Environmental issues in the Niger Delta

Coordinates: 5°19′N 6°25′E / 5.317°N 6.417°E / 5.317; 6.417
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Environmental issues in the Niger Delta are caused by

farming are the main sources of livelihoods for majority of her residents.[6]

This incredibly well-endowed ecosystem contains one of the highest concentrations of biodiversity on the planet, in addition to supporting abundant flora and fauna, arable terrain that can sustain a wide variety of crops, lumber or agricultural trees, and more species of freshwater fish than any ecosystem in West Africa.[7]

The advent of

NNPC, long before popular unrest surfaced:[15]

We witnessed the slow poisoning of the waters of this country and the destruction of vegetation and agricultural land and good water source by oil spills which occur during petroleum operations. But since the inception of the oil industry in Nigeria, more than fifty years ago, there has been no concerned and effective effort on the part of the government, let alone the oil operators, to control environmental problems associated with the industry.[16]

The resultant

flaring, dredging of larger rivers, oil spillage and reclamation of land due to oil and gas extraction across the Niger Delta region costs about US$758 million every year.[17] Regrettably, 75% of the cost is borne by the local communities through polluted water, infertile farmland and lost biodiversity.[18] The region could experience a loss of 40% of its habitable terrain in the next thirty years as a result of extensive dam
construction in the region.

Oil spills

Environmental degradation in Nigeria
Oil spill

Extent of the problem

The

Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC)... approximately 2,300 cubic meters (610,000 U.S. gal) of oil are spilled in 300 separate incidents annually. It can be safely assumed that, due to under-reporting, the real figure is substantially higher: conservative estimates place it at up to ten times higher."[22]

The

Forcados Terminal tank failure which produced a spillage estimated at 580,000 barrels (92,000 m3).[4] In 2010 Baird reported that between 9 million and 13 million barrels have been spilled in the Niger Delta since 1958.[25] One source even calculates that the total amount of petroleum in barrels spilled between 1960 and 1997 is upwards of 100 million barrels (16,000,000 m3).[24] United nation's report of 2011 documented the environment of the Niger Delta is so polluted that it could take 25 to 30 years to reverse the associated sustainability consequences of the pollution.[26]

A catastrophic spill occurred on May 1, 2010 at an ExxonMobil offshore oil platform approximately 35 to 45 kilometres (20 to 25 nautical miles) from shore. The rupture spewed more than 3.8 megalitres (1 million US gallons) of crude into the Delta. Because the spill occurred just 10 days after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, people affected by repeated spills in the Niger Delta noted "massive differences" in international response to these disasters and relative lack of media coverage for such events in Nigeria.[27]

Causes

Oil pipeline

Most of the oil infrastructure is old and lacks regular inspection or maintenance.

pipeline and tanker corrosion and accidents (50%), other causes include sabotage (28%) and oil production operations (21%), with 1% of the spills being accounted for by inadequate or non-functional production equipment.[28][4]

A reason that corrosion accounts for such a high percentage of all spills is that as a result of the small size of the oilfields in the Niger Delta, there is an extensive network of pipelines between the fields, as well as numerous small networks of flowlines—the narrow diameter pipes that carry oil from wellheads to flowstations—allowing many opportunities for leaks. In onshore areas most pipelines and flowlines are laid above ground. Pipelines, which have an estimate life span of about fifteen years, are old and susceptible to corrosion. Many of the pipelines are as old as twenty to twenty-five years.[23]

Shell admits that "most of the facilities were constructed between the 1960s and early 1980s to the then prevailing standards. SPDC [Shell Petroleum and Development Company] would not build them that way today.”[29]

saboteur attempts to tap the pipeline. In the process of extraction sometimes the pipeline is damaged or destroyed. Oil extracted in this manner can often be sold.[30]

Sabotage and theft through oil siphoning has become a major issue in the Niger River Delta states as well, contributing to further environmental degradation.[31] Damaged lines may go unnoticed for days, and repair of the damaged pipes takes even longer. Oil siphoning has become a big business, with the stolen oil quickly making its way onto the black market.[23]

While the popularity of selling stolen oil increases, the number of deaths caused by explosion increase as well. In late December 2006 more than 200 people were killed in the Lagos region of Nigeria in an oil line explosion.[32][33]

