Regnal year
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A regnal year is a year of the reign of a
Applying this ancient
Early use
In ancient times,
The Canon of Kings is a list that dates the reigns of various Babylonian, Persian, Macedonian, Egyptian, and Roman monarchs, that was used by ancient astronomers as a way to date astronomical phenomena. The Liberian Catalogue is a similar list of popes of Early Christianity, that was used to date early events in the religion's history.
Sinosphere era names
Regnal years were generally used for year marking in the
Since 140 BC, era names served as titles for the purpose of numbering and identifying years. Era names were used for over two millennia by Chinese emperors and are still used in Japan.[3]
The
As a result of Chinese cultural influence, other polities in the
Abolished era names may be reused, for example as a means of claiming or denying political legitimacy. An example of this is, that when the
After the Ming dynasty fell, the Joseon dynasty still used Chongzhen, and the Kingdom of Tungning still used Yongli regnal years,[7] thus denying the legitimacy of the Qing dynasty, and showing continued allegiance to the Ming regime.
The short lived
Chinese
Japanese
The official Japanese system or Gengō (元号) numbers years from the accession of the current emperor, regarding the calendar year during which the accession occurred as the first year. The system was in use sporadically from 645 and continuously from 701. Until 1867 several era names were used during each emperor's reign. From 1868 only one has been used by each emperor. Since 1868 each emperor has been known posthumously by his era name.
The current emperor,
The former emperor, Akihito, succeeded the throne on 7 January 1989 on the death of his father
Gregorian year | Era name | Era name (Kanji) | Emperor |
---|---|---|---|
1868 CE | Meiji |
明治 | Meiji (Mutsuhito) |
1912 CE | Taishō |
大正 | Taishō (Yoshihito) |
1926 CE | Shōwa |
昭和 | Shōwa (Hirohito) |
1989 CE | Heisei |
平成 | Akihito |
2019 CE | Reiwa |
令和 | Naruhito |
Korean
The use of
During the Joseon dynasty, Korea used Chinese era names (yeonho) as a demonstration of its respect and loyalty to the Ming and Qing dynasties of China.[7] Even after the Ming dynasty was replaced by Qing, Koreans continued to use the Ming era names, using the era name of the last Ming emperor, the Chongzhen Emperor, after his death in 1644,[7] and continued to do so for nearly 200 years.[citation needed] However, this was done mostly privately, because of the pressure exerted by the Qing government.[citation needed]
The tradition of Korean era names survives in the North Korean Juche calendar, with Juche year 1 being 1912, the year of the birth of Kim Il-sung.
Vietnamese
The use of era names in Vietnamese history started in the middle of the 6th century CE, when independent Vietnamese dynasties started to proclaim their own era names.[2][4][3] The titles were adopted in historical Vietnam for the purpose of year identification and numbering. It continued until 1945, when the reign of Nguyễn dynasty came to an end.
Indosphere
India
Odisha
The Anka year (Odia: ଅଙ୍କ Aṅka) system is a unique regnal year system instituted by the Eastern Ganga kings for dating their reigns. It has a number of features that mark the regnal year differently from the actual duration of the year elapsed during the reign. The system still survives today and is used in the Odia panjis to mark the titular regnal year of the King of Puri, Gajapati Maharaja Dibyasingha Deba of the Puri Estate, whose title carries the legacy of historical ruling monarchs of Odisha. It is also known as the Odisha style of dating.[10][11][12][13]
Features:
- The Anka system always starts on the Odia fiscal new year called Sunia which falls on the 12th day of the bright fortnight of the month Bhadra (August-September) known as Bhādra Sukḷa Dwādasi. If the king accedes the throne for a few days before this date, then the first year of his reign would then just be a few days long.
- Coins were minted on the date of the new year and hence the first coins were given the Anka year 2, the number 1 was not used.
- All years ending in 6 were skipped. As in the Anka year 5 was followed by Anka year 7, Anka year 15 was followed by Anka year 17 and so on.
- All years ending in 0 were also skipped, except for the Anka year 10.
