Eric Gill

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Eric Gill
Westminster Technical Institute
  • Central School of Arts and Crafts
  • Known forSculpture, typography
    MovementArts and Crafts movement
    Spouse
    Ethel Hester Moore
    (m. 1904)
    Children4

    Arthur Eric Rowton Gill

    Oxford Dictionary of National Biography describes Gill as "the greatest artist-craftsman of the twentieth century: a letter-cutter and type designer of genius", he is also a figure of considerable controversy following the revelations of his sexual abuse
    of two of his daughters and of his pet dog.

    Gill was born in Brighton and grew up in Chichester, where he attended the local college before moving to London. There he became an apprentice with a firm of ecclesiastical architects and took evening classes in stone masonry and calligraphy. Gill abandoned his architectural training and set up a business cutting memorial inscriptions for buildings and headstones. He also began designing chapter headings and title pages for books.

    As a young man, Gill was a member of the

    Guild of St Joseph and St Dominic for Catholic craftsmen. Many members of the Guild, including Gill, were also members of the Third Order of Saint Dominic, a lay division of the Dominican Order. At Ditchling, Gill and his assistants created several notable war memorials including those at Chirk in north Wales and at Trumpington
    near Cambridge, along with numerous works on religious subjects.

    In 1924, the Gill family left Ditchling and moved to an isolated, disused monastery at Capel-y-ffin in the Black Mountains of Wales. The isolation of Capel-y-ffin suited Gill's wish to distance himself from what he regarded as an increasingly secular and industrialised society, and his time there proved to be among the most productive of his artistic career. At Capel, Gill made the sculptures The Sleeping Christ (1925), Deposition (1925), and Mankind (1927). He created engravings for a series of books published by the Golden Cockerel Press considered among the finest of their kind, and it was at Capel that he designed the typefaces Perpetua, Gill Sans, and Solus. After four years at Capel, Gill and his family moved into a quadrangle of properties at Speen in Buckinghamshire. From there, in the last decade of his life, Gill became an architectural sculptor of some fame, creating large, high profile works for central London buildings, including both the headquarters of the BBC and the forerunner of London Underground. His mammoth frieze The Creation of Man was the British Government's gift to the new League of Nations building in Geneva. Despite failing health Gill was active as a sculptor until the last weeks of his life, leaving several works to be completed by his assistants after his death.

    Gill was a prolific writer on religious and social matters, with some 300 printed works including books and pamphlets to his name. He frequently courted controversy with his opposition to industrialisation, modern commerce, and the use of machinery in both the home and the workplace. In the years preceding World War II, he embraced pacifism and left-wing causes.

    Biography

    Early life

    Eric Gill was born in 1882 in Hamilton Road,

    light opera under the name Rose le Roi.[1] Arthur Tidman Gill had left the Congregational Church in 1878 over doctrinal disagreements and became a minister of the Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion, a grouping of Calvinist Methodists.[2]: 7  Arthur was born in the South Seas, where his father, George Gill, was a Congregational minister and missionary.[2]: 5  Eric Gill was the elder brother of the graphic artist MacDonald "Max" Gill (1884–1947).[1] Two of his other brothers, Romney and Cecil, became Anglican missionaries while their sister, Madeline, became a nun and also undertook missionary work.[2]: 5  The film historian David Gill
    was a nephew.

    In 1897, the family moved to Chichester, when Arthur Tidman Gill left the Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion, became a mature student at Chichester Theological College and joined the Church of England.[1][2]: 19  Eric Gill studied at Chichester Technical and Art School, where he won a Queen's Prize for perspective drawing and developed a passion for lettering.[2]: 26  Later in his life, Gill cited the Norman and medieval carved stone panels in Chichester Cathedral as a major influence on his sculpture.[3][4] In 1900 Gill became disillusioned with Chichester and moved to London to train as an architect with the practice of W. D. Caröe, specialists in ecclesiastical architecture with a large office close to Westminster Abbey.[1]

    London 1900–1907

    Frustrated with his architectural training, Gill took evening classes in

    Westminster Technical Institute and, from 1901, in calligraphy at the Central School of Arts and Crafts while continuing to work at Caröe's.[5] The calligraphy course was run by Edward Johnston, creator of the London Underground typeface, who became a strong and lasting influence on Gill.[2]: 42  For a year, until 1903, Gill and Johnston shared lodgings at Lincoln's Inn in central London.[2]
    : 49 

    Rubbing of a memorial bronze created by Eric and Max Gill in 1905

    During 1903, Gill gave up training in architecture to become a calligrapher, letter-cutter and monumental mason.