Nigerian regulations of the oil industry are weak and rarely enforced, allowing in essence, the industry to self-regulate.[25]

Consequences

Oil spillage has a major impact on the ecosystem into which it is released and may constitute ecocide.[34] Immense tracts of the mangrove forests, which are especially susceptible to oil (mainly because it is stored in the soil and re-released annually during inundations), have been destroyed. An estimated 5 to 10% of Nigerian mangrove ecosystems have been wiped out either by settlement[35][30] or oil. The rainforest which previously occupied some 7,400 km2 (2,900 sq mi) of land has disappeared as well.[23]
Spills in populated areas often spread out over a wide area, destroying crops and
water hyacinth, which thrives in polluted environments but clogs waterways and competes with native plants.[38]

People in the affected areas complain about health issues including breathing problems and skin lesions; many have lost basic human rights such as health, access to food, clean water, and an ability to work.[25][39]

On January 30, 2013, a Dutch court ruled that Shell is liable for the pollution in the Niger Delta.

Ogoniland community of Bodo for two oil spills in 2008 after a court case in London.[42][43][44]

Cleanup

In 2011, Nigeria commissioned a report from the United Nations on the impact of oil extraction in the delta area of 'Ogoniland'.[45] The report found severe soil ground and tapwater contamination, destruction of mangroves, and "that institutional control measures in place both in the oil industry and the Government were not implemented adequately."[45][46] The UN concluded it would take over 30 years to reverse the damage.[45] Based on those recommendations,[1] in August 2017 Nigeria launched a $1 billion clean-up and restoration program.[45][47] In January 2019 engineers first arrived to begin the cleanup.[42]

In 2019, the Nigerian government came under

Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation to take over the Ogoniland oil wells from Shell "and ensure smooth re-entry."[48][49] NGOs and the Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People have protested the proposed action.[48][50]

The federal government of Nigeria through the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation disbursed the sum of $180m as the take off fee for the 21 selected companies out of the 400 companies that bid for the contract.[51]

Loss of mangrove forests

See also: Deforestation in Nigeria

Vegetation in the Niger River Delta consists of extensive

swamp forests, and rainforests. The large expanses of mangrove forests are estimated to cover approximately 5,000 to 8,580 km2 (1,900 to 3,300 sq mi) of land.[52] Mangroves remain very important to the indigenous people of Nigeria as well as to the various organisms that inhabit these ecosystems
.

Human impact from poor land management upstream coupled with the constant pollution of petroleum has caused five to ten percent of these mangrove forests to disappear. The

viscous properties of petroleum have wiped out large areas of vegetation. When spills occur close to and within the drainage basin
, the hydrologic force of both the river and tides force spilled petroleum to move up into areas of vegetation.

nutrient cycling, clean water, sunlight, and proper substrates. With ideal conditions they offer habitat structure, and input of energy via photosynthesis to the organisms they interact with. The effects of petroleum spills on mangroves are known to acidify the soils, halt cellular respiration, and starve roots of vital oxygen.[53]

An area of mangroves that has been destroyed by petroleum may be susceptible to other problems. These areas may not be suitable for any native plant growth until bacteria and microorganisms can remediate the conditions. A particular species of mangrove, Rhizophora racemosa, lives higher in the delta system. As the soils supporting R. racemosa become too toxic, a non-native invasive species of palm, Nypa fruticans, quickly colonizes the area. This invasive species has a shallower root system that destabilizes the banks along the waterways, further affecting sediment distribution lower in the delta system. N. fruticans also impedes navigation and decreases overall biodiversity. In places where N. fruticans has invaded, communities are investigating how the palm can be used by local people.[54]

The loss of mangrove forests is not only degrading life for plants and animals, but for humans as well. These systems are highly valued by the indigenous people living in the affected areas. Mangrove forests have been a major source of wood for local people. They also are important to a variety of species vital to subsistence practices for local indigenous groups, who unfortunately see little to none of the economic benefits of petroleum. Mangroves also provide essential habitat for rare and endangered species like the manatee and pygmy hippopotamus. Poor policy decisions regarding the allocation of petroleum revenue has caused political unrest in Nigeria.[55] This clash among governing bodies, oil corporations, and the people of Nigeria has resulted in sabotage to petroleum pipelines, further exacerbating the threat to mangrove forests.

