Guyana

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Coordinates: 5°00′N 58°45′W / 5°N 58.75°W / 5; -58.75
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Not to be confused with French Guiana or Ghana.
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Co-operative Republic of Guyana
Motto: "One People, One Nation, One Destiny"
Anthem: "Dear Land of Guyana, of Rivers and Plains"
Location of Guyana (green) in South America (grey)
Location of Guyana (green)

in South America (grey)

Capital
and largest city
Georgetown
6°48′21″N 58°9′3″W / 6.80583°N 58.15083°W / 6.80583; -58.15083
Official languagesEnglish
Recognised regional languages
10 indigenous languages
Vernacular languageGuyanese Creole
Other languages
5 languages
African
  • 19.9% Multiracial
  • 10.5% Indigenous
  • 0.3% European
  • 0.2% Chinese
    • Religion
    (2020)[2]
    Demonym(s)Guyanese
    GovernmentUnitary parliamentary republic with an executive presidency[a]
    • President
    		Irfaan Ali
    Mark Phillips
    Bharrat Jagdeo
    Manzoor Nadir
    Roxane George-Wiltshire
    Legislature
    CARICOM at the Treaty of Chaguaramas
    		1 August 1973
    6 October 1980
    +592
    ISO 3166 codeGY
    Internet TLD.gy

    Guyana (/ɡaɪˈɑːnə/ ⓘ or /ɡaɪˈænə/ ⓘ),[11][5] officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana,[12] is a country on the northern coast of South America, part of the historic mainland British West Indies. Guyana is an indigenous word which means "Land of Many Waters".[13] Georgetown is the capital of Guyana and is also the country's largest city. Guyana is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Brazil to the south and southwest, Venezuela to the west, and Suriname to the east. With a land area of 214,969 km2 (83,000 sq mi),[14] Guyana is the third-smallest sovereign state by area in mainland South America after Uruguay and Suriname, and is the second-least populous sovereign state in South America after Suriname; it is also one of the least densely populated countries on Earth. It has a wide variety of natural habitats and very high biodiversity. The country also hosts a part of the Amazon rainforest, the largest tropical rainforest in the world.

    The region known as "

    Pemon, Akawaio and Warao. Historically dominated by the Lokono and Kalina tribes, Guyana was colonised by the Dutch before coming under British control in the late 18th century. It was governed as British Guiana with a mostly plantation-style economy until the 1950s. It gained independence in 1966 and officially became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970. The legacy of British rule is reflected in the country's political administration and diverse population, which includes Indian, African, Indigenous, Chinese, Portuguese, other European
    , and various multiracial groups.

    Guyana is the only mainland South American nation in which English is the official language. However, the majority of the population speak

    Anglophone Caribbean. It is part of the mainland Caribbean region maintaining strong cultural, historical, and political ties with other Caribbean countries as well as serving as the headquarters for the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). In 2008, the country joined the Union of South American Nations
    as a founding member.

    In 2017, 41% of the population of Guyana lived below the

    crude oil in 2015 and commercial drilling in 2019, with its economy growing by 49% in 2020, making it, by some accounts, currently the world's fastest-growing economy. As it is said to have 11 billion barrels in oil reserves,[16] the country was on course to become one of the largest per capita oil producers in the world by 2025.[17] The discovery of over 11 billion barrels of oil reserves off the coast of Guyana since 2017 is the largest addition to global oil reserves since the 1970s.[18] Guyana is now ranked as having the fourth-highest GDP per capita in the Americas after the United States, Canada, and The Bahamas, and has been one of the countries with the most improvement in Human Development Index ranking since 2015. According to the World Bank in 2023, very significant poverty still exists and the country faces significant risks in structurally managing its growth.[19]

    Etymology

    The name "Guyana" derives from Guiana, an earlier name for a larger region that included the areas now called Guyana (British Guiana), Suriname (Dutch Guiana), French Guiana, the Guayana Region in Venezuela (Spanish Guyana), and Amapá in Brazil (Portuguese Guiana). According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the name "Guyana" comes from an indigenous Amerindian language and means "land of many waters".[20] The word Co‑operative in the official name refers to co-operative socialism.

