International Union for the Study of Social Insects
- Netherlands Entomological Society
- Royal Belgian Entomological Society
- Royal Entomological Society of London
- Russian Entomological Society
- Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut
- Société entomologique de France
- Australian Entomological Society[13]
- Entomological Society of New Zealand[14]
Research collection
Here is a list of selected very large insect collections, housed in museums, universities, or research institutes.
Asia
- Zoological Survey of India
- Insect Museum, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
- National Pusa Collection, Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- Pakistan Museum of Natural History Garden Avenue, Shakarparian, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Indonesia
Africa
- Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa[15]
- Natural History Museum (Bulawayo) Zimbabwe - 5 million specimens - https://naturalhistorymuseumzimbabwe.com/entomology/
Australasia
- Lincoln University Entomology Research Collection, Lincoln, New Zealand
- Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand
- Landcare Research Manaaki Whenua, Auckland, New Zealand
Europe
- Bavarian State Collection of Zoology, Zoologische Staatssammlung München
- Museu de Ciències Naturals de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Natural History Museum, Budapest Hungarian Natural History Museum[16]
- Natural History Museum, Geneva[17]
- Natural History Museum, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
- Natural History Museum, St. Petersburg Zoological Collection of the Russian Academy of Science
- Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford[19]
- Royal Museum for Central Africa, Brussels, Belgium
- Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
- World Museum Liverpool, the Bug House
United States
- Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
- American Museum of Natural History, New York City
- Auburn University Museum of Natural History,[20] Auburn, Alabama
- Audubon Insectarium, New Orleans
- Bohart Museum of Entomology, Davis, California
- California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco
- Carnegie Museum of Natural History,[21] Pittsburgh
- Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland
- Entomology Research Museum, University of California, Riverside
- Essig Museum of Entomology, Berkeley, California
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago
- Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois
- J. Gordon Edwards Museum, San Jose, California
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles
- National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C.
- New Mexico State University Arthropod Museum[22]
- North Carolina State University Insect Museum, Raleigh, North Carolina
- Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, Connecticut
- San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, California
- The National Museum of Play, Rochester, New York
- Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
- UMSP), Minnesota
- University of Kansas Natural History Museum, Lawrence, Kansas
- University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, Nebraska
- University of Missouri Enns Entomology Museum,[23] University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
Canada
- Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario
- Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes,[24] Ottawa, Ontario
- E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum,[25] University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta
- Lyman Entomological Museum,Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec
- Montreal Insectarium, Montreal, Quebec
- Newfoundland Insectarium, Reidville, Newfoundland and Labrador
- Royal Alberta Museum, Edmonton, Alberta
- Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario
- University of Guelph Insect Collection,[27] Guelph, Ontario
- Victoria Bug Zoo,[28] Victoria, British Columbia
- J. B. Wallis / R. E. Roughley Museum of Entomology,Winnipeg, Manitoba
See also
- Arachnology
- Carcinology
- Cultural entomology
- Ethnoentomology
- Forensic entomology
- Forensic entomologist
- Forensic entomology and the law
- Insect thermoregulation
- Insects on stamps
- List of entomological journals
- Medical entomology
- Myriapodology
- Timeline of entomology – 1800–1850
- Timeline of entomology – 1850–1900
- Timeline of entomology since 1900
References
- ISBN 0-19-910207-4.
- ISBN 978-0-642-56850-2. Archived from the originalon 2009-05-19. Retrieved 2007-10-26.
- ^ Naturalis Historia
- ISBN 88-206-2415-X
- ^ "Entomology". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
- ISBN 978-3-11-015704-8.
- S2CID 24812002.
- ISBN 978-0300150919.
- ^ "Karl von Frisch – Nobel Lecture: Decoding the Language of the Bee".
- ^ Starrs, Siobhan (10 August 2010). "A Scientist and a Tinkerer – A Story in a Frame". National Museum of Natural History Unearthed. National Museum of Natural History. Archived from the original on 19 March 2017. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
- ^ "Roster | Certification - Entomological Society of America". entocert.org. Retrieved 2023-10-08.
- ^ Entomological Society of India
- ^ Australian Entomological Society
- ^ Entomological Society of New Zealand
- ^ "KwaZulu-Natal Museum".
- ^ "Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum".
- ^ "MHN". Archived from the original on July 26, 2003. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "Home".
- ^ "O.U.M.N.H. Homepage".
- ^ "Auburn University Museum of Natural History".
- ^ "Collections". Archived from the original on 2010-08-24.
- ^ NMSU Entomology Plant Pathology; Weed science. "New Mexico State University Arthropod Museum". Archived from the original on 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2013-07-15.
- ^ "Enns Entomology Museum, MU".
- ^ "Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes – Homepage".
- ^ "E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum – Department of Biological Sciences, Studies in Life Sciences".
- ^ "Lyman Entomological Museum".
- ^ "University of Guelph Insect Collection". uoguelph.ca. Retrieved 20 April 2015.
- ^ "The Victoria Bug Zoo TM". Archived from the original on 2014-12-19. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
- ^ "J. B. Wallis / R. E. Roughley Museum of Entomology | Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences | University of Manitoba".
Further reading
"I suppose you are an entomologist?"
"Not quite so ambitious as that, sir. I should like to put my eyes on the individual entitled to that name. No man can be truly called an entomologist, sir; the subject is too vast for any single human intelligence to grasp."
—Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr., The Poet at the Breakfast Table.
- Capinera, JL (editor). 2008. Encyclopedia of Entomology, 2nd Edition. Springer. ISBN 1-4020-6242-7
- Chiang, H.C. and G. C. Jahn 1996. Entomology in the Cambodia-IRRI-Australia Project. (in Chinese) Chinese Entomol. Soc. Newsltr. (Taiwan) 3: 9–11.
- Davidson, E. 2006. Big Fleas Have Little Fleas: How Discoveries of Invertebrate Diseases Are Advancing Modern Science University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 208 pages, ISBN 0-8165-2544-7.
- Gillot, Cedric. Entomology. Second Edition, Plenum Press, New York, NY / London 1995, ISBN 0-306-44967-6.
- ISBN 0-521-82149-5.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
- Triplehorn, Charles A. and Norman F. Johnson (2005-05-19). Borror and DeLong's Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition, Thomas Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-03-096835-6. — a classic textbook in North America.
- Wale, Matthew. Making Entomologists: How Periodicals Shaped Scientific Communities in Nineteenth-Century Britain (U of Pittsburgh Press, 2022) online book review