The future for mangrove forests and other floral communities is not all negative. Local and outside groups have provided funds and labor to remediate and restore the destroyed mangrove swamps. The federal government of Nigeria established the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) in 2000 which aims to suppress the environmental and ecological impacts petroleum has had in the region. Governmental and nongovernmental organizations have also utilized technology to identify the source and movement of petroleum spills.[52]

Depletion of fish population

The fishing industry is an essential part of Nigeria's sustainability because it provides much needed protein and nutrients for people, but with the higher demand on fishing, fish populations are declining as they are being depleted faster than they are able to restore their number. Fishing needs to be limited along the Niger River and aquacultures should be created to provide for the growing demand on the fishing industry. Aquaculture allows for fish to be farmed for production and provide more jobs for the local people of Nigeria.

Overfishing is not the only impact on marine communities. Climate change, habitat loss, and pollution are all added pressures to these important ecosystems. The banks of the Niger River are desirable and ideal locations for people to settle. The river provides water for drinking, bathing, cleaning, and fishing for both the dinner table and trading to make a profit. As the people have settled along the shores of the rivers and coasts, marine and terrestrial habitats are being lost and ecosystems are being drastically changed. The shoreline along the Niger River is important in maintaining the temperature of the water because the slightest change in water temperature can be fatal to certain marine species. Trees and shrubs provide shade and habitat for marine species, while reducing fluctuation in water temperature.[56]

The Niger River is an important ecosystem that needs to be protected, for it is home to 36 families and nearly 250 species of fish, of which 20 are

marine environment, such as pollution, overfishing, and habitat loss, the productivity and biodiversity
of the marine ecosystems would increase.

Natural gas flaring

See also: Gas flare and Routine flaring

Nigeria flares more

gas flaring are notoriously unreliable, but Nigeria may waste US$2 billion per year by flaring associated gas.[60][61]

Flaring is done as it is costly to separate commercially viable associated gas from the oil. Companies operating in Nigeria also harvest natural gas for commercial purposes but prefer to extract it from deposits where it is found in isolation as non-associated gas. Thus associated gas is burned off to decrease costs.

Gas flaring is generally discouraged as it releases toxic components into the atmosphere and contributes to climate change. In western Europe 99% of associated gas is used or re-injected into the ground. Gas flaring in Nigeria began simultaneously with oil extraction in the 1960s by Shell-BP. Alternatives to flaring are gas re-injection or to store it for use as an energy source. If properly stored, the gas could be used for community projects.

Gas flaring releases of large amounts of methane, which has a high global warming potential. The methane is accompanied by the other major greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide, of which Nigeria was estimated to have emitted more than 34.38 million metric tons of in 2002, accounting for about 50% of all industrial emissions in the country and 30% of the total CO2 emissions. While flaring in the west has been minimized, in Nigeria it has grown proportionally with oil production.[62]

The international community, the Nigerian government, and the oil corporations seem in agreement that gas flaring needs to be curtailed. Efforts to do so, however, have been limited although flaring has been declared illegal since 1984 under section 3 of the "Associated Gas Reinjection Act" of Nigeria.[63]

While

Shell, the biggest flarer of natural gas in Nigeria, alike claim that only 50% of all associated gas is burnt off via flaring, these data are contested. The World Bank reported in 2004 that, "Nigeria currently flares 75% of the gas it produces."[62]

Gas flares have potentially harmful effects on the health and livelihood of nearby communities, as they release poisonous chemicals including

benzapyrene and dioxins. Humans exposed to such substances can suffer from respiratory problems. These chemicals can aggravate asthma, cause breathing difficulties and pain, as well as chronic bronchitis. Benzene, known to be emitted from gas flares in undocumented quantities, is well recognized as a cause for leukemia and other blood-related diseases. A study done by Climate Justice estimates that exposure to benzene would result in eight new cases of cancer yearly in Bayelsa State alone.[62]

