Ergine
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| Clinical data | |
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| Other names | LSA; d-Lysergic acid amide; d-Lysergamide; Ergine; LA-111 |
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| Routes of administration | Oral, intramuscular injection |
| ATC code |
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| Legal status | |
| Legal status | |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Metabolism | Hepatic |
| Excretion | Renal |
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JSmol) | |
| Melting point | 135 °C (275 °F) Decomposes[4] |
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Ergine, also known as d-lysergic acid amide (LSA) and d-lysergamide, is an
Occurrence in nature
Ergine has been found in high concentrations of 20 μg/g dry weight in the
Ergine is a component of the alkaloids contained in the ergot fungus, which grows on the heads of infected rye grasses.
It is also found in the seeds of several varieties of
History
Ololiuhqui was used by South American healers in shamanic healing ceremonies.[10] Similarly, ingestion of morning glory seeds by Mazatec tribes to "commune with their gods" was reported by Richard Schultes in 1941 and is still practiced today.[11][10]
Sewell RA. Entheogen Rev. 2008;16:117-25.
Additional reports of the use of ergine were made by Don Thomes MacDougall. He reported that the seeds of
Ergine was assayed for human activity by
In 1956, the
In 1959, Hofmann was the first to isolate chemically pure ergine from the seeds of
Ingestion
Like other psychedelics, ergine is not considered to be addictive. Additionally, there are no known
Physiological effects
While its physiological effects vary from person to person, the following symptoms have been attributed to the consumption of ergine or ergine containing seeds:[7][10][16]
- Sedation
- Visual and auditory hallucinations
- Euphoria
- Loss of motor control
- Nausea
- Vasoconstriction
- Delusion
- Anxiety
- Paranoia
- Irregular heartbeat[17]
- Sexual arousal[18]
- Tachycardia[19]
- Mydriasis[19]
- Hypertonia[19]
- Respiratory disturbances[19]
- Cramps[19]
One study found that 2 of 4 human subjects experienced cardiovascular dysregulation and the study had to be halted, concluding that the ingestion of seeds containing ergine was less safe then commonly believed. Importantly this may have been a product of other substances within the seeds. The same study also observed that reactions were highly differing in type and intensity between different subjects.[17] Another study in mice found that the drug had aphrodisiac properties, inducing increased sexual behavior.[18]
A study gave mice 3000 mg/kg with no lethal effects.[citation needed]
Psychedelic component
Ergine is thought to be a
The idea that ergine is the main psychedelic component in ergine containing seeds (morning glory, Hawaiian baby woodrose) is well debated, as the effects of isolated synthetic ergine are reported to be only mildly psychedelic.[9][16] Thus, the overall psychedelic experience after consumption of such seeds has been proposed to be due to a mixture of ergoline alkaloids.
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
| Receptor | Affinity (Ki [nM]) | |
|---|---|---|
| LSA | LSD | |
| 5-HT1A | 10 | 2.5 |
| 5-HT2 | 28 | 0.87 |
D1 |
832 | 87 |
D2L |
891 | 155 |
D2S |
145 | 25 |
D3 |
437 | 65 |
D4.4 |
141 | 30 |
α1 |
912 | 60 |
α2 |
62 | 1.0 |
| Notes: 5-HT1A and D1 are for pig receptors.[20] | ||
Ergine interacts with
Chemistry
Biosynthesis
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The biosynthetic pathway to ergine starts like most other ergoline alkaloid- with the formation of the ergoline scaffold. This synthesis starts with the
From here, the biosynthesis diverges and the products formed are plant and fungus-specific. The biosynthesis of ergine in
Legal status
The legality of consuming, cultivating, and possessing ergine varies depending on the country.
There are no laws against possession of ergine-containing seeds in the United States. However, possession of the pure compound without a prescription or a DEA license would be prosecuted, as ergine, under the name "lysergic acid amide", is listed under Schedule III of the Controlled Substances Act.[24] Similarly, ergine is considered a Class A substance in the United Kingdom, categorized as a precursor to LSD.
In most Australian states, the consumption of ergine containing materials is prohibited under state legislation.
In Canada, ergine is not illegal to possess as it is not listed under Canada's Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, though it is likely illegal to sell for human consumption.[25]
In New Zealand, ergine is a controlled drug, however the plants and seeds of the morning glory species are legal to possess, cultivate, buy, and distribute.
See also
- Argyreia nervosa
- List of entheogenic/hallucinogenic species
- List of psychoactive plants
- Tlitliltzin(Ipomoea violacea)
References
- ^ Erowid Morning Glory Basics, Erowid.org, retrieved 2012-02-03
- ^ Anvisa (2023-07-24). "RDC Nº 804 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 804 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-07-25). Archived from the original on 2023-08-27. Retrieved 2023-08-27.
- ^ "Arrêté du 20 mai 2021 modifiant l'arrêté du 22 février 1990 fixant la liste des substances classées comme stupéfiants". www.legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). 20 May 2021.
- .
- ^ Perrine DM (2000). "Mixing the Kykeon" (PDF). ELEUSIS: Journal of Psychoactive Plants and Compounds. New Series 4: 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-07-20. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
- ^ a b Alexander Shulgin, "#26. LSD-25", TiHKAL, Erowid.org, retrieved 2012-02-03
- ^ ISBN 978-0979862229.
- PMID 1344912. Archived from the originalon 2012-12-16.
- ^ PMID 4698977.
- ^ Schultes RE (1941). A Contribution to Our Knowledge of Rivea Corymbosa: The Narcotic Ololinqui of the Aztecs (1st ed.). Botanical Museum of Harvard University.
- ^ "PROJECT MKULTRA, SUBPROJECT 22 (W/ATTACHMENTS)". Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ Der Marderosian AH, Guarino AM, De Feo JJ, Youngken Jr HW (1964). "A Uterine Stimulant Effect of Extracts of Morning Glory Seeds". Pschedelic Review: 317–323.
- PMID 14138842.
- PMID 20018470.
- ^ PMID 14212309.
- ^ PMID 21803515.
- ^ a b Subramoniam A, Madhavachandran V, Ravi K, Anuja VS (December 2007). "Aphrodisiac property of the elephant creeper Argyreia nervosa". Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction. 11 (2): 82–85.
- ^ S2CID 9261722.
- ^ PMID 23665164.
- ISSN 1569-7339.
- ^ PMID 25513893.
- ^ ISSN 1350-0872.
- ^ "Initial schedules of controlled substances (Schedule III), Section 812". www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov. Archived from the original on 2021-11-04. Retrieved 2020-01-17.
- ^ "Erowid LSA Vault : Legal Status". erowid.org. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
Further reading
- ISBN 978-0-8488-1130-3.
- Sydney S, Timmis GM (1932). "98. The Alkaloids of Ergot. Part III. Ergine, a New Base obtained by the Degradation of Ergotoxine and Ergotinine". .
- Juszczak GR, Swiergiel AH (2013-01-01). "Recreational use of D-lysergamide from the seeds of Argyreia nervosa, Ipomoea tricolor, Ipomoea violacea, and Ipomoea purpurea in Poland". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 45 (1): 79–93. S2CID 22086799.
- Burillo-Putze G, López Briz E, Climent Díaz B, Munné Mas P, Nogue Xarau S, Pinillos MA, Hoffman RS (2013-09-01). "[Emergent drugs (III): hallucinogenic plants and mushrooms]". Anales del Sistema Sanitario de Navarra. 36 (3): 505–518. PMID 24406363.