    Insel Verlag publishling house.[5] W.H. Smith & Son employed Gill to paint the lettering on the fascias of several of their bookshops including, in 1903, their Paris store.[2]: 55  For a time, Gill combined this work with his job at Caröe's but eventually the scale and frequency of these commissions required him to leave the company.[2]: 88  After Gill died, his brother, Evan, compiled an inventory of 762 inscriptions known to have been carved by him.[2]
    : 45 

    In 1904 Gill married Ethel Hester Moore (1878–1961), a former art student, later known as Mary, the daughter of a businessman who was also the head verger at Chichester Cathedral.[2]: 31  Gill and Moore would eventually have three daughters and foster a son.[1] After a short period in Battersea, the couple moved into 20 Black Lion Lane, Hammersmith in west London, near the, recently married, Johnstons' home on Hammersmith Terrace.[7] A number of artists associated with the Arts and Crafts movement, including Emery Walker, T. J. Cobden-Sanderson and May Morris were already based in the area, as were a number of printing presses, notably the Doves Press.[2]: 64  Gill formed a business partnership with Lawrence Christie and recruited a number of staff, including the 14-year old Joseph Cribb, to work in his studio.[2]: 66  Gill began giving lectures at the Central School and taught courses in monumental masonry and lettering for stonemasons at the Paddington Institute.[2]: 102  In 1905 he was elected to the Arts and Crafts Exhibition Society and joined the Fabian Society the following year.[2]: 101  After a period of intense involvement with the Fabians, Gill became disillusioned with both them and the Arts and Craft movement. By 1907 he was writing and making speeches about the failures, both theoretical and practical, of the craft movement to resist the advance of mass-production.[2]: 93 

    In his diaries, Gill records two affairs while living at Hammersmith. He had a brief affair with the family maid while his wife was pregnant and then a relationship with Lillian Meacham, who he met through the Fabian Society.[2]: 95  Gill and Meacham visited the Paris Opera and Chartres Cathedral together and when their affair ended, she became an apprentice in Gill's workshop and remained a family friend throughout her life.[2]: 95 

    Ditchling Village 1907–1913

    In 1907, Gill moved with his family to Sopers, a house in the village of Ditchling in Sussex, which would later become the centre of an artists' community inspired by Gill. Although by April 1908 Gill had established a workshop in Ditchling and dissolved his business partnership with Lawrence Christie, he continued to spend considerable amounts of time in London visiting clients and delivering lectures, while his wife Ethel organised their household and smallholding in Sussex.[2]: 120  In London, Gill would stay at his old lodgings in Lincoln's Inn with his brother Max or with his sister Gladys and Ernest Laughton, her future husband.[2]: 122  Gill continued to concentrate on lettering and inscriptions for stonework and employed a pupil for his signwriting business.[2]: 126  He also began to use wood engraving techniques for his book illustration work, notably for a 1907 edition of Homer for Count Kessler.[2]: 126 

    Mother and Child, 1910

    Late in 1909 Gill decided to become a sculptor.[2]: 126  Gill had always considered himself an artisan craftsman rather than an artist. He rejected the usual sculpture technique of first making a model and then scaling up using a pointing machine, in favour of directly carving the final figure.[4][8] His first sculptures included Madonna and Child (1910), which the art critic Roger Fry described as a depiction of "pathetic animalism",[9] and the almost life-size work now known as Ecstasy (1911).[4] The models for Ecstasy were his sister Gladys Gill and her husband Ernest Laughton.[2]: 104 [10] The incestuous relationships between Gill and Gladys that continued during their lives had already begun at this point.[2]: 104 [4] There is also some evidence, from Gill's own writings, of an incestuous relationship with Angela, another of his sisters.[2]: 105 [10]

    An early admirer of Gill's sculptures was

    Père Lachaise cemetery for which Gill designed the inscription before sending Joseph Cribb, who had moved to Ditchling in 1907, to Paris to carve the lettering.[2]: 135 [13]

    Gill had his first sculpture exhibition in 1911 at the Chenil Gallery in London.[9] Eight works by Gill were included in the Second Post-Impressionism Exhibition organised by Roger Fry at the Grafton Galleries in London during 1912 and 1913.[13]

    By 1912, while Gill's main source of income was from gravestone inscriptions, he had also carved a number of

    Louvain.[2]: 94  Gill's experiences at Louvain, seeing the monks at prayer and hearing plainsong for the first time convinced him to become a Catholic.[14] In February 1913, after religious instructions from English Benedictines, Gill and Ethel were received into the Catholic Church and Ethel changed her name to Mary.[2]
    : 147 

    Westminster Cathedral 1914–1918

    Westminster Cathedral, Stations of the Cross XIII

    In 1913, after Gill and his wife became Roman Catholics they moved to Hopkin's Crank at

    stations of the cross in Westminster Cathedral.[1][15] Gill was a surprising choice for the commission as he had only recently become a Catholic and had only been a sculptor for three years.[16] However he was prepared to do the work quicker and for a lower fee than more established sculptors would.[16] Gill modelled both the Christ figure in panel ten and a soldier in the second panel on himself.[15] The Stations were not universally well received when they were erected with criticism of their simple appearance and how starkly they contrasted with the rest of the cathedral interior.[16] A minority, that eventually included Nikolaus Pevsner, praised their uncluttered design and unsentimental treatment of the subject.[16] They are now considered among Gill's most accomplished large scale works.[2]: 125  Subsequently, Gill submitted proposals for decorations and works in other parts of the Cathedral building and, eventually, his design for the Chapel of Saint George and the English Martyrs was commissioned.[16]

    Gill had been granted exemption from military service while working on the Stations of the Cross and when they were finished spent three months, from September 1918, as a driver at an RAF camp in Dorset, before returning to Ditchling.[2]: 138 