Gas flares are often close to communities and regularly lack fencing or protection for villagers who risk working near their heat. Many communities claim that nearby flares cause

pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma, and asbestosis.[23][65]

Whether or not flares contribute to acid rain is debatable, as some independent studies conducted have found that the

sulphur dioxide and nitrous oxide content of most flares was insufficient to establish a link between flaring and acid rain. Other studies from the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) report that gas flaring is "a major contributor to air pollution and acid rain."[66]

Older flares are rarely relocated away from villages and are known to coat the land and communities with soot and to damage adjacent vegetation. Almost no vegetation can grow in the area directly surrounding the flares due to their heat.[23]

In November 2005 a judgment by the Federal High Court of Nigeria ordered that gas flaring must stop in a Niger Delta community as it violates guaranteed constitutional rights to life and dignity. In a case brought against the Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria (Shell), Justice C. V. Nwokorie ruled in Benin City that "the damaging and wasteful practice of flaring cannot lawfully continue." As of May 2011, Shell had not ceased gas flaring in Nigeria.[67][68]

Biological remediation

The use of

detoxify soils through time requiring little maintenance. The people of Ogbogu hope to use these methods of bioremediation to improve the quality of drinking water, soil conditions, and the health of their surrounding environment.[53]

Movement for protection of the Niger Delta

Obasanjo
government in 1999.

The

non-violent campaign for social, economic and environmental justice in the Niger Delta.[73] MOSOP was founded in 1990 by the award-winning environmental activist Ken Saro-Wiwa.[74]