    History

    Main article: History of Guyana
    A map of Dutch Guiana from 1667–1814

    Before colonisation

    What is now Guyana has been inhabited for millennia.

    shifting agriculture alongside hunting. Historians speculate that the Arawaks and Caribs originated in the South American hinterland and migrated northward, first to the present-day Guianas and then to the Caribbean islands. The Arawak, mainly cultivators, hunters, and fishermen, migrated to the Caribbean islands before the Carib and settled throughout the region.[22]

    Colonial period

    Although Christopher Columbus was the first European to sight Guyana during his third voyage (in 1498), and Sir Walter Raleigh wrote an account in 1596, the Dutch were the first Europeans to establish colonies: Pomeroon (1581), Essequibo (1616), Berbice (1627), and Demerara (1752). After France invaded the Dutch Republic (1795), the British assumed control in 1796, with the Dutch and British signing the London Convention in 1814 that ceded Demerara-Essequibo and Berbice to Britain.[23]

    In 1831, the united colonies of Demerara-Essequibo and separate colony of Berbice together became a single British colony known as British Guiana.[citation needed]

    Map of British Guiana from 1896

    Since its independence in 1824, Venezuela has claimed the area of land to the west of the

    Spanish Guiana and Dutch Guiana
    .

    Independence

    Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom as a dominion on 26 May 1966 and became a republic on 23 February 1970, remaining a member of the Commonwealth. Shortly after independence, Venezuela began to take diplomatic, economic, and military action against Guyana to enforce its territorial claim to the Essequibo region.[26]

    Following independence, Forbes Burnham of the People's National Congress Reform rose to power, quickly becoming a repressive authoritarian leader.[27] Politics became divided on race with the Afro-Guyanese supporting Burnham's People's National Congress and the Indo-Guyanese supporting Jagan's People's Progressive Party, in what became known as aapan jaat politics, loosely translated from Guyanese Hindustani as "vote for your own kind".

    Guyana was elected three times as a member of the

    UN Security Council
    in 1975–76, 1982–83 and 2024-25.

    In 1978, a total of 918 people died at the Jonestown mass murder-suicide led by cult leader Jim Jones at a remote settlement in northwest Guyana.[28]

    Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter visited Guyana to lobby for the resumption of free elections. On 5 October 1992, a new National Assembly and regional councils were elected in the first Guyanese election since 1964 to be internationally recognised as free and fair. Cheddi Jagan of the PPP was elected and sworn in as president on 9 October 1992.[29][27] This reversed the monopoly that Afro-Guyanese traditionally had over Guyanese politics. The poll was marred by violence however.

    In May 2008, President Bharrat Jagdeo was a signatory to the UNASUR Constitutive Treaty of the Union of South American Nations. The Guyanese government officially ratified the treaty in 2010.[30]

    In March 2020, President David A. Granger narrowly lost the snap elections, following Granger's government loss of a vote of no confidence back in 2018. Granger refused to accept the results, but eventually five months later, Irfaan Ali of the People's Progressive Party/Civic was sworn in as the new president because of allegations of fraud and irregularities.[31]

    The National Trust of Guyana has designated nine historic sites as national monuments.[citation needed]

    A referendum in neighbouring Venezuela was held in December 2023 on the annexation of the disputed Essequibo region, which lies entirely in the territory of Guyana.[32] The vote passed with a 95% majority, but with a low turnout, with analysts stating Maduro's government had falsified the results.[33] This came at the same time as a Venezuelan military buildup on the Guyanese border, sparking concerns of war between the two states.

    Geography

    Main article: Geography of Guyana
    Kaieteur Falls is the world's largest single-drop waterfall by volume.
    Rupununi Savannah
    Share of forest area in total land area, top countries (2021). Guyana has the second highest percentage of forest cover in the world.

    The territory controlled by Guyana lies between latitudes 1° and 9°N, and longitudes 56° and 62°W; it is one of the world's most sparsely populated countries.

    The country can be divided into five natural regions: a narrow and fertile marshy plain along the Atlantic coast (low coastal plain) where most of the population lives; a white sand belt further inland (hilly sand and clay region), containing most of Guyana's mineral deposits; the dense

    savannah
    areas in the south-west; and the smallest interior lowlands (interior savannah) consisting mostly of mountains that gradually rise to the Brazilian border.

    Some of Guyana's highest mountains are

    Rupununi River lies the Rupununi savannah, south of which lie the Kanuku Mountains
    .

    The four longest rivers are the Essequibo at 1,010 km (628 mi) long, the

    Courentyne River at 724 km (450 mi), the Berbice at 595 km (370 mi), and the Demerara at 346 km (215 mi). The Courentyne river forms the border with Suriname. At the mouth of the Essequibo are several large islands, including the 145 km (90 mi) wide Shell Beach along the northwest coast, which is also a major breeding area for sea turtles (mainly leatherbacks
    ) and other wildlife.

    The climate is tropical and generally hot and humid, though moderated by northeast trade winds along the coast. There are two rainy seasons, the first from May to mid-August, the second from mid-November to mid-January.

