Intercalary month (Egypt)

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(Redirected from
Epagomenal
)
Not to be confused with the pre-Islamic concept mentioned in the Quran, known as Nasi'.
See also: Intercalation (timekeeping)

The intercalary month or epagomenal days

Sirius would occur in the 12th month of the Egyptian lunar calendar but became a regular feature of the civil calendar and its descendants. Coptic and Ethiopian leap days occur in the year preceding Julian and Gregorian leap years
.

Names

D2
D21		 G43M4X1
Those upon the Year[2][a]
Ḥryw Rnpt[3]
in hieroglyphs
M4D2
D21		 G43N5Z1 Z1 Z1
Z1 Z1
The Five upon the Year[2][b]
5 Ḥryw Rnpt[3]
in hieroglyphs

The English names "intercalary month" and "epagomenal days" derive from Latin intercalārius ("proclaimed between")[4] and Greek epagómenoi (ἐπαγόμενοι)[5] or epagómenai (ἐπαγόμεναι, "brought in" or "added on"),[6] Latinized as epagomenae. The period is also sometimes known as the "monthless days".[7]

In

following month.[10]

In modern Egypt, the period is known as Kouji Nabot

Pre-Islamic calendar. The Arabic name is also romanized as Nasie.[11]

In

Amharic: ጳጐሜን, Ṗagʷəmen),[13] Pagume,[14] or Pagumay[15]
(ጳጉሜ, Ṗagume).

Egyptian calendars

Ancient

F31S29G43X1Q1D4
W3
Birth of
Osiris
Mswt Wsı͗r Ḥb[3]
in hieroglyphs
F31S29G43X1G5
Birth of
Horus[c]
Mswt Ḥr
in hieroglyphs
F31S29G43X1G7Z3AE21G7
Birth of
Set
Mswt Stẖ[3]
in hieroglyphs
F31
X1		 Q1
X1		 W3
Birth of
Isis
Mswt Ꜣst Ḥb[3]
in hieroglyphs
N5 Z1
N35		 F31S29G43X1
Z1 Z1 Z1		 O9B1
Birth of Nephthys
Sw n Mswt Nbt Ḥwt[3]
in hieroglyphs
Further information: Egyptian calendar and Decree of Canopus

Until the 4th century BC, the beginnings of the months of the lunar calendar were based on observation,

Ptolemaic and Roman eras
.

The period of the intercalary month was considered spiritually dangerous

Thoth.[22] Scribes sometimes omitted the entire period from their records of the year.[23] Torches were carried[24] and apotropaic charms were drawn on linen and worn around the neck.[8]

The period was known as the "birthdays of the gods" as early as the

Middle Kingdom, the days were specified and ordered:[25]

Throughout the days, their connections to the solar boat of

Ra, fish, and a "creator of terror" (ı͗r ḥrywt) were also stressed.[31] In all but a handful of texts, however, the days are merely numbered as "Day ~ of the Five Days upon the Year".[32]

Alexandrian calendar", the epagomenal days ran from Julian 24 August to 28 August in common years and to 29 August in leap years.[34][d]

Coptic

Further information: Coptic calendar

In the present-day

Diocletian era but occur in the year prior to the Gregorian leap year.[e]

The Coptic liturgical calendar of the month consists of:[11]

Coptic Julian Gregorian Commemorations
Intercalary

1

24 August 6 September
  • Departure of St. Eutychus.
  • Martyrdom of St. Pishay (Abshai), the
    Antiochian
    .
2 25 August 7 September
  • Departure of
    St. Titus
    , the Apostle.
  • Martyrdom of St. Isaiah, brother of Apa Hor
3 26 August 8 September
  • Commemoration of Raphael, the Archangel.
  • Martyrdom of St. Andrianus.
  • Departure of St. John XIV, the 96th Pope of Alexandria.
4 27 August 9 September
5 28 August 10 September
  • Departure of St. James, Bishop of Cairo.
  • Departure of Amos, the Prophet.
  • Departure of St. Parsoma, the "Naked".
  • Departure of St. John XV, the 99th Pope of Alexandria.
only in years before Julian leap years
(6) (29 August) (11 September)
  • Thanksgiving to God the Exalted.