    Ditchling Common 1918–1924

    After World War I, together with

    Hilary Pepler and Desmond Chute, Gill founded a guild association to promote the ideals of medieval, or pre-industrial, craft production, the Guild of St Joseph and St Dominic at Ditchling.[8][14] The Guild's emphasis was on manual labour as opposed to more modern industrial methods, such that they did not use mechanised tools and considered craft working a form of holy worship.[14] All members of the Guild were Catholics and most, including Gill, were also members of the Third Order of Saint Dominic, a third order of the Dominican Order.[14] Lay members were not expected to follow the Dominicans' daily Liturgy of the Hours, a schedule of prayers from the Angelus at 6am to Compline at 9pm, but the group at Ditchling, unusually, did so.[2]: 146  A chapel, designed by Gill, was built in the centre of the Guild's workshops and a wooden cross, with a Christ figure carved by Gill, was erected on a nearby hill.[2]: 147  Gill had also taken to wearing a habit, often with a symbolic cord of chastity added.[2]: 143  In his family home, Gill determined that the household was to be free of modern appliances, with no bathroom, water drawn by a pump and cooking done on a log fire. One guest who brought a typewriter into the house was scolded for doing so.[2]: 127  The children did not attend school.[17]

    Alongside the Guild, Pepler set up the St Dominic's Press with a 100-year old

    Stanhope press that he bought.[5] The Press printed books and pamphlets promoting the ideals of the Guilds' traditional craft techniques and also provided an outlet for Gill's engravings and woodcut illustrations.[14] Gill and Pepler together produced issues of The Game, a small journal, mostly illustrated by Gill and containing articles on craft and social matters.[2]: 122  The views promoted by Gill and Pepler in The Game and their other publications were often deliberately provocative, anti-capitalist and opposed to industrialisation.[5]

    Along with his Guild work and illustrations, Gill designed several war memorials in this period. These included the Trumpington War Memorial in Cambridgeshire, the Chirk War Memorial in north Wales, the memorial at Ditchling, and the wall panel recording 228 names of the fallen in the ante-chapel at New College, Oxford.[1][18][19][20] Gill also created the memorial at Briantspuddle in Dorset and, with Chute and Hilary Stratton, the monument at South Harting.[21][22] Beside the main entrance to the British Museum, Gill designed and carved, with Joseph Cribb, the memorial inscription to the museum staff killed in the conflict and for the Victoria and Albert Museum, again with Cribb, he created the war memorial in that museum's entrance hall.[23][24] Previously, in 1911, Gill had cut the inscription for the foundation stone of the British Museum's new King Edward VII building.[5] Gill's other significant work from this period was the Stations of the Cross that he carved, with Chute, for the Church of St Cuthbert in the Manningham area of Bradford.[25]

    • St George, detail of South Harting war memorial, West Sussex
      St George, detail of South Harting war memorial, West Sussex
    • Ditchling war memorial, Sussex
      Ditchling war memorial, Sussex
    • Chirk War Memorial, Wrexham
    • Victoria & Albert Museum staff war memorial
      Victoria & Albert Museum staff war memorial
    • Detail of Briantspuddle war memorial, Dorset
      Detail of Briantspuddle war memorial, Dorset

    Commissioned to produce a war memorial for the University of Leeds, Gill produced a frieze depicting the Cleansing of the Temple but showing contemporary merchants as the money-changers Jesus was driving from the Temple.[26][27] While fully aware that this was an inappropriate subject for a war memorial and one likely to cause great offence in a commercial centre such as Leeds, Gill persisted with the design regardless. The cartoon-like nature of the finished frieze, which included the Hound of St Dominic knocking over a cash till, only added to the ferocity of the resulting uproar.[2]: 166 [28]

    Even before the Leeds memorial controversy, Gill's series of illustrations that included the Nuptials of God, The Convert and Divine Lovers and his views on the sexual nature of Christianity were causing alarm within the Roman Catholic hierarchy and distancing Gill from other members of the Ditchling community.[2]: 164  The series of life-drawings and prints of his daughters, including Girl in Bath and Hair Combing done at Ditchling, were considered among Gill's finest works. The sexual abuse Gill was perpetrating on his two eldest daughters during the same period only became known after his death.[4]

    A number of professional craft workers joined the community, such that by the early 1920s the community had grown to 41 people, occupying several houses in the 20 acres surrounding the Guild's chapel and workshops.

    Distributist ideas the Guild followed.[14] Some young men who had been in combat in World War I came to stay for longer periods. These included Denis Tegetmeier, Reginald Lawson and the artist and poet David Jones, who was to become engaged for a time to Gill's second daughter, Petra.[2]
    : 151 

    However, Gill became disillusioned with the direction of the Guild and fell out badly with his close friend Pepler, partly over the latter's wish to expand the community and form closer ties with Ditchling village and also because Gill's daughter, Betty, wanted to marry Pepler's son, David.