    Guyana has one of the largest unspoiled rainforests in South America, some parts of which are almost inaccessible by humans. The rich natural history of Guyana was described by early explorers Sir Walter Raleigh and Charles Waterton and later by naturalists Sir David Attenborough and Gerald Durrell. In 2008, the BBC broadcast a three-part programme called Lost Land of the Jaguar which highlighted the huge diversity of wildlife, including undiscovered species and rare species such as the giant otter and harpy eagle.

    In 2012, Guyana received a $45 million reward from Norway for its rainforest protection efforts. This stems from a 2009 agreement between the nations for a total of $250 million for protecting and maintaining the natural habitat. Thus far, the country has received $115 million of the total grant.

    Biodiversity and conservation

    The hoatzin is the national bird of Guyana
    Satellite image of Guyana from 2004
    See also: Fauna of Guyana, List of protected areas of Guyana, Category:Flora of Guyana, Category:Fauna of Guyana, and Category:Orchids of Guyana

    Guyana has one of the highest levels of biodiversity in the world. It is home to more than 225 species of mammals, 900 species of birds, 880 species of reptiles, and more than 6,500 different species of plants.[35] Among these wildlife categories the most notably famous are the Arapaima, which is the world's largest scaled freshwater fish; the giant anteater, the largest anteater; the giant otter, the world's largest and rarest river otter; and the Guianan cock-of-the-rock bird (Rupicola rupicola).[36]

    The following habitats have been categorised for Guyana: coastal, marine, littoral, estuarine, palustrine, mangrove, riverine, lacustrine, swamp, savanna, white sand forest, brown sand forest, montane, cloud forest, moist lowland and dry evergreen scrub forests (NBAP, 1999). About 14 areas of biological interest have been identified as possible hotspots for a National Protected Area System.

    More than 80% of Guyana is still covered by forests, which also contain the world's rarest

    orchids, ranging from dry evergreen and seasonal forests to montane and lowland evergreen rain forests. These forests are home to more than a thousand species of trees. Guyana's tropical climate, unique geology, and relatively undisturbed ecosystems support extensive areas of species-rich rain forests and natural habitats with high levels of endemism
    . There are about 8000 species of plants in Guyana, half of which are found nowhere else.

    The country is home to six ecoregions:

    Tepuis, Guianan savanna, and Guianan mangroves.[37] The Guiana Shield region is little known and extremely rich biologically. Unlike other areas of South America, over 70% of the natural habitat remains pristine. Guyana ranks third in the world with a 2019 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 9.58/10.[38]

    Anomaloglossus beebei
    (Kaieteur), specific to the Guianas

    The rich natural history of British Guiana was described by early explorers Sir Walter Raleigh and Charles Waterton and later by naturalists Sir David Attenborough and Gerald Durrell. mSouthern Guyana is host to some of the most pristine expanses of evergreen forests in the northern part of South America. Most of the forests found are tall, evergreen hill-land and lower montane forests, with large expanses of flooded forest along major rivers. Thanks to the very low human population density of the area, most of these forests are still intact.

    The Smithsonian Institution has identified nearly 2,700 species of plants from this region, representing 239 distinct families, and there are certainly additional species still to be recorded.[

    caimans
    .

    On land, large mammals, such as

    tapirs, bush dogs, giant anteaters, and saki monkeys
    are still common. Over 800 species of birds have been reported from the region, and the reptile and amphibian faunas are similarly rich.

    In February 2004, the Government of Guyana issued a title to more than 4,000 km2 (1×10^6 acres) of land in the Konashen Indigenous District as the

    Wai Wai, and the world's largest community-owned conservation Area.[39] The Iwokrama International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development was also created for the protection and sustainable use of the Iwokrama forest area. Since 2009, Guyana and Norway have collaborated to promote green development in Guyana while keeping deforestation at low levels [40]

    Economy

    Main articles: Economy of Guyana and Agriculture in Guyana
    See also: List of companies of Guyana
    A tractor in a rice field on Guyana's coastal plain

    The main economic activities in Guyana are agriculture (rice and

    Demerara sugar), bauxite
    and gold mining, timber, seafood, minerals, crude oil and natural gas.

    The discovery of major crude oil reserves off the Atlantic coast has since made a large impact on Guyana's GDP since drilling began in 2019. GDP grew sharply (43%) through the COVID-19 pandemic year of 2020, and is anticipated to continue at a high level in 2021 (estimated at 20%). The non-oil sectors contracted as public health measures were in place to control the virus spread; the growth of GDP rests on the oil sector for these two years.[41]

    Preservation of Guyana's pristine forests has been a key component for receiving international aid through

    REDD
    programmes.

