Entomopathogenic fungus

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

An entomopathogenic fungus is a fungus that can kill or seriously disable insects.

Grasshoppers killed by the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales)

They don't need to enter into the body through oral ingestion or intake. Entomopathogenic fungi directly penetrates through the exoskeleton of the insect and damage the insect.

Typical life cycle

Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, killed by the fungus Pandora neoaphidis (Zygomycota: Entomophthorales) Scale bar = 0.3 mm

These fungi usually attach to the external body surface of insects in the form of microscopic

sporulation
.

Groups

Cordyceps fungi are parasitoids of various arthropod species. Here is a wasp parasitized by the fungus Cordyceps.

The entomopathogenic fungi include

teleomorph) state Cordyceps; others (Entomophthora, Zoophthora, Pandora, Entomophaga) belong in the order Entomophthorales of the Zygomycota
.

Fungi may also attack and kill other

invertebrates: for example, Purpureocillium (Ophiocordycipitaceae) is used to control nematode
pests.

Pest management

Since they are considered natural mortality agents and environmentally safe, entomopathogenic fungi for

biological control of insects have been studied for more than 100 years. In particular, the asexual phases of Ascomycota (Beauveria spp., Isaria spp., Lecanicillium spp., Metarhizium spp., Purpureocillium spp., and others) are under scrutiny due to traits favouring their use as biopesticides.[2] The development of entomopathogens as pesticides depends on research into their host specificity, stability, formulation, and methods of application
.

Production

Most entomopathogenic fungi can be grown on artificial media. Some require complex media, while others, like Beauveria bassiana and exploitable species in the genus Metarhizium, can be grown on starch-rich substrates such as rice or wheat grains.

Virulence

Entomophthorales are often reported as causing

virulent. The anamorphic Ascomycota (Metarhizium, Beauveria
etc.) are reported as causing epizootics less frequently in nature.

Host relationship chemical cues

Entomopathogenic fungi such as

Metarhizium anisopliae successfully infect susceptible host populations through conidia.[3][4] The signaling cues between these fungi and their host targets are under investigation. The ability to sense these parasites can increase fitness for the host targets. Evidence suggests that signal recognition occurs within some hosts, but not others. For example, the ectoparasite Cephalonomia tarsalis is susceptible to B. bassiana but it cannot detect the presence of free conidia of this fungus or infected hosts.[5] Because they cannot detect these parasites, either the host or the host's offspring become infected and/or die. In contrast, termites detect and avoid some lethal conidia strains.[6] Other soil-dwelling insects have evolved the ability to detect and avoid certain entomopathogenic fungi.[citation needed
]

See also

References

  1. PMID 24031896
    .
  2. S2CID 83558063
    .
  3. ^ Vandenburg, J.D., Ramos, M. & Altre, J.A. (1998) Dose –response and age- and temperature-related susceptibility of the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) to two isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Hyphomycetes: Moniliaceae). Environmental Entomology, 27, 1017–1021.
  4. ^ Hughes, W.O.H., Petersen, K.S., Ugelvig, L.V., Pedersen, D., Thomsen, L., Poulsen, M. et al. (2004) Density-dependence and within-host competition in a semelparous parasite of leafcutting ants. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 4, 45.
  5. ^ Lord, J.C. (2001) Response of the wasp Cephalonomia tarsalis (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) to Beauveria bassiana (Hyphomycetes: Moniliales) as free conidia or infection in its host, the sawtoothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Biological Control, 21, 300–304.
  6. ^ Myles, T.G. (2002) Alarm, aggregation, and defense by Reticulitermes flavipes in response to a naturally occurring isolate of Metarhizium anisopliae. Sociobiology, 40, 243–255.

External links

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