Ethiopian calendar

Further information: Ethiopian calendar

In the present-day Ethiopian calendar, Paguemain or Pagume is identical to the Coptic intercalary month, beginning on 6 September and ending on 10 September in common years and 11 September in leap years.[14] Its leap years occur at the same time[40][13] and its dates will also shift forward one day relative to the Gregorian calendar in AD 2100[15] (2092 EC).[41]

The unusual calendar is notably used in Ethiopian tourist information to advertise the country's "thirteen months of sunshine".[14][12]

Mandaean calendar

Further information: Mandaean calendar

The Mandaean calendar consisting of 12 30-day months, with 5 epagomenals inserted at the end of every 8th month (Mandaic: Šumbulta). These 5 extra days constitute the Parwanaya (or Panja) festival in the Mandaean calendar.[42]

See also

Notes

This article contains Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Egyptian hieroglyphs.
This article contains Coptic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Coptic letters.
This article contains
Ethiopic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols
instead of Ethiopic characters.
  1. ^ Alternative representations of Those upon the Year include
    D2
    D21    		 Z4
    N1    		 Z7Z3AM4X1Z1
    .[3]
  2. ^ Alternative representations of the Five upon the Year include
    M4X1Z1 Z1 Z1
    Z1 Z1    		 D2G43
    .[3]
  3. Horus
    .
  4. ^ For a chart of conversions from Julian to Gregorian dates from 3701 BC to AD 1900, see Parker.[34]
  5. AM 1732).[39]

References

Citations

  1. ^
    ISBN 9780810870574
    .
  2. ^ a b Clagett (1995), p. 29.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Vygus, Mark (2015), Middle Egyptian Dictionary (PDF).
  4. ^ "intercalary, adj.", and "intercalate, v.", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1900.
  5. ^ a b Dawood (2007), p. 3.
  6. ^ "epagomenal, adj.", "epagomenic, adj.", and "epagoge, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1933.
  7. ^ "Middle Eastern Calendars" (PDF), Educational Resources, Chicago: Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Chicago, p. 3, retrieved 7 February 2017.
  8. ^ a b c d Jauhiainen (2009), p. 196.
  9. ^ Watrall, Ethan (2016), Understanding Egyptian Chronology (PDF), Michigan State University, p. 8.
  10. ^ Parker (1950), p. 46.
  11. ^
    Alexandria
    : St Takla Haymanout, retrieved 6 February 2017.
  12. ^
    ISBN 9781412941648
    .
  13. ^ a b "Ethiopian Calendar", Selamta, 2015.
  14. ^ a b c Shinn & al. (2013).
  15. ^ a b "Ethiopian Calendar", Official site, Tesfa Community Treks, retrieved 6 February 2017.
  16. ^ Parker (1950), p. 29.
  17. ^ Parker (1950), p. 23.
  18. ^ Parker (1950), p. 32.
  19. ^ Parker (1950), p. 64.
  20. ^ a b Spalinger (1995), p. 35.
  21. ^ Jauhiainen (2009), p. 77.
  22. ^ Jauhiainen (2009), pp. 81–2 & 198.
  23. ^ Jauhiainen (2009), p. 56.
  24. ^ Jauhiainen (2009), pp. 78 & 198.
  25. ^ a b Spalinger (1995), p. 33.
  26. ^ a b c d Jauhiainen (2009), pp. 197 & 223.
  27. ^ Spalinger (1995), p. 38.
  28. ^ Spalinger (1995), p. 46.
  29. ^ Jauhiainen (2009), pp. 82, 197, & 223.
  30. ^ Spalinger (1995), pp. 42 & 44.
  31. ^ Spalinger (1995), pp. 45–7.
  32. ^ Spalinger (1995), p. 34.
  33. ^ a b Dawood, K.R. (2007), "The Coptic Calendar" (PDF), Coptic Heritage, p. 7.
  34. ^ a b c Parker (1950), p. 8.
  35. ISBN 9780521782531
    .
  36. ^ Reingold & al. (2002), p. 402.
  37. ^ Von Staufer, Maria Hubert (2002), "Christmas in Egypt", The Christmas Archives.
  38. ^ Reingold & al. (2002), p. 232.
  39. ^ Reingold & al. (2002), p. 234.
  40. ^ Reingold & al. (2002), pp. xx–xxii.
  41. ^ Reingold & al. (2002), p. 402.
  42. ^ Aldihisi, Sabah (2008). The story of creation in the Mandaean holy book in the Ginza Rba (PhD). University College London.

Bibliography

Preceded by Egyptian Seasons
Days over the Year
Ḥryw Rnpt
days: 5 or 6 days 		Succeeded by
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