    Summary

    • GDP: US$4.121 billion ($5,252 per capita, 2019 est.)[8]
    • GDP growth rate: 86.7% (2020)[8][42]
    • Inflation: 5.03% (2021)[43]
    • Unemployment: 16.42% (2021)[43]
    • Arable land: 2% (2018 estimate) [43]
    • Labour force: 324,943 (2019)[44]
    • Agricultural produce: sugar, rice, vegetable oils, beef, pork, poultry, dairy products, fish, shrimp[43]
    • Industrial production: bauxite, sugar, rice milling, timber, textiles, gold mining[43]
    • Exports: US$4.64 billion; United States 40%, Singapore 14%, United Arab Emirates 6%, United Kingdom 6%, Barbados 6% (2021)[43]
    • Imports: US$6.611 billion; Singapore 33%, United States 19%, Trinidad and Tobago 12%, China 8%, Brazil 2% (2021)[43]

    History

    The earliest residents of Guyana employed a variety of agricultural practices for subsistence living but also had extensive networks of trade, dealing in items such as blow pipes, curare, cassava graters, and other essentials. These trade networks were important even at the time of the earliest European contact, and Dutch traders were inclined to gift the local peoples in order to maintain successful settlements.[45]

    After the initial rush to find gold in the New World waned, the Dutch found the climate to be suitable for growing sugar cane, converting large tracts of the Guyanese coast into plantations and supplying with labour from the Atlantic slave trade. The country and economy were run by a small European planter elite[46] which continued on when the colonies of the territory were merged and the land was given over to the British Empire in 1814. Upon emancipation in 1838, almost all of the former slaves abandoned the plantations, and Indians were brought to the country under indenture contracts from 1838 until the end of the system in 1917.[47]

    The production of

    balatá (natural latex) was once a big business in Guyana. Most of the balatá bleeding in Guyana took place in the foothills of the Kanuku Mountains in the Rupununi savannah. Early exploitation also took place in the North West District, but most of the trees in the area were destroyed by illicit bleeding methods that involved cutting down the trees rather than making incisions in them. Uses of balatá included the making of cricket balls, temporary dental fillings, and the crafting of figurines and other decorative items (particularly by the Macushi
    people).

    When the country gained independence from British rule, a policy of nationalisation was enacted by

    GuySuCo) operations were taken over by the government. However, the economy under nationalisation was plagued by problems; political instability leading to an exodus of skilled labour, inexperienced management, aging infrastructure. Poor international market conditions also expanded the country's debt.[48]

    The Guyanese economy rebounded slightly and exhibited moderate economic growth after 1999, due to expansion in the agricultural and mining sectors, a more favourable atmosphere for business initiatives, a more realistic exchange rate, fairly low inflation, and the continued support of international organisations. Guyana held huge amounts of debt which have been written off through various international agencies. In 2003 Guyana qualified for US$329 million of debt relief, in addition to the US$256 million from the original World Bank plan for assisting heavily indebted poor countries in 1999. The Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative in 2006/7 wrote off about US$611 million of Guyana's debt by the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank. In 2006, Japan finalised its bilateral debt cancellation agreement, in 2007, US$15 million was written off by China and in 2008, Venezuela cancelled US$12.5 million.[49]

    In 2008, the economy witnessed a 3% increase in growth amid the global

    economic crisis; it grew 5.4% in 2011 and 3.7% in 2012. IMF projected economic growth to be 53% in 2020 following the completion of the first off-shore oil project.[50] Actual growth in GDP in 2020 was 43%; reports in April 2021 anticipate 20% growth for 2021.[41]

    Tax policy

    The government initiated a major overhaul of the tax code in early 2007. A

    Value Added Tax (VAT) replaced six different taxes. Prior to the implementation of the VAT, it had been relatively easy to evade sales tax, and many businesses were in violation of tax code. Many businesses opposed VAT introduction because of the extra paperwork required; however, the Government has remained firm on the VAT. Replacing several taxes with one flat tax rate, it will also be easier for government auditors to spot embezzlement
    .

    Organisations

    Major

    Thatched roof
    houses in Guyana

    Demographics

    Main articles: Demographics of Guyana and Guyanese people
    Guyana's population density in 2012 (people per km2)
    A graph showing the population of Guyana from 1961 to 2003. The population decline in the 1980s can be clearly seen.
    Indo-Guyanese plantation workers 1922
    Afro-Guyanese farmers in 1919

    The large majority (about 90%) of Guyana's 744,000 people live along a narrow coastal strip that ranges from a width of 16 to 64 km (10 to 40 mi) inland and makes up approximately 10% of the nation's total land area.[53]

    Guyana's population is racially and ethnically heterogeneous, with ethnic groups originating from India, Africa, Europe, and China, as well as indigenous or aboriginal peoples. Despite their diverse ethnic backgrounds, these groups share a common language of English and its Guyanese English Creole vernacular.