Flooding

Several communities and states within the Niger Delta region of Nigeria has experienced flooding which has affected economic activities. In 2022, Rivers, Anambra, Delta, Cross River and Bayelsa states experienced different degrees of flooding which led to loss of lives and properties.[75] It was reported that in 2022 alone, about 603 lives were lost to flooding while over one million persons were displaced as a result of the flood.[76]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Oil and the environment - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2022-05-31.
  2. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.136
    .
  3. ^ "'This place used to be green': the brutal impact of oil in the Niger Delta". the Guardian. 2019-12-06. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  4. ^ a b c d P.C. Nwilo & O. T. Badejo: Impacts of Oil spills along the Nigerian coast The Association for Environmental Health and Sciences, 2001
  5. ^ "Conserving and restoring wetlands in Nigeria's Niger River Delta". Wetlands International. Archived from the original on 2022-02-26. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  6. ^ Adebayo, Bukola (2019-03-27). "Major new inquiry into oil spills in Nigeria's Niger Delta launched". CNN. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
  7. ^ "oil spill in Nigeria". 6 January 2012.
  8. ^ Donatus, Peter (2016-10-15). "Shell's Nigeria ecocide is creating a refugee crisis". www.greenleft.org.au. Retrieved 2023-07-06.
  9. ^ "UNEP Ogoniland Oil Assessment Reveals Extent of Environmental Contamination and Threats to Human Health". UNEP. 2017-08-07. Retrieved 2023-07-06.
  10. ^ "'Ecocide' movement pushes for a new international crime: Environmental destruction". NBC News. 2021-04-07. Retrieved 2023-07-06.
  11. ^ "Fighting ecocide in Nigeria". theecologist.org. 5 February 2014. Retrieved 2023-07-06.
  12. ^ "UNPO: Ogoni: An Ecocide in the Making?". unpo.org. Retrieved 2023-07-06.
  13. ISSN 0261-3077
    . Retrieved 2023-07-06.
  14. ^ Albert,Amaratunga, Haigh (Nov 29,2017) "Evaluation of the Impacts of oil spill Disaster on communities and its influence on Restiveness in Niger Delta, Nigeria."
  15. ^ Osemwengie, Garrick (2010-03-05). "As Goodluck would have it:Theophilus Danjuma ! His $500 Million Booty & $100 million Donation to Charity". Sahara Reporters. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  16. ^ Vidal, John (2010-05-30). "Nigeria's agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill. The US and Europe ignore it". The Observer. Retrieved 27 July 2010. government's National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (Nosdra) says that between 1976 and 1996 alone, more than 2.4m barrels
  17. ^ Ayanlade, Proske (August 31, 2015)."Assessing wetland degradation and loss of ecosystem services in the Niger Delta, Nigeria."
  18. ^ Ayanalde,Proske (August 31, 2015). "Assessing wetland degradation and loss of ecosystem services in the Niger Delta, Nigeria."
  19. ^ Vidal, John (2010-05-30). "Nigeria's agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill. The US and Europe ignore it". The Observer. Retrieved 27 July 2010. government's national oil spill detection and response agency (Nosdra) says that between 1976 and 1996 alone, more than 2.4m barrels
  20. The Daily Independent (Lagos)
    . 2010-07-19. Retrieved 27 July 2010.
  21. ^ "Niger Delta Human Development Report".
    UNDP
    . 2006. p. 76. Retrieved 19 June 2011.
  22. ^ Manby, Bronwen (January 1999). "The Price of Oil". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved December 16, 2014.
  23. ^ a b c d e f Bronwen Manby: The Price of Oil Human Rights Watch. 1999. Retrieved November 9, 2007
  24. ^ a b Perception and Reality: Assessing Priorities for Sustainable Development in the Niger River Delta (Moffat and Linden)
  25. ^ a b c Baird J (July 26, 2010). "Oil's Shame in Africa". Newsweek: 27.
  26. ^ "Niger delta degradation". 4 July 2021.
  27. ^ The Guardian, 29 May 2010 "Nigeria's agony dwarfs the Gulf oil spill. The US and Europe ignore it,"
  28. ^ Hinsch, Robin (2019-10-18). "Wahala: trouble in the Niger delta – photo essay". the Guardian. Retrieved 2022-02-26.
  29. ^ Shell International Petroleum Company, Developments in Nigeria (London: March 1995)
  30. ^ a b Simire, Michael (2012-11-26). "Oil wealth and worrisome environmental challenges in Niger Delta". EnviroNews Nigeria -. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  31. ^ Anderson, I: Niger River basin: A Vision for Sustainable Development Pp. 1–131 The World Bank, 2005
  32. ^ Bogumil Terminski, Oil-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: Social Problem and Human Rights Issue,http://www.conflictrecovery.org/bin/Bogumil_Terminski-Oil-Induced_Displacement_and_Resettlement_Social_Problem_and_Human_Rights_Issue.pdf Archived 2015-09-23 at the Wayback Machine
  33. ^ Pipeline explosion kills at least 200 CNN, 2006. Retrieved May 29, 2007
  34. ^ Okon, Okon (2017-01-01). "Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Cucurbita maxima Duch. and Telfairia occidentalis Hook. F. Grown on Crude Oil Polluted Soil Citation". American Journal of Agricultural Science. 4: 88–93.
  35. S2CID 213441196
    .