Hence no Anka years exist for 1, 6, 16, 20, 26, 30, 36, 40, 46, 50, 56 and so on.
Regnal year | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anka year | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 37 |
Gregorian year | Regnal year | Odia year | Anka year |
---|---|---|---|
2022 CE | 52 | ୧୪୩୦ ଉତ୍କଳାବ୍ଦ 1430 Utkaḷābda |
୬୫ ଅଙ୍କ 65 Aṅka |
Commonwealth realms
Regnal years continue to see limited use in some
The regnal years used throughout the Commonwealth realms are identical to one another, as they share the same line of succession. The present monarch, Charles III, became the sovereign on 8 September 2022, after the death of his mother Elizabeth II. Thus, 8 September 2022 is considered the beginning of the first regnal year for Charles III; with the last day of each regnal year being 7 September.[original research?]
Gregorian calendar | Regnal year |
---|---|
6 February 2022 CE to 8 September 2022 CE | 71 Elizabeth II |
8 September 2022 CE to 7 September 2023 CE | 1 Charles III |
8 September 2023 CE to 7 September 2024 CE | 2 Charles III |
Canada
The regnal dating system is used in the numbering system for all
The regnal year was used throughout the legislative sessional volumes of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, until it was replaced by the calendar year in 1949. However, the regnal year continues to be used on the title pages of the legislature's sessional volumes.[16]
United Kingdom
The use of regnal years in the United Kingdom originated in England, a country of the United Kingdom. The regnal dating system was used to date documents of parliamentary sessions until 1963, when it began to date its documents using the Gregorian calendar.[14] The change to the Gregorian calendar was legislated under the Acts of Parliament Numbering and Citation Act 1962.
Similar practices
Republic of China
The calendar uses 1912, the year of the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC), as the first year.[17] Although the system is not an era name or a regnal year, the ROC calendar traces its roots to the historical Chinese system of era names. The ROC calendar was officially used on Mainland China until 1949, and is still officially used by the Republic of China on Taiwan today.
United States
While not strictly a regnal year, time in the United States of America can be derived from the Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776). For example, the U.S. Constitution is dated as signed in "the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth," and Presidential proclamations will often be ended "IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this [ordinal] day of [month], in the year of our Lord [year], and of the Independence of the United States of America the [year]." 2024 is the 249th year of the Independence of the United States of America on and after July 4 of that year. Time is also sometimes reckoned in terms (and sessions, if necessary) of Congress; e.g. House of Representatives Bill 2 of the 112th Congress is dated "112th CONGRESS, 1st Session".[18]
References
- ISBN 9783906769561.
- ^ ISBN 9788215001067.
- ^ a b c "Ancient tradition carries forward with Japan's new era". Retrieved 29 December 2019.
- ^ ISBN 9788299561419. Retrieved 29 December 2019.)
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help - ^ 王勇著 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 9 June 2013.
- ^ 长河落日圆——详议安史之乱[中](2) (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 7 May 2016.
- ^ a b c 17、18世纪朝鲜使用中国年号问题 (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 1 February 2017.
- ^ 馬來西亞華人殯葬業的演變與挑戰中國長沙民政學院殯儀系主辦《現代殯葬教育十年慶典研討會》論文(上) (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-10-31.
- ^ "Emperor Akihito: Japanese monarch declares historic abdication". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 30 April 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
- JSTOR 43382061,
The Dating system found in the Manuscripts
- JSTOR 44147183
- ^ Pankaj Tandon (2012), Tentative Attributions of some Gold Fanams of the Eastern Gangas, BU, retrieved 25 January 2021
- ^ Pankaj Tandon (2018), Coins of the Eastern Gangas ruler Anantavarman Chodaganga, BU, retrieved 25 January 2021
- ^ ISBN 978-1-3174-0039-4.
- ISBN 978-1-4831-5523-4.
- ^ ISBN 1-4875-9697-9.
- ISBN 978-0-674-00249-4.
- ^ "112 H.R. 2". Archived from the original on 2011-06-11. Retrieved 2011-06-08.