Erbovirus
Erbovirus A | |
---|---|
Virus classification | |
(unranked): | Virus |
Realm: | Riboviria |
Kingdom: | Orthornavirae |
Phylum: | Pisuviricota |
Class: | Pisoniviricetes |
Order: | Picornavirales |
Family: | Picornaviridae
|
Genus: | Erbovirus |
Species: | Erbovirus A
|
Erbovirus is a genus of
Physical characteristics
Viruses in Erbovirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral, spherical, and round geometries, and T=pseudo3 symmetry. The diameter is around 30 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 8.8kb in length.[1]
The virion essentially is a
The RNA genome of the virion is inside the capsid that is composed by twelve capsomers, which are cup-shaped pentamers.[citation needed]
The erbovirus particles are non-enveloped and the molecular mass of the virions is around (8–9)×106 daltons.[5] They are resistant to inactivation by non-ionic detergent treatment.[5]
Erbovirus, as a typical picornavirus, has a single-stranded positive-sense RNA genome. A feature of the picornavirus genome is the virus protein that is linked at the 5’ end of the genome, known as "VPg" (Virus-Protein-attached-to-the-Genome).[3] In addition, the 3’ end of the genome has a poly-A tail.[3] The transcription of the erbovirus genome gives rise to a polyprotein which is further more processed and cleaved to give the mature viral proteins, in order from 5' to 3' : L ("Leader"), VP4, VP2, VP3, VP1, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A (Vpg), 3B, 3Cpro, 3Dpol.[7]
The only species of the genus Erbovirus is equine rhinitis B virus which was recently found to have three phylogenetically distinct serotypes, equine rhinitis B virus (ERBV)-1, ERBV-2 and ERBV-3.[8] One such phylogenetic group was found to comprise mostly "acid stable" virus isolates, surviving pH 3.6 for 1 hour at room temperature.[9]
Genus | Structure | Symmetry | Capsid | Genomic arrangement | Genomic segmentation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Erbovirus | Icosahedral | Pseudo T=3 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Life cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the virus to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by ribosomal skipping. The virus exits the host cell by lysis, and viroporins. Horses serve as the natural host.[1]
Genus | Host details | Tissue tropism | Entry details | Release details | Replication site | Assembly site | Transmission |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Erbovirus | Horse | None | Cell receptor endocytosis | Lysis | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Contact |
Epidemiology
ERBV's appear to infect most foals and weanlings, eliciting a low serum antibody response in stark contrast to equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV), which is the only species of the genus Aphthovirus that is not a foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), and appears to only infect horses once they begin training for racing (approx. 2 years old). ERAV enters the blood and elicits a very high serum antibody response that seems to then limit the spread of the virus by herd immunity, given that only approximately 40% of horses have detectable ERAV antibody.[10] The low serum antibody response of ERBV appears to allow the continual, seasonal re-infection of horses. Horses are also known to shed ERBV for up to two years, possibly more.[citation needed]
See also
References
- ^ a b c "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
- ^ "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
- ^ a b c d "Notes on Genus: Erbovirus". dpvweb. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
- PMID 17300454.
- ^ a b c "Erbovirus". ICTVdb. Retrieved 16 March 2007.
- PMID 15778036.
- PMID 8760418.
- PMID 16963761.
- PMID 16033980.
- PMID 17046179.