    : 170 

    Capel-y-ffin 1924–1928

    Mankind, 1927

    In August 1924, the Gills left Ditchling and, with two other families, moved to a disused Anglican monastery,

    Benedictine monk from Caldey Abbey was assigned to the group to hold a daily Mass.[2]: 182  Donald Attwater arrived at Capel-y-ffin shortly before the Gills, David Jones and René Hague, Joan Gill's future husband, all joined shortly after.[2]: 182  Joseph Cribb did not make the move to Wales but his younger brother, Lawrence Cribb (1898–1979), did and eventually became Gill's main assistant.[5]

    Within a few weeks of arriving at Capel-y-ffin, Gill completed Deposition, a black marble torso of Christ, and made The Sleeping Christ, a stone head now in

    Manchester City Art Gallery.[2]: 185  In 1926 he completed a sculpture of Tobias and Sara for the library of St John's College, Oxford.[29] A war memorial altarpiece in oak relief for Rossall School was completed in 1927.[1]

    When approached, in 1924, by Robert Gibbings to produce designs for the Golden Cockerel Press which he and his wife, Moira, had recently acquired, Gill initially refused to work with the couple as they were not Catholics. Gill changed his mind when they sought to publish a volume of poems by his sister Enid. The relationship between Gill and the Gibbingses grew such that throughout the following ten years Gill became the chief engraver and illustrator for the Golden Cockerel Press. Several of the resulting books, including The Song of Songs (1925), Troilus and Criseyde (1927), The Canterbury Tales (1928), and The Four Gospels (1931) are considered classics of specialist book production.[2]: 187  Gill created striking designs that unified and integrated illustrations into the text and also created a new typeface for the Press.[5] The erotic nature of The Song of Songs and of the illustrations for Edward Powys Mathers's Procreant Hymn caused considerable controversy in Roman Catholic circles and led to protracted arguments between Gill and members of the clergy.[2]: 211 [30] The Golden Cockerel printed four of Gill's own books and he illustrated a further thirteen works for the press.[5] In addition, between 1924 and his death, Gill wrote 38 books and illustrated a further 28.[5]

    The other key working relationship Gill established while at Capel-y-ffin was with

    Monotype Corporation. Morison persuaded Gill to apply the skills and knowledge he had gained in letter cutting to fonts suitable for mechanical reproduction.[2]: 187  It was at Capel that Gill designed the typefaces Perpetua (1925), Gill Sans (1927 onwards) and began work on Solus (1929).[1] Gill Sans is considered one of the most successful type-faces ever designed and remains in widespread use.[30]

    While living at Capel-y-ffin, Gill spent many weekends at Robert and Moira Gibbings home in

    Goupil Gallery in London, to considerable acclaim, before being purchased by the artist Eric Kennington.[2]: 220 [31] Some years later, Kennington offered the work to Whipsnade Zoo. The zoo refused the offer, and the work is now in the Tate collection but displayed at the Victoria and Albert Museum.[2]: 220 [8]

    It had been too impractical to transport the stone for Mankind to Capel-y-ffin and it was clear that the site had become too remote and isolated for Gill's increasing commercial workload and by May 1928 he was seeking a new home for his family and workshops.[2]: 221 [30]

    • Gill Sans
      Gill Sans
    • Joanna Nova
      Joanna Nova
    • Perpetua
      Perpetua
    • Golden Cockerel type
      Golden Cockerel type
    • Three typefaces by Gill
      Three typefaces by Gill

    Pigotts, Buckinghamshire 1928–1934

    In October 1928, the Gill family moved to Pigotts at Speen, five miles from High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire. Around a quadrangle with a central pigsty were a large farmhouse housing Eric and Mary Gill, a cottage for Petra and her husband Denis Tegetmeier and another for Joanna and René Hague. Stables and barns were converted to studios and workshops and to house printing presses.[2]: 225  A chapel was fitted into one corner and licensed within six months for the saying of Mass.[2]: 226 

    North Wind, St James's Park Station, London

    The success of his 1928 exhibition at the Goupil Gallery had raised Gill's profile considerably and led to Charles Holden commissioning him to lead a team of five sculptors, including Henry Moore, in creating some of the external sculptures for the new headquarters building of the London Electric Railway, the forerunner of London Underground.[2]: 228  Gill started on the project within days of arriving at Pigotts and worked on site in London from November 1928 to carve three of eight relief sculptures on the theme of The Four Winds for the building.[2]: 229 

    Art-Nonsense And Other Essays by Eric Gill was published in 1929 and marked the first commercial use of the Perpetua typeface. The frontispiece of the book had an engraving of Belle Sauvage, an image of a naked women stepping out of some woods. The various versions of Belle Sauvage became among the most popular of Gill's illustrations and were modelled by Beatrice Warde, a historian of typography, an executive of the Monotype Corporation and sometimes Gill's lover.[2]: 232  By 1930 Gladys Gill had divorced her second husband after her first, Ernest Laughton, had been killed in the Battle of the Somme, and she and Eric appear, from his diary entries, to have resumed their incestuous relationship.[2]: 239  Later that same year the diaries record what Gill called his 'experiments' with a dog.[2]: 239  In September 1930 he was taken seriously ill with a variety of symptoms, including amnesia, and spent several weeks in hospital.[2]: 237 

    Prospero and Ariel, BBC Broadcasting House
    Ariel between Wisdom and Gaiety with the Latin inscription obsculta (obey), BBC Broadcasting House

