Ergocalciferol

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Ergocalciferol
Skeletal formula of ergocalciferol
Ball-and-stick model of the ergocalciferol molecule
Clinical data
Trade namesDrisdol, Calcidol, others
Other namesviosterol
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa616042
License data
intramuscular
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
  • (3S,5Z,7E,22E)-9,10-secoergosta-5,7,10(19),22-tetraen-3-ol
JSmol)
Melting point114 to 118 °C (237 to 244 °F)
  • O[C@@H]1CC(\C(=C)CC1)=C\C=C2/CCC[C@]3([C@H]2CC[C@@H]3[C@@H](/C=C/[C@H](C)C(C)C)C)C
  • InChI=1S/C28H44O/c1-19(2)20(3)9-10-22(5)26-15-16-27-23(8-7-17-28(26,27)6)12-13-24-18-25(29)14-11-21(24)4/h9-10,12-13,19-20,22,25-27,29H,4,7-8,11,14-18H2,1-3,5-6H3/b10-9+,23-12+,24-13-/t20-,22+,25-,26+,27-,28+/m0/s1 checkY
  • Key:MECHNRXZTMCUDQ-RKHKHRCZSA-N

Ergocalciferol, also known as vitamin D2 and nonspecifically calciferol, is a type of

injection into a muscle.[4][5]

Excessive doses can result in increased urine production,

mushrooms.[8]

Ergocalciferol was first described in 1936.

over the counter.[6] In 2021, it was the 35th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 17 million prescriptions.[10][11] Certain foods such as breakfast cereal and margarine have ergocalciferol added to them in some countries.[12][13] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[14]

Use

Vitamin D2 supplements

Ergocalciferol may be used as a vitamin D supplement, whereas cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is produced naturally by the skin when exposed to ultraviolet light.[15] Ergocalciferol (D2) and cholecalciferol (D3) are considered to be equivalent for vitamin D production, as both forms appear to have similar efficacy in ameliorating rickets[16] and reducing the incidence of falls in elderly patients.[17] Conflicting reports exist, however, concerning the relative effectiveness, with some studies suggesting that ergocalciferol has less efficacy based on limitations in absorption, binding, and inactivation.[18] A meta-analysis concluded that evidence usually favors cholecalciferol in raising vitamin D levels in blood, although it stated more research is needed.[18]

Mechanism

Ergocalciferol is a

ultraviolet light (UV-B or UV-C) on ergosterol, a form of provitamin D2.[19]

Like

CYP27B1, to form the active 1,25-dihydroxyergocalciferol (ercalcitriol or 1,25-(OH)2D2), which activates the vitamin D receptor.[21] Unlike cholecalciferol, 25-hydroxylation is not performed by CYP27A1 for ergocalciferol.[22]

Ergocalciferol and metabolites have lower affinity to the vitamin D-binding protein compared to the D3 counterparts. The binding affinity of ercalcitriol to the vitamin D receptor is similar to that of calcitriol.[22] Ergocalciferol itself and metabolites can be deactivated by 24-hydroxylation.[23]

Sources

Fungus, from USDA nutrient database (per 100g), D2 + D3:[24][25]

  • Mushrooms, Agaricus bisporus:
    • raw portobello: 0.3 μg (10 IU); exposed to ultraviolet light: 11.2 µg (446 IU)
    • raw crimini: 0.1 μg (3 IU); exposed to ultraviolet light: 31.9 µg (1276 IU)
  • Mushrooms, shiitake:
    • raw: Vitamin D (D2 + D3): 0.4 μg (18 IU)
    • dried: Vitamin D (D2 + D3): 3.9 μg (154 IU)

Lichen

  • Cladina arbuscula specimens grown under different natural conditions contain provitamin D2 and vitamin D2, ranges 89-146 and 0.22-0.55 μg/g dry matter respectively. They also contain vitamin D3 (range 0.67 to 2.04 μg/g) although provitamin D3 could not be detected. Vitamin D levels correlate positively with UV irradiation.[26]

Plantae

  • Alfalfa (Medicago sativa subsp. sativa), shoot: 4.8 μg (192 IU) vitamin D2, 0.1 μg (4 IU) vitamin D3[27]