    The largest ethnic group is the

    Wapixana, the Macushi, and the Warao.[54] The two largest groups, the Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese, have experienced some racial tension.[55][56][57]

    The Afro-Guyanese population mainly descend from West African ethnicities such as the Ashanti from Ghana, the Yoruba from Southwest Nigeria, the Ibo from South-Eastern Nigeria, and the Mandingo from Senegal.[58] Most Indo-Guyanese are descended from indentured labourers who migrated from North India, especially the Bhojpur and Awadh regions of the Hindi Belt in the present-day states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and Jharkhand.[59] A significant minority of Indo-Guyanese are also descended from indentured migrants who came from the South Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh; these are the plurality ancestry in the East Berbice-Corentyne region.[60]

    Largest cities

    Largest cities and towns of Guyana
    Rank Name Region Population
    1 Georgetown Demerara-Mahaica 118,363[61]
    2 Linden Upper Demerara-Berbice 27,277[61]
    3 New Amsterdam East Berbice-Corentyne 17,329[61]
    4 Corriverton East Berbice-Corentyne 11,386[61]
    5 Bartica Cuyuni-Mazaruni 8,004[62]
    6 Mahaica Demerara-Mahaica 4,867[62]
    7 Rose Hall East Berbice-Corentyne 4,413[62]
    8 Parika Essequibo Islands-West Demerara 4,385[62]
    9 Triumph Demerara-Mahaica 3,788[62]
    10 Uitvlugt Essequibo Islands-West Demerara 2,980[62]

    Languages

    Main article: Languages of Guyana

    English is the official language of Guyana and is used for education, government, media, and services. The vast majority of the population speaks Guyanese Creole, an English-based creole with slight African, Indian, and Amerindian influences, as their native tongue.[63]

    Indigenous

    Akawaio, Wai-Wai, and Macushi
    ) are spoken by a small minority of Amerindians.

    Guyanese Hindustani is spoken by the older generation of the Indo-Guyanese community, but younger Guyanese use English or Guyanese Creole. Indo-Surinamese immigrant from Suriname speak the Sarnami variant, especially the Nickerian-Berbician Hindustani subdialect.[64]

    Religion

    Main article: Religion in Guyana

    Religion in Guyana (2012 census)[65]

      
    Irreligious
    (3%)
    St. George's Anglican Cathedral in Georgetown
    Central Vaidik Mandir in Georgetown

    In 2012 the population was 63% Christian, 25%

    Hindu, 7% Muslim, 3% of other faiths, and 3% irreligious.[66]

    Religion is an important aspect of identity in Guyana and reflects the various external influences of colonialism and immigrant groups. Christianity was considered the prestigious religion, transmitting European culture and representing upward mobility in the colonial society. Missionaries and churches built schools, and until nationalisation in the 1970s, nearly all schools were denominational. When Indians were brought to the country as indentured labour, Hinduism and Islam gained prominence, but for some decades neither were acknowledged for legal marriage.[67]

    Some traditional African and Amerindian folk beliefs remain alongside the dominant religions.

    Health

    Main article: Health in Guyana

    Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 69.5 years as of 2020.[68]

    The PAHO/ WHO Global Health Report 2014 (using statistics of 2012) ranked the country as having the highest

    WHO, HIV prevalence is 1.2% of the teen/adult population (ages 15–49).[71]

    Education

    Main article:
    British education system. Primary education became compulsory in 1876, although the need for children to assist in agricultural labour kept many children from schooling. In the 1960s, the government took over control of all schools in the country. Fees were removed, new schools were opened in rural areas, and the University of Guyana was established so students no longer were required to go abroad for tertiary education.[72]

    Guyana's literacy was one of the highest in the Caribbean, by estimated literacy rate of 96 per cent in 1990.[72] In a 2014 UNESCO estimate, literacy is 96.7 in the 15–24 year old age group.[73] However, the functional literacy may be only as high as 70%.[74]

    Students are expected to take the NGSA (National Grade Six Assessment) for entrance into high school in grade 7. They take the

    A-level system
    , inherited from the British era, is offered only in a few schools.

    Infrastructure challenges affect access to education, especially for students in the hinterland. A World Bank assessment showed roughly 50% of teachers were "untrained, operated with inadequate teaching materials, and served children of parents with low levels of adult literacy".[75]

    Government

    Politics

    Main article: Politics of Guyana
    The State House, Guyana's presidential residence
    The Supreme Court of Guyana
    Guyana's parliament building since 1834
    Arthur Raymond Chung, the first president of Guyana (1970-1980)
    Cheddi Jagan
    Forbes Burnham

    The

    National Assembly of Guyana.[76]
    Historically, politics is a source of tension in the country, and violent riots have often broken out during elections.