    The following two years were among the most creatively accomplished of Gill's career, with several notable achievements. The Hague and Gill press was established at Pigotts in 1931 and eventually printed 16 of Gill's own books and booklets while he also illustrated six other books for the company.[5] For the Hague and Gill press he created the Joanna typeface, which was eventually adapted for commercial use by Monotype. He completed The Four Gospels, widely considered to be the finest of all the books produced by the Golden Cockerel Press, and began working on the sculpture Prospero and Ariel for the BBC's Broadcasting House in London.[2]: 243  Throughout 1931 and into 1932, Gill worked on Prospero and Ariel, and four other works for the BBC, on site in central London.[2]: 245  Carving in the open air up on scaffolding in the middle of London further increased Gill's public profile.[2]: 247  Although Gill had accepted the BBC's choice of subject matter when he took the commission, he did not see its relevance and frequently claimed that the figures he created represented God the Father and God the Son, the latter complete with the marks of the stigmata.[8][32]

    The

    Donald Potter, produced two seahorses, modelled as Morecambe shrimps, for the outside entrance; a round plaster relief on the ceiling of the circular staircase inside the hotel; a decorative wall map of the north-west of England; and a large stone relief of Odysseus being welcomed from the sea by Nausicaa for the entrance lounge.[33] While working in Morecambe, Gill met May Reeves, who became a regular visitor to Pigotts before moving there to run a small school and becoming Gill's resident mistress for several years.[2]
    : 256 

    Jerusalem and Pigotts, 1934–1938

    Canaanite culture, the Rockefeller Museum, Jerusalem, 1934

    In 1934 Gill, with Lawrence Cribb, visited Jerusalem to work at the

    bas-relief of the meeting of Asia and Africa above the front entrance, together with ten stone reliefs illustrating different cultures, and a gargoyle fountain in the inner courtyard. He also carved stone signage throughout the museum in English, Hebrew and Arabic.[34]

    Gill's two visits to Jerusalem had a profound impact on his state of mind. He became increasingly unhappy with the impact of humanity upon the world and also become convinced of his own role as one chosen by God to change society.

    Gill's 1935 essay All Art is Propaganda marked a complete reversal of his previous belief that artists should not concern themselves with political activity.

    The Catholic Herald that its art was "anti-Christian".[37] Gill became a regular speaker at left-wing meetings and rallies throughout the second half of the 1930s.[2]: 273  He was adamantly opposed to fascism, and was one of the few Catholics in Britain to openly support the Spanish Republicans.[36] Gill became a pacifist and helped set up the Catholic peace organisation Pax with E. I. Watkin and Donald Attwater.[38] Later, Gill joined the Peace Pledge Union and supported the British branch of the Fellowship of Reconciliation.[36]

    The Creation of Man, 1938

    Gill was commissioned to produce a sequence of seven bas-relief panels for the façade of The People's Palace, now the Great Hall of

    Palace of Nations building in Geneva, as the British Government's gift to the League of Nations.[2]: 275  Gill's original proposal was to create a larger, international, version of the Moneychangers frieze that had caused such outrage in Leeds years earlier, but after objections from delegates to the League, submitted an alternative scheme. The Creation of Man flanked by Man's Gifts to God and God's Gifts to Man are three marble bas-reliefs in seventeen sections and constitute the largest single work Gill created during his career but are not considered among his finest works.[2]: 276 [41]

    In 1935, Gill was elected an Honorary Associate of the

    Royal Academy. Quite why Gill was offered, let alone accepted, these honours from institutions he had openly reviled throughout his career is unclear.[1]

    Final works, 1939–1940

    St Peter the Apostle at Gorleston-on-Sea, (1938–9)
    Altar of the Chapel of St George and the English Martyrs, Westminster Cathedral

    During 1938 and 1939 Gill designed his only complete piece of architecture, the Roman Catholic Church of St Peter the Apostle at Gorleston-on-Sea.[1] He designed the building around a central altar which, at the time, was considered a radical departure from the Catholic practice of the altar being at the east end of a church.[2]: 280 

    Gill's final publications included Twenty-Five Nudes and Drawings from Life both of which included drawings of Daisy Hawkins, the teenage daughter of the Gills' housekeeper with whom Gill began an affair in 1937.[1] The affair lasted two years during which time Gill drew her on an almost daily basis. When Hawkins was sent away from Pigotts, to the boarding house at Capel-y-ffin run by Betty Gill, Eric Gill followed her there to continue the relationship.[2]: 284 

    Among Gill's last sculptures were a series of commissions for Guildford Cathedral. He spent time between October and December 1939 working at Guildford, on scaffolding carving the figure of John the Baptist.[1] He also worked on a set of panels depicting the stations of the cross for the Anglican St Alban's Church in Oxford, finishing the drawings three weeks before he died and completing nine of the pieces himself.[42][29] For the Chapel of Saint George and the English Martyrs, in Westminster Cathedral, Gill designed a low relief sculpture to occupy the wall behind the altar.[16] Gill's design showed a life-sized figure of Christ the Priest on the cross attended by Sir Thomas More and John Fisher.[16] Gill died before the work was completed and Lawrence Cribb was tasked with finishing the piece by the Cathedral authorities who insisted he remove an element of Gill's original design, a figure of a pet monkey.[16] When the chapel was eventually opened to the public this censorship of Gills' last work was a matter of some considerable controversy.[16]