Biosynthesis

The vitamin D2 content in mushrooms and C. arbuscula increase with exposure to ultraviolet light.[26][28] Ergosterol (provitamin D2) found in these fungi is converted to previtamin D2 on UV exposure, which then turns into vitamin D2. As cultured mushrooms are generally grown in darkness, less vitamin D2 is found compared to those grown in the wild or dried in the sun.[19]

When fresh mushrooms or dried powders are purposely exposed to ultraviolet light, vitamin D2 levels can be concentrated to much higher levels.[29][30][31] The irradiation procedure does not cause significant discoloration, or whitening, of mushrooms.[32] Claims have been made that a normal serving (approx. 2 oz or 60 grams) of fresh mushrooms treated with ultraviolet light have increased vitamin D content to levels up to 80 micrograms or 3200 IU if exposed to just five minutes of UV light after being harvested.[30]

Button mushrooms with enhanced vitamin D2 content produced this way functions similarly to a vitamin D2 supplement; both effectively improves vitamin D status.[29][33] Vitamin D2 from UV-irradiated yeast baked into bread or mushrooms is bioavailable and increases blood levels of 25(OH)D.[29]

Names

Viosterol, the name given to early preparations of irradiated ergosterol, is essentially synonymous with ergocalciferol.[34][35] However, currently, Viosterol is also the brand name for cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) in some countries.[36][37]

Ergocalciferol is manufactured and marketed under various names, including Deltalin (Eli Lilly and Company), Drisdol (Sanofi-Synthelabo), and Calcidol (Patrin Pharma).

References

  1. ^ "Summary Basis of Decision (SBD) for Rayaldee". Health Canada. 23 October 2014. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  2. ^ "Ergocalciferol Injection BP 300,000IU - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". (emc). 8 July 2020. Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2022.
  3. ISBN 9780123918840. Archived
    from the original on 30 December 2016.
  4. ^
    ISBN 9780857111562
    .
  5. ^
    ISBN 9789241547659
    .
  6. ^ a b c "Ergocalciferol". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  7. ISBN 9781284057560
    .
  8. ^ "Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin D". ods.od.nih.gov. 11 February 2016. Archived from the original on 31 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  9. ISBN 9783527607495. Archived
    from the original on 30 December 2016.
  10. ^ "The Top 300 of 2021". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  11. ^ "Ergocalciferol - Drug Usage Statistics". ClinCalc. Archived from the original on 13 April 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  12. ISBN 9780976915904
    .
  13. ISBN 9781615642793. Archived
    from the original on 30 December 2016.
  14. hdl:10665/345533
    . WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
  15. PMID 21646368
    .
  16. PMID 20499377
    .
  17. S2CID 37034292
    .
  18. ^
    PMID 22552031
    .
  19. ^
    PMID 30322118
    .
  20. PMID 5305760
    .
  21. PMID 7094913
    .
  22. ^
    PMID 24529992
    .
  23. PMID 17023693
    .
  24. ^ "USDA nutrient database – use the keyword 'portabello' and then click submit". Archived from the original on 22 February 2015.
  25. ^ Haytowitz DB (2009). "Vitamin D in mushrooms" (PDF). Nutrient Data Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  26. ^
    PMID 11693362. Archived
    from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  27. ^ "Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases". Archived from the original on 16 October 2015.
  28. ^ Haytowitz DB (2009). "Vitamin D in mushrooms" (PDF). Nutrient Data Laboratory, US Department of Agriculture. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  29. ^
    PMID 24494050
    .
  30. ^ a b "Bringing Mushrooms Out of the Dark". NBC News. 18 April 2006. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 6 August 2007.
  31. PMID 23485617
    .
  32. PMID 19281276
    .
  33. PMID 21540874
    .
  34. doi:10.1021/ed007p166
    .
  35. ^ See "Viosterol" and "Calciferol" at Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary, e.g., "Medical Definition of VIOSTEROL". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014. and "Definition of CALCIFEROL". Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2014., accessed 10 July 2014.
  36. ^ "Viosterol comprimido 5000 UI". Archived from the original on 5 September 2022. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  37. ^ "Viosterol 1000". Archived from the original on 6 September 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2022.

External links

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