    During the 1970s and 1980s, the political landscape was dominated by the People's National Congress.[77] In 1992, the first constitutional elections were overseen by former United States President Jimmy Carter, and the People's Progressive Party led the country until 2015. The two parties are principally organised along ethnic lines and as a result, often clash on issues related to the allocation of resources. In the General Elections held on 28 November 2011, the People's Progressive Party (PPP) retained a majority, and their presidential candidate Donald Ramotar was elected as president.[78]

    On 11 May 2015, early general elections were held. A coalition of the A Partnership for National Unity-Alliance for Change (APNU-AFC) parties won 33 of the 65 seats in the National Assembly. On 16 May 2015, retired army general David A. Granger became the eighth President of Guyana.[79] However, on 21 December 2018, a vote of confidence was called for, regarding terms under which the government granted a franchise for offshore oil exploration. Legislator Charrandass Persaud defected from the coalition and the vote failed, requiring new elections. The governing coalition litigated this result for the entire 90 days allowed for new elections. New elections were held on 2 March 2020, and results were declared on 3 August 2020, with the People's Progressive Party/Civic as the winner. Mohamed Irfaan Ali became the ninth President of Guyana.[80][81]

    Essequibo conflict

    There is a conflict between Guyana and Venezuela concerning the Essequibo region. After years of fruitless mediation, Guyana went to the International Court of Justice in 2018, asking judges to rule that the 1899 border decision by an international panel of arbiters is valid and binding. Venezuela argues that a 1966 agreement to resolve the dispute effectively nullified the original arbitration. The ICJ has ruled the case is admissible and that it has jurisdiction, but it is expected to take years to reach a final decision. On Sunday, 3 December 2023, Venezuela's President Nicolas Maduro convoked a referendum to ask Venezuelan electors five questions, including whether to create a Venezuelan state in Essequibo and whether voters support granting Venezuelan citizenship to the region's current and future residents. Venezuela does not recognise the U.N. panel's jurisdiction over the decades-old dispute, but the country's Vice President Delcy Rodríguez nonetheless characterised the ruling as a “victory for Venezuela,” given that the U.N. did not order a halt to the referendum plans. [82]

    Public procurement

    Public procurement in Guyana is overseen by the Public Procurement Commission, appointed under the Public Procurement Commission Act 2003. Due to lengthy delay in identifying and agreeing commission members, the commission was not appointed until 2016.[83]

    Military

    Main article: Guyana Defence Force

    The Guyana Defence Force (GDF) is the military service of Guyana. It maintains strong military relations with Brazil, with which it collaborates on border security through yearly regional military exchange gatherings. Guyana also has an ongoing partnership with the United States Army to enhance the country's military readiness and capabilities to respond to security threats.[84]

    Human rights

    See also: LGBT rights in Guyana

    Homosexual acts, as well as anal and oral sex, are illegal in Guyana.[85] It is currently the only country in South America that prohibits such acts. Engaging in such acts can warrant life imprisonment, though the prohibition is not enforced. These laws can be difficult to alter, as Guyana's Constitution protects laws inherited from the British Empire from constitutional review.[86] However, cross-dressing has been legal since 2018, when a ban was struck down by Guyana's court of last resort, the Caribbean Court of Justice.[87] President David A. Granger (2015–2020) expressed support for these efforts.[88]

    Administrative divisions

    Regions and Neighbourhood Councils

    Main articles: Regions of Guyana and Neighbourhood Councils of Guyana
    Regions of Guyana by number and name

    Guyana is divided into 10 regions:[89][90]

    No Region Regional capital Area km2 Pop.
    (2012 census)     		Pop. density
    per km2
    1 Barima-Waini Mabaruma 20,339 26,941 1.32
    2 Pomeroon-Supenaam Anna Regina 6,195 46,810 7.56
    3 Essequibo Islands-West Demerara Vreed en Hoop 3,755 107,416 28.61
    4 Demerara-Mahaica Triumph 2,232 313,429 140.43
    5 Mahaica-Berbice Fort Wellington 4,190 49,723 11.87
    6 East Berbice-Corentyne New Amsterdam 36,234 109,431 3.02
    7 Cuyuni-Mazaruni Bartica 47,213 20,280 0.43
    8 Potaro-Siparuni Mahdia 20,051 10,190 0.51
    9 Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo Lethem 57,750 24,212 0.42
    10 Upper Demerara-Berbice Linden 17,040 39,452 2.32
    Total 214,999 747,884 3.48

    The regions are divided into 27 neighbourhood councils.[91]

    Natural regions

    Guyana is divided into four natural regions.[92] These are:

    1. Low Coastal Plain
    2. Hilly Sand and Clay
    3. Highland Region
    4. Interior Savannahs

    International and regional relations

    Boundary disputes

    Map of Guyana with the disputed territories incorporated, showing the Essequibo River and (shaded dark) the river's drainage basin. Venezuela claims territory up to the western bank of the river. The historical claim by the UK included the river basin well into current-day Venezuela.
    See also: Schomburgk Line and Borders of Suriname

    Guyana is in

    United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea, and a ruling was announced on 21 September 2007. The ruling concerning the Caribbean Sea north of both nations found both parties violated treaty obligations and declined to order any compensation to either party.[99]

    When the British surveyed British Guiana in 1840, they included the entire

    Cuyuni River basin within the colony. Venezuela did not agree with this as it claimed all lands west of the Essequibo River. In 1898, at Venezuela's request, an international arbitration tribunal was convened, and in 1899 the tribunal issued an award giving about 94% of the disputed territory to British Guiana. The arbitration was concluded, settled and accepted into International law by both Venezuela and the UK. Venezuela brought up again the settled claim, during the 1960s cold war period, and during Guyana's Independence period. This issue is now governed by the Treaty of Geneva of 1966, which was signed by the Governments of Guyana, the United Kingdom and Venezuela, and Venezuela continues to claim the Essequibo region.[100] Venezuela calls this region "Zona en Reclamación" (Reclamation Zone) and Venezuelan maps of the national territory routinely include it, drawing it in with dashed lines.[101]

    In 2023, a referendum was held in Venezuela which saw 95% of voters approve creating a new state in the disputed area with Guyana's President Irfaan Ali calling it a direct threat on the nation's sovereignty. Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro claims wide support for the move, despite only around 10% of the Venezuelan voting population taking part in the referendum.

    US Southern Command will hold air exercises with Guyana Defence Forces in Guyana in December 2023.[104]

    Disputed areas of Guyana with Venezuela (red) and Suriname (yellow)
    Disputed areas of Guyana with Venezuela (red) and Suriname (yellow)

    Specific small disputed areas involving Guyana are

    New River Triangle[106] with Suriname. In 1967 a Surinamese survey team was found in the New River Triangle and was forcibly removed. In August 1969 a patrol of the Guyana Defence Force found a survey camp and a partially completed airstrip inside the triangle, and documented evidence of the Surinamese intention to occupy the entire disputed area. After an exchange of gunfire, the Surinamese
    were driven from the triangle.

    The Organisation of American States (OAS)

    Guyana entered the

    Organisation of American States in 1991.[107]

    Indigenous Leaders Summits of America (ILSA)

    With Guyana having many groups of indigenous persons and given the geographical location of the country, the contributions of the Guyanese to the OAS respecting indigenous people may be significant.[108]

    The position of the OAS respecting indigenous persons developed over the years. "The "OAS has supported and participated in the organisation of Indigenous Leaders Summits of Americas (ILSA)"[109]

    The Draft American Declaration of the Rights of the Indigenous Persons appears to be a working document[110]

    Agreements which affect financial relationships

    The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994

    At a CARICOM Meeting, representatives of Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana respectively signed The Double Taxation Relief (CARICOM) Treaty 1994 on 19 August 1994.[111]

    This treaty covered taxes, residence, tax jurisdictions, capital gains, business profits, interest, dividends, royalties and other areas.

    FATCA

    On 30 June 2014, Guyana signed a Model 1 agreement with the United States of America in relation to the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA).[112] This Model 1 agreement includes a reference to the Tax Information Exchange Agreement (Clause 3) which was signed on 22 July 1992 in Georgetown, Guyana intending to exchange tax information on an automatic basis.

    Infrastructure and telecommunications

    Transport

    Main article: Transport in Guyana
    Cross-border bridge from Guyana to Brazil near Lethem

    There are a total of 187 km (116 mi) of railway, all dedicated to ore transport. There are 7,969 km (4,952 mi) of highway, of which 591 km (367 mi) are paved. Navigable waterways extend 1,077 km (669 mi), including the Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo rivers. There are ports at Georgetown, Port Kaituma, and

    drive on the left
    .

    Electricity

    Main article: Electricity sector in Guyana

    The electricity sector in Guyana is dominated by

    MW of installed capacity correspond to diesel-engine driven generators.[113]

    Several initiatives are in place to improve energy access in the hinterland.

    Culture

    Main article: Culture of Guyana
    See also:
    Literature of Guyana and Music of Guyana
    Holidays
    1 January New Year's Day
    Spring
    Youman Nabi (Mawlid
    )
    23 February Republic Day / Mashramani
    March
    Phagwah (Holi
    )
    March / April Good Friday
    March / April
    Easter Sunday
    March / April Easter Monday
    1 May Labour Day
    5 May Indian Arrival Day
    26 May
    Independence Day
    First Monday in July
    CARICOM Day
    1 August Emancipation Day
    October / November Diwali
    25 December Christmas
    26 or 27 December Boxing Day
    Varies Eid al-Fitr
    Varies Eid al-Adha

    Guyana's culture is very similar to that of the English-speaking Caribbean, and has historically been tied to the English-speaking Caribbean as part of the British Empire when it became a possession in the nineteenth century.