    From the end of 1939 into the middle of 1940, Gill had a series of illnesses, including rubella, but managed to write his autobiography that summer.[1] Gill died of lung cancer in Harefield Hospital in Middlesex on the morning of Sunday 17 November 1940 and, after a funeral mass at the Pigotts chapel, was buried in Speen's Baptist churchyard.[1]

    After Gill died an inventory of over 750 of his carved inscriptions was compiled, in addition to the over 100 stone sculptures and reliefs, 1000 engravings, the several typeface designs he created and his 300 printed works including books, articles and pamphlets.[2]: 294 

    Sexual abuse

    Gill's religious beliefs did not limit his sexual activity, which included several extramarital affairs. His religious views contrast with his

    sexual behaviour, including, as described in his personal diaries, the child sexual abuse of his adolescent daughters, an incestuous relationship with at least one of his sisters and also sexual experiments with a dog.[4][10][43] Since these revelations became public in 1989, there have been a number of calls for works by Gill to be removed from public buildings and art collections. This aspect of Gill's life was little known beyond his family and friends until the publication of the 1989 biography by Fiona MacCarthy.[44] A 1966 biography by Robert Speaight mentioned none of it.[44]

    Gill's daughter Petra Tegetmeier, who was alive at the time of the MacCarthy biography, described her father as having "endless curiosity about sex" and that "we just took it for granted", and told her friend Patrick Nuttgens she was unembarrassed. The children were educated at home and, according to Tegetmeier, she was then unaware of how her father's behaviour would seem to others.[17][45] Despite the acclaim the book received, and the widespread revulsion towards aspects of Gill's sexual life that followed publication, MacCarthy received some criticism for revealing Gill's incest in his daughter's lifetime.[46][47] Others, notably Bernard Levin, thought she had been too indulgent towards Gill.[44] MacCarthy commented:

    after the initial shock, [...] as Gill's history of adulteries, incest, and experimental connection with his dog became public knowledge in the late 1980s, the consequent reassessment of his life and art left his artistic reputation strengthened. Gill emerged as one of the twentieth century's strangest and most original controversialists, a sometimes infuriating, always arresting spokesman for man's continuing need of God in an increasingly materialistic civilization, and for intellectual vigour in an age of encroaching triviality.[1]

    Despite MacCarthy's revelations, for several years Gill's reputation as an artist continued to grow but, following the exposure of other high-profile paedophiles, this changed with groups and individuals calling for the removal of works by Gill.[48]

    In 1998, a group, Ministers and Clergy Sexual Abuse Survivors, called for the Gill's Stations of the Cross to be removed from Westminster Cathedral, leading to a debate within the British Catholic press.

    St Michael the Archangel to be removed from St Patrick's Catholic Church in Dumbarton.[48] In 2016, some residents in Ditchling objected to a proposal to erect a plaque by the village war memorial which would have identified Gill as the maker of the monument.[48][49]
    In January 2022, a man climbed the façade of Broadcasting House and damaged the statue of Prospero and Ariel with a hammer, while another man shouted about Gill's
    paedophilia.[50][51] Some 2,500 people had previously signed a petition calling on the BBC to take the work down.[52] In May 2023 the statue was again attacked by a man wielding a hammer.[53] Guildford Cathedral announced in February 2022 that it was considering a 'new interpretation' concerning Gill's statues of John the Baptist and of Christ on the Cross which are on their building.[54] Several organisations, including Save the Children, resolved to stop using typefaces designed by Gill.[55]

    When, in 2017, the journalist Rachel Cooke contacted museums holding Gill's work to question what, if any, impact the abuse revelations had on their policy towards showing material by him, the majority refused to engage with her.[48] A notable exception was the Ditchling Museum of Art + Craft, which holds many examples of Gill's work and also Gill family objects. Previously, in October 2016, the museum had held a workshop, Not Turning a Blind Eye, with artists, curators and journalists invited to discuss how to address Gill's behaviour in its exhibition programme.[48] This resulted in a 2017 exhibition Eric Gill: The Body and a commitment by the museum to include at least one display highlighting Gill's offending in its permanent exhibitions.[48][56] However in 2022, The Observer reported that it appeared that the museum had decided to reduce the prominence given to Gill's work among its exhibits.[57]

    Typefaces and inscriptions

    In 1909, Gill carved Alphabets and Numerals for a book, "Manuscript and Inscription Letters for Schools and Classes and for the Use of Craftsmen", compiled by Edward Johnston. He later gave them to the Victoria and Albert Museum so they could be used by students at the Royal College of Art. In 1914, Gill had met the typographer

    Sir Harry Johnston.[59] In the period 1930–31, Gill designed the typeface Joanna which he used to hand-set his book, An Essay on Typography
    .

    Gill's other types include:

    These dates are not precise, since a lengthy period could pass between Gill creating a design and it being finalised by the Monotype drawing office team (who would work out many details such as spacing) and cut into metal.[67] In addition, some designs such as Joanna were released to fine printing use long before they became widely available from Monotype.

    One of the most widely used British typefaces, Gill Sans, was used in the classic design system of

    wordmark
    and many of its on-screen television graphics.

