Eric Kandel
This biography of a living person relies too much on references to primary sources. (September 2023) |
Eric Kandel | |
---|---|
Born | Eric Richard Kandel November 7, 1929 Vienna, Austria |
Education | Harvard University (BA) New York University (MD) |
Known for | Physiology of learning and memory |
Spouse | |
Children | 2 |
Awards | Karl Spencer Lashley Award (1981) Dickson Prize (1983) Lasker Award (1983) National Medal of GSS (1988)[1] Harvey Prize (1993) Wolf Prize in Medicine (1999) Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2000) |
Scientific career | |
Fields | Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis and Neuroscience |
Institutions | Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons |
Notable students | James H Schwartz Tom Carew Kelsey C. Martin Priya Rajasethupathy Scott A. Small |
Eric Richard Kandel (German:
He is a Senior Investigator in the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. He was also the founding director of the Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, which is now the Department of Neuroscience at Columbia University. He currently serves on the Scientific Council of the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation. Kandel's popularized account chronicling his life and research, In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind,[3] was awarded the 2006 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Science and Technology.
Early years
Eric's mother, Charlotte Zimels, was born in 1897 in
Eric Kandel was born on November 7, 1929, in Vienna. Shortly after, Eric's father established a toy store. But, although thoroughly assimilated and acculturated, they left Austria after the country had been
After arriving in the United States and settling in Brooklyn, Kandel was tutored by his grandfather in Judaic studies and was accepted at the
Kandel's undergraduate major at Harvard was History and Literature. He wrote an undergraduate honors thesis on "The Attitude Toward National Socialism of Three German Writers: Carl Zuckmayer, Hans Carossa, and Ernst Jünger". While at Harvard, a place where psychology was dominated by the work of B. F. Skinner, Kandel became interested in learning and memory. However, while Skinner championed a strict separation of psychology, as its own level of discourse, from biological considerations such as neurology, Kandel's work is essentially centered on an explanation of the relationships between psychology and neurology.
The world of neuroscience was opened up to Kandel when he met Anna Kris, whose parents
Medical school and early research
In 1952 he started at the
After starting his neurobiological work in the difficult thicket of the electrophysiology of the cerebral cortex, Kandel was impressed by the progress that had been made by Stephen Kuffler using a much more experimentally accessible system: neurons isolated from marine invertebrates. After becoming aware of Kuffler's work in 1955, Kandel graduated from medical school and learned from Stanley Crain how to make microelectrodes that could be used for intracellular recordings of crayfish giant axons.
Kandel began to realize that memory storage must rely on modifications in the
In 1962, after completing his residency in psychiatry, Kandel went to Paris to learn about the marine mollusk
Faculty member at New York University Medical School
Kandel took a position in the Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry at the
By 1981, laboratory members including Terry Walters, Tom Abrams, and Robert Hawkins had been able to extend the Aplysia system into the study of
Molecular changes during learning
Starting in 1966
In 1983 Kandel helped form the Howard Hughes Medical Research Institute at Columbia devoted to molecular neural science. The Kandel lab then sought to identify proteins that had to be synthesized to convert short-term memories into long-lasting memories. One of the nuclear targets for PKA is the transcriptional control protein CREB (cAMP response element binding protein).[6] In collaboration with David Glanzman and Craig Bailey, Kandel identified CREB as being a protein involved in long-term memory storage. One result of CREB activation is an increase in the number of synaptic connections. Thus, short-term memory had been linked to functional changes in existing synapses, while long-term memory was associated with a change in the number of synaptic connections.
Experimental support for Hebbian learning
Some of the synaptic changes observed by Kandel's laboratory provide examples of Hebbian theory. One article describes the role of Hebbian learning in the Aplysia siphon-withdrawal reflex.[7]
The Kandel lab has also performed important experiments using transgenic mice as a system for investigating the molecular basis of memory storage in the vertebrate hippocampus.[8][9][10] Kandel's original idea that learning mechanisms would be conserved between all animals has been confirmed. Neurotransmitters, second messenger systems, protein kinases, ion channels, and transcription factors like CREB have been confirmed to function in both vertebrate and invertebrate learning and memory storage.[11][12]
Continuing work at Columbia University
Since 1974, Kandel actively contributes to science as a member of the Division of Neurobiology and Behavior at the Department of Psychiatry at Columbia University. In 2008, he and Daniela Pollak discovered that conditioning mice to associate a specific noise with protection from harm, a behavior called "learned safety", produces a behavioral antidepressant effect comparable to that of medications. This finding, reported in Neuron,[13] may inform further studies of the cellular interactions between antidepressants and behavioral treatments.
Kandel is also well known for the textbooks he has helped write, such as Principles of Neural Science.[14] First published in 1981 and now in its sixth edition, the book is often used as a teaching and reference text in medical schools and undergraduate and graduate programs. Kandel has been a member of the National Academy of Sciences since 1974.[15]
He has also been at Columbia University since 1974 and lives in New York City.
Notable former members of his lab
- James H. Schwartz 1964–1972: Coauthor of the influential textbook Principles of Neural Science.[16]
- John H. (Jack) Byrne 1970–1975: Professor and Director of the Neuroscience Research Center at UT Health Science Center (Mcgovern Medical School); founder and editor of the research journal Learning and Memory.[17]
- Tom Carew 1970–1983: Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at New York University, Center for Neural Science. Past President of the Society for Neuroscience.[18]
- Edgar T. Walters 1974–1980: Professor at the Medical School of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.[19]
- Kelsey C. Martin 1992–1999: Dean of the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Professor in the Departments of Biological Chemistry, Psychiatry, and Biobehavioral Sciences.[20]
Current views about Vienna
When Kandel won the Nobel Prize in 2000, it was said in Vienna that he was an "Austrian" Nobel, something he found "typically Viennese: very opportunistic, very disingenuous, somewhat hypocritical". He also said it was "certainly not an Austrian Nobel, it was a Jewish-American Nobel". After that, he got a call from then Austrian president Thomas Klestil asking him, "How can we make things right?" Kandel said that first, Doktor-Karl-Lueger-Ring should be renamed; Karl Lueger was an anti-Semitic mayor of Vienna, cited by Hitler in Mein Kampf. The street was ultimately renamed in 2012.[21] Second, he wanted the Jewish intellectual community to be brought back to Vienna, with scholarships for Jewish students and researchers.[22] He also proposed a symposium on the response of Austria to Nazism.[23] Kandel has since accepted an honorary citizenship of Vienna and participates in the academic and cultural life of his native city,[24] similar to Carl Djerassi. Kandel's 2012 book, The Age of Insight—as expressed in its subtitle, The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present[25]—represents a wide-ranging historical attempt to place Vienna at the root of cultural modernism.
Awards
- Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1976)[26]
- Karl Spencer Lashley Award (1981)
- Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research (1983)
- Member of the American Philosophical Society (1984)[27]
- Gairdner Foundation International Award(1987)
- National Academy of Sciences (1988)[28]
- National Medal of Science (1988)
- Pasarow Award(1988)
- Member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina(1989) (National Academy of Sciences, since 2008).
- Harvey Prize (1993)
- Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience (1997)
- Wolf Prize in Medicine (1999)
- Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