  36. ^ "How toxic discharge caused massive death of fishes in Delta, Rivers, Bayelsa". Tribune Online. 2020-05-15. Retrieved 2022-06-07.
  37. ^ "Oil Spill: IOCs Exploiting Communities, Exploring Laws". aljazirahnews. 2019-05-21. Archived from the original on 2020-07-31. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  38. ^ "Oil Spill Disaster in Nigeria - AWE Magazine". AWE Magazine. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  39. ^ "Standing Up To Big Oil" Making Contact, produced by National Radio Project. December 14, 2010.
  40. ^ Raymond Ridderhof (February 15, 2013). "Shell and Ogoni People : (s)oil pollution in the Niger Delta". Peace Palace Library. Archived from the original on April 19, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2014.
  41. ^ "Dutch court says Shell responsible for Nigeria spills". Reuters. 2013-01-30. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  42. ^ a b "In Nigeria's polluted Ogoniland, signs of a cleanup". phys.org. Retrieved 2019-04-04.
  43. ^ "Shell faces fresh Nigeria pollution claims in London". Vanguard News. 2016-03-02. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  44. ISSN 0099-9660
    . Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  45. ^ a b c d "Nigeria Launches $1 Billion Ogoniland Clean-up and Restoration Programme". UN Environment. 7 August 2017. Retrieved 2019-04-04.
  46. ISSN 0261-3077
    . Retrieved 2019-04-04.
  47. ^ "Cleaning up Nigerian oil pollution could take 30 years, cost billions – UN". UN News. 2011-08-04. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  48. ^ a b "NGOs want FG to withdraw order for oil exploitation in Ogoni". guardian.ng. 31 March 2019. Retrieved 2019-04-04.
  49. ^ "Buhari directs NNPC to take over troubled $2bn JV oil assets from Shell". Businessday NG. 2019-03-14. Retrieved 2022-03-20.
  50. ^ Osahon, Kelvin Ebiri and Julius (2019-03-29). "Nigeria: MOSOP Petitions Buhari, UNPO, EU Over OML 11". The Guardian (Lagos). Retrieved 2019-04-04.
  51. ^ "Ogoni clean-up begins in two weeks". Punch Newspapers. 14 November 2018. Retrieved 2019-08-29.
  52. ^ a b Nwilo, Peter C., and Olusegun T. Badejo: Impacts And Management of Oil Spill Pollution Along the Nigerian Coastal Areas International Federation of Surveyors, 2007. Retrieved May 20, 2007.
  53. ^ a b Limson, Janice (22 August 2002). "Environmental Remediation in Nigerian oil Regions". scienceinafrica.co.za. Archived from the original on 22 August 2002. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  54. ^ Nipa Palm Utilization Project Nigerian Conservation Foundation, 1996. Retrieved May 21, 2007. Archived March 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  55. ^ Conditions in the Niger Delta Archived 2014-03-17 at the Wayback Machine Shell.com. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
  56. ^ Molles Jr, M.C.: Ecology Concepts and Applications 3rd Edition, Pg. 93–94. McGraw-Hill Companies Inc, 2005.
  57. ^ World Wildlife Fund. 2006. Fishing on the Niger River. Retrieved May 10, 2007 from http://www.panda.org/news_facts/multimedia/video/index.cfm?uNewsID=61121
  58. ^ Amaize, Emma. "Nigeria: Pollution in Niger Delta – Oil Firm, Fish Farmers Fight". Vanguard. allafrica.com. Retrieved 10 February 2012.
  59. ^ "Robin Hinsch: WAHALA". International Photography Magazine. 8 November 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  60. ^ Media Briefing: Gas flaring in Nigeria Friends of the Earth, 2004.
  61. ^ Estimated flared volumes from satellite data World Bank, 2008.
  62. ^ a b c Gas flaring in Nigeria: A human rights, environmental and economic monstrosity. Friends of the Earth Nigeria
  63. doi:10.3390/socsci9080132
    .
  64. ^ Asbestos: health effects Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2007. Retrieved May 29, 2007.
  65. ^ Oil For Nothing: Multinational Corporations, Environmental Destruction, Death and Impunity in the Niger Delta Essential Action, 2000. Retrieved May 10, 2007.
  66. ^ "EFFECT OF GAS FLARING INTO THE ECOSYSTEM (A CASE STUDY OF NIGER DELTA REGION OF NIGERIA)". nairaproject.com. Retrieved 2020-01-23.
  67. ^ Nigerian farmer helps put Shell in the dock Archived 2014-11-05 at the Wayback Machine, Radio Netherlands Worldwide, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  68. ^ Nigeria Signs Gas Supply Agreements With Shell, Chevron for Power Stations, Bloomberg, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  69. ^ "Oil spillage".
  70. ^ "Ogboni conflict".
  71. ISBN 978-9780629328
    .
  72. ^ "Ogoni". unpo.org. Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. March 25, 2008.
  73. ^ "Ogoni: Oral Intervention on the Human Rights Situation of States and Territories threatened with Ex". unpo.org. Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization.
  74. ^ Democracy Now, "Drilling and Killing"
  75. ^ Ukomadu, Angela (2022-10-20). "Nigeria's flooding spreads to the Delta, upending lives and livelihoods". Reuters. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
  76. ^ Nwafor (2022-10-17). "603 dead, 2m displaced as flood wreaks havoc in Delta, Bayelsa, Rivers, others". Vanguard News. Retrieved 2023-01-02.

5°19′N 6°25′E / 5.317°N 6.417°E / 5.317; 6.417

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Environmental_issues_in_the_Niger_Delta&oldid=1218534446"