    The family Gill Facia was created by Colin Banks as an emulation of Gill's stone carving designs, with separate styles for smaller and larger text.[68]

    Gill was commissioned to develop a typeface with the number of allographs limited to what could be used on Monotype systems or Linotype machines. The typeface was loosely based on the Arabic Naskh style but was considered unacceptably far from the norms of Arabic script. It was rejected and never cut into type.[69][70][71]

    Published works

    Illustration from the book The Devil's devices, or, Control versus Service by Hilary Pepler, 1915

    Gill published numerous essays on the relationship between art and religion, and a number of erotic engravings.[72]

    Gill's published writings include:

    Songs of Solomon
    • Christianity and Art, 1927
    • Art-nonsense and other essays, Cassell 1929 (pocket edition 1934)
    • Clothes: An Essay Upon the Nature and Significance of the Natural and Artificial Integuments Worn by Men and Women, 1931[73]
    • An Essay on Typography, 1931[74]
    • Beauty Looks After Herself, 1933
    • Unemployment, 1933
    • Money and Morals, 1934
    • Art and a Changing Civilization, 1934
    • Work and Leisure, 1935
    • The Necessity of Belief, 1935
    • Work and Property, 1937[75]
    • Work and Culture,
      Journal of the Royal Society of Arts
      , 1938
    • Twenty-five nudes, 1938[76]
    • And Who Wants Peace?, 1938
    • Sacred and Secular, 1940
    • Autobiography: Quod Ore Sumpsimus[77]
    • Notes on Postage Stamps[78]
    • Christianity and the Machine Age, 1940.[79]
    • On the Birmingham School of Art, 1940
    • Last Essays, 1943
    • A Holy Tradition of Working: passages from the writings of Eric Gill 1983.[80]

    Gill provided woodcuts and illustrations for several books including:

    • Gill, Eric (1925). Song of Songs. Waltham St. Lawrence, Berkshire: Golden Cockerel Press.
    • The Four Gospels. Golden Cockerel Press. 1931. Facsimile edition published by Christopher Skelton at the September Press, Wellingborough, 1987.
    • Chaucer, Geoffrey (1932). Troilus and Criseyde. Translated by Krapp, George Philip. New York: Literary Guild.
    • Shakespeare, William (1939). Henry the Eighth. New York: Limited Editions Club.
    • The Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ, according to the four evangelists. Hague & Gill Printers. 1934 Faber & Faber
    • Eve, 1926
      Eve, 1926
    • Christ on the Cross
      Christ on the Cross
    • Angels Trumpet
      Angels Trumpet
    • Autumn Midnight, c. 1923
      Autumn Midnight, c. 1923
    • Mrs Ruth Lowinsky
      Mrs Ruth Lowinsky

    Archive

    Gill's papers and library are archived at the

    UCLA in California, designated by the Gill family as the repository for his manuscripts and correspondence.[81] Some of the books in his collection have been digitised as part of the Internet Archive.[82] Additional archival and book collections related to Gill and his work reside at the University of Waterloo Library[6] and the University of Notre Dame's Hesburgh Library.[83] Much of Gill's work and memorabilia is held and is on display at the Ditchling Museum of Art + Craft
    .

