Epstein–Barr virus infection

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Epstein–Barr virus infection
Other namesImmunodeficiency 32B[1]
SpecialtyInfectious diseases Edit this on Wikidata

There are several forms of

Alice in Wonderland Syndrome[6] and acute cerebellar ataxia.[7]

Symptoms

Symptoms of

macrophages
and therefore can infect the fetus. Also re-infection of prior seropositive individuals may occur. In contrast, reactivation in adults usually occurs without symptoms of illness.

EBV also establishes a lifelong dormant infection in some cells of the body's immune system. A late event in a very few carriers of this virus is the emergence of Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, two rare

malignancies
, but is probably not the sole cause of disease.

Most individuals exposed to people with infectious mononucleosis have previously been infected with EBV and are not at risk for infectious mononucleosis. In addition, transmission of EBV requires intimate contact with the saliva (found in the mouth) of an infected person. Transmission of this virus through the air or blood does not normally occur. The incubation period, or the time from infection to appearance of symptoms, ranges from 2 to 6 weeks with 4 weeks being the most common. Persons with infectious mononucleosis may be able to spread the infection to others for a period of weeks. However, no special precautions or isolation procedures are recommended, since the virus is also found frequently in the saliva of healthy people. In fact, many healthy people can carry and spread the virus intermittently for life. These people are usually the primary reservoir for person-to-person transmission. For this reason, transmission of the virus is almost impossible to prevent.

The clinical diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis is suggested on the basis of the symptoms of fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, and the age of the patient. Usually, laboratory tests are needed for confirmation. Blood test results for persons with infectious mononucleosis include an elevated white blood cell count, an increased percentage of atypical mononuclear cells. Liver enzymes are often elevated. A positive "mono spot" test is useful in confirming the diagnosis but a negative result does not rule out primary EBV infection.

EBV-associated diseases

Since EBV is present in most adults, then most adult diseases can be "associated" with EBV. However, since "association" is not "causation" (http://rafalab.dfci.harvard.edu/dsbook/association-is-not-causation.html), this list long list need not be of great concern.

Pathology

Infectious mononucleosis

Epstein–Barr can cause infectious mononucleosis, also known as 'glandular fever', 'mono' and 'Pfeiffer's disease'. Infectious mononucleosis is caused when a person is first exposed to the virus during or after adolescence. It is predominantly found in the developing world, and most children in the developing world are found to have already been infected by around 18 months of age. Infection of children can occur when adults mouth feed or pre-chew food before giving it to the child.[12] EBV antibody tests turn up almost universally positive. In the United States roughly half of five-year-olds have been infected.[13]

EBV-associated malignancies

This photomicrograph depicts leukemia cells that contain Epstein–Barr virus using a FA staining technique. Epstein–Barr virus, EBV, is a member of the Herpesvirus family, and is one of the most common human viruses. When infection with EBV occurs during adolescence or young adulthood, it causes infectious mononucleosis 35% to 50% of the time. (CDC)

The strongest evidence linking EBV and cancer formation is found in

Burkitt's lymphoma[14]
and
autoimmune diseases.[16]

jaw bone, forming a huge tumor mass. It responds quickly to chemotherapy treatment, namely cyclophosphamide
, but recurrence is common.

Other B cell lymphomas arise in immunocompromised patients such as those with

AIDS or who have undergone organ transplantation with associated immunosuppression (Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder (PTLPD)). Smooth muscle tumors are also associated with the virus in malignant patients.[18]

carcinogens (environmental).[19]

Diagnosis

EBV can be diagnosed through a

peripheral blood. Radiographic testing is often paired with EBV viral load measuring. A biopsy can also be conducted in order to find where the EBV is manifested.[20][21]

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for infectious mononucleosis, other than treating the symptoms. In severe cases, steroids such as

corticosteroids may be used to control the swelling of the throat and tonsils. Currently, there are no antiviral drugs or vaccines
available.

It is important to note that symptoms related to infectious mononucleosis caused by EBV infection seldom last for more than 4 months. When such an illness lasts more than 6 months, it is frequently called chronic EBV infection. However, valid laboratory evidence for continued active EBV infection is seldom found in these patients. The illness should be investigated further to determine if it meets the criteria for

chronic fatigue syndrome
, or CFS. This process includes ruling out other causes of chronic illness or fatigue.

See also

References

  1. ^ "IMMUNODEFICIENCY 32B; IMD32B". OMIM. OMIM.org. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  2. S2CID 47010934
    .
  3. PMID 29631196
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  4. PMID 27723397
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  5. PMID 26424654
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  6. PMID 28116304
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  7. S2CID 22942874
    .
  8. ^ Fleisher, G.; Bolognese, R. (1983). "Persistent Epstein–Barr virus infection and pregnancy".
    PMID 6304207
    .
  9. National Center for Infectious Diseases. 16 May 2006. Archived from the original
    on 20 April 2012. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
  10. ^ Tsai, JD; Lee, HC; Lin, CC; Liang, DC; Chen, SH; Huang, FY (2003). "Epstein–Barr virus-associated acute renal failure: diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up".
    S2CID 24164770
    .
  11. ^ Deyrup, Andrea T; Lee, Victor K; Hill, Charles E; Cheuk, Wah; Toh, Han Chong; Kesavan, Sittampalam; Chan, Errol Wei??en; Weiss, Sharon W (2006). "Epstein–Barr virus-associated smooth muscle tumors are distinctive mesenchymal tumors reflecting multiple infection events: A clinicopathologic and molecular analysis of 29 tumors from 19 patients".
    S2CID 35268948
    .
  12. PMID 19350698
    .
  13. ^ Bennett, NJ (12 October 2008). "Mononucleosis and Epstein–Barr Virus Infection". eMedicine. Retrieved 2008-10-05.
  14. PMID 25364378
    .
  15. ^ Lerner, AM; Beqaj, SH; Deeter, RG; Fitzgerald, JT (2004). "IgM serum antibodies to Epstein–Barr virus are uniquely present in a subset of patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome".
    PMID 15113035
    .
  16. ^ Lünemann, Jan D.; Münz, Christian (2007). "Epstein–Barr virus and multiple sclerosis".
    S2CID 20534047
    .
  17. ^ "Burkitt lymphoma". MedlinePlus. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
  18. ^ Weiss, Sharon W. (2002). "Smooth muscle tumors of soft tissue".
    S2CID 45276404
    .
  19. ^ "Nasopharyngeal Cancer". HealthCommunities.com. 7 December 2011.
  20. ^ "Epstein-barr | Mononucleosis | About Virus | Mono | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-01-28. Retrieved 2020-09-12.
  21. PMID 27337443
    .

External links

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