    The current Guyanese culture began to develop when immigrants (some of them forced, others voluntary) adapted and converged with the dominant British culture. Slavery eradicated much of the distinction between differing African cultures as they were supplanted by British culture, which encouraged the adoption of Christianity and the values of British colonists; this laid the foundations of today's Afro-Guyanese culture. Arriving later and under somewhat more favourable circumstances, Indian immigrants were subjected to less assimilation, and they preserved more aspects of Indian culture, such as religion, cuisine, music, festivals, and clothing.[114]

    Guyana's geographical location, its sparsely populated rain-forest regions, and its substantial Amerindian population differentiate it from English-speaking Caribbean countries. Its blend of the two dominant cultures, Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese, gives it similarities to Trinidad and Tobago and Suriname, and distinguishes it from other parts of the Americas. Guyana shares similar interests with the islands in the West Indies, such as food, festive events, music, sports, etc.

    Events include

    Deepavali (Diwali
    ).

    Media

    Main articles: National Communications Network, Guyana; Radio in Guyana; and List of newspapers in Guyana

    Landmarks

    St George's Cathedral, Georgetown
    • St George's Anglican Cathedral: A historic Anglican Cathedral made of wood.[115]
    • Demerara Harbour Bridge: The world's fourth-longest floating bridge.[116]
    • Berbice Bridge: The world's sixth-longest floating bridge.
    • Caribbean Community (CARICOM) Building: Houses the headquarters of the largest and most powerful economic union in the Caribbean.
    • Providence Stadium: Situated on Providence on the east bank of the Demerara River and built in time for the ICC World Cup 2007, it is the largest sports stadium in the country. It is also near the Providence Mall, forming a major spot for leisure in Guyana.
    • Arthur Chung Conference Centre:[117] Presented as a gift from the People's Republic of China to the Government of Guyana. It is the only one of its kind in the country.
    • Stabroek Market: A large cast-iron colonial structure that looked like a statue was located next to the Demerara River.[115]
    • Georgetown City Hall: A beautiful wooden structure also from the colonial era.[115]
    • Takutu River Bridge: A bridge across the Takutu River, connecting Lethem in Guyana to Bonfim in Brazil.[118]
    • Umana Yana: An Amerindian benab, that is a national monument built in 1972, for a meeting of the Foreign Ministers of the Non-Aligned nations (It was rebuilt in 2016).[119]
    • Shell Beach: Approximately 140 km long beach. In some parts beach consists of pure shells, very high biological diversity. Important nesting site for 8 species of sea turtles.[115]
    • Parliament Building of Guyana: Parliament Building currently houses the seat of the National Assembly of the Government of Guyana. Located in Stabroek, facing Brickdam and bordered by Hadfield Street, High Street, and Cornhill Street [120]

    Sports

    See also: Cricket in the West Indies
    Providence Stadium as seen from the East Bank Highway

    The major sports in Guyana are

    lawn tennis, table tennis, boxing, squash, rugby, horse racing
    and a few others.

    Guyana played host to international cricket matches as part of the 2007 Cricket World Cup (CWC 2007). The new 15,000-seat Providence Stadium, also referred to as Guyana National Stadium, was built in time for the World Cup and was ready for the beginning of play on 28 March. At the first international game of CWC 2007 at the stadium, Lasith Malinga of the Sri Lankan team took four wickets in four consecutive deliveries.[123]

    CaribeBasket, the top international basketball tournament for countries in the Caribbean
    .

    For international football purposes, Guyana is part of CONCACAF. The highest league in their club system is the GFF Elite League. Guyana's national football team has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup; however, they qualified for the Caribbean Cup in 1991, finishing fourth, and 2007. In 2019, they qualified for the CONCACAF Gold Cup for the first time, after finishing seventh in the qualifiers. They finished third in Group D, having lost two matches and drawn one.

    Guyana also has five courses for horse racing.[124]

    Guyana featured a beach volleyball team at the 2019 South American Beach Games.[125]

    See also

    Explanatory notes

    1. ^ The president is constitutionally obligated to dissolve parliament after a successful no-confidence motion against the government (article 106(6)) and new elections are called within 3 months (article 61).[3]
    2. Eastern Orthodox, Mormons, Jehovah's Witnesses and other Christians.[citation needed
      ]

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    Further reading

    External links