    References

    1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Fiona MacCarthy (25 September 2014) [23 September 2004]. "Gill, (Arthur) Eric Rowton". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
    2. ^ .
    3. ^ a b James Williams (27 April 2017). "Eric Gill's fall from grace". Apollo. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
    4. ^ a b c d e f Fiona MacCarthy (22 July 2006). "Written in stone". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
    5. ^ .
    6. ^ a b "Eric Gill archival and book collection". University of Waterloo Library. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
    7. ^ "Eric Gill in Hammersmith" (PDF). Hammersmith and Fulham Historic Buildings Group Newsletter (33 (Winter 2015)): 6. 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
    8. ^ a b c d e Ruth Cribb (2007). "Eric Gill at the Victoria and Albert Museum New Sculpture Display". Antiques & Fine Art Magazine. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
    9. ^ a b "Madonna and Child". National Museum Wales. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
    10. ^ a b c Fiona MacCarthy (17 October 2009). "Mad about sex". The Guardian. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
    11. London University School of Advanced Study
      . March 2012.
    12. .
    13. ^ . Retrieved 21 January 2022.
    14. ^ a b c d e f g David V Barrett (5 August 2021). "Eric Gill: a moral problem". The Catholic Herald. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
    15. ^ a b Patrick Rogers (2005). "Stations of the Cross". Westminster Cathedral. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
    16. ^ .
    17. ^ a b Patrick Nuttgens (6 January 1999). "Petra Tegetmeier obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
    18. ^ Historic England. "Trumpington War Memorial (1245571)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
    19. ^ "War Memorials Register: Chirk". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
    20. ^ Historic England. "Ditchling War Memorial (1438295)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
    21. ^ Historic England. "Briantspuddle War Memorial (1171702)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
    22. ^ a b Historic England. "Harting War Memorial (1438494)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
    23. ^ "War Memorials Register: Victoria and Albert Museum Staff − WW1". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
    24. ^ "Memorial tablet commemorating Museum personnel killed in the First World War". Victoria & Albert Museum. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
    25. ^ Historic England. "Church of St Cuthbert (Roman Catholic) (1376263)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
    26. ^ "Eric Gill – Christ driving the Moneychangers from the Temple". University of Leeds.
    27. ^ "War Memorials Register: University of Leeds − WWI Eric Gill Frieze". Imperial War Museum. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
    28. ^ Penelope Curtis (4 November 2021). "Memory and mourning: on sculpting modern memorials". Art UK. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
    29. ^ a b Martin Stott (8 December 2011). "Eric Gill in Oxford". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
    30. ^ .
    31. ^ "Catalogue entry: Mankind 1927-8". Tate. 2004. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
    32. ^ "Catalogue entry: Prospero and Ariel 1931". Tate. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
    33. .
    34. ^ a b "Eric Gill, 1882–1940". East Meets West: The Story of the Rockefeller Museum. Israel Museum. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
    35. .
    36. ^ .
    37. .
    38. .
    39. .
    40. ^ "Eric Gill Postage Stamps by Type Designer". The Offices of Kat Ran Press. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
    41. ^ "Lobby of the Council Chamber". United Nations. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
    42. ^ "Stations of the Cross by Eric Gill at St Alban's Church". Ss Mary & John Churchyard. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
    43. ^ a b Finlo Roher (5 September 2007). "Can the art of a paedophile be celebrated ?". BBC News. Retrieved 10 August 2008.
    44. ^ a b c Fiona MacCarthy (24 July 2004). "Baptism by fire". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
    45. Brighton Argus
      . 9 January 1999. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
    46. ^ Lottie Hoare (9 January 1999). "Petra Tegetmeier obituary". The Independent. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
    47. ^ Barbara Harrison (7 May 1989). "A Lover's Quest for Art and God". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 February 2016.
    48. ^ a b c d e f Rachel Cooke (9 April 2017). "Eric Gill: Can we separate the artist from the abuser ?". The Observer. Retrieved 28 January 2022.
    49. ^ Adrian Imms (1 November 2016). "Villagers furious over plinth for paedophile sculptor". Brighton Argus. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
    50. ^ Jim Waterson (12 January 2022). "Man uses hammer to attack statue on front of BBC Broadcasting House". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
    51. ^ Ruth Millington (16 February 2022). "Can you separate the artist from the art ?". Art UK. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
    52. ^ Sabrina Johnson (12 January 2022). "Man takes hammer to BBC headquarters to smash statue by paedophile sculptor". Metro. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
    53. ^ "Man scales BBC HQ and hits statue with hammer". BBC News. 20 May 2023. Retrieved 20 May 2023.
    54. ^ Patrick Hudson (2 February 2022). "Eric Gill sculptures under scrutiny at Guildford Cathedral". The Tablet. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
    55. ^ Catherine Bennett (16 January 2022). "Sometimes a statue is indefensible – the BBC should get rid of Eric Gill". The Observer. Retrieved 29 January 2022.
    56. ^ Michéle Woodger (12 May 2017). "Ditchling comes clean about Gill". The RIBA Journal. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
    57. ^ John Sturgis (18 December 2022). "Airbrushing claim as 'Eric Gill museum' shuns legacy of artist and sexual abuser". The Observer. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
    58. ^ Mosley, James (2001). "Review: A Tally of Types". Journal of the Printing History Society. 3. London, England: Printing History Society: 63–67.
    59. ^ "Johnston; Sir; Henry Hamilton (1858–1927); Diplomat and Explorer". The Natural History Museum. Retrieved 28 March 2021.
    60. ^ a b c d e f "Eric Gill (1882–1940), Fonts designed by Eric Gill". Identifont. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
    61. ^ Mosley, James. "Eric Gill and the Cockerel Press". Upper & Lower Case. International Typeface Corporation. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2016.
    62. ^ Brignall, Colin. "The Digital Development of ITC Golden Cockerel". International Typeface Corporation. Archived from the original on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
    63. on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
    64. ^ Dreyfus, John. "Robert Gibbings and the quest for types suitable for illustrated books". International Typeface Corporation. Archived from the original on 21 May 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
    65. ^ Yoseloff, Thomas. "A Publisher's Story". International Typeface Corporation. Archived from the original on 20 May 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
    66. ^ Bates, Keith. "The Non Solus Story". K-Type. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
    67. ^ a b Rhatigan, Dan (September 2014). "Gill Sans after Gill" (PDF). Forum (28). Letter Exchange. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 28 July 2015. Dan Rhatigan is (or was) Type Director at Monotype.
    68. ^ Banks, Colin. "Gill Facia MT". Fontshop. Monotype. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
    69. ^ Blair, S.S. Islamic Calligraphy. p. 606, Fig. 13.7.
    70. ^ "Eric Gill" (PDF). The Monotype Recorder. 41 (3). 1958. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
    71. ^ Graalfs, Gregory (1998). "Gill Sands". Print.
    72. .
    73. .
    74. (reprints).
    75. .
    76. J. M. Dent & Sons
      .
    77. .
    78. .
    79. ^ In the series Christian Newsletter Books, The Sheldon Press.
    80. ).
    81. ^ "Eric Gill Artwork Collection". Online Archive of California. William Andrews Clark Memorial Library. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
    82. ^ "Gill, Eric, 1882–1940, former owner". Internet Archive. California Digital Library. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
    83. ^ "The Eric Gill Collection". University of Notre Dame Hesburgh Libraries. Rare Books & Special Collections. Retrieved 18 May 2016.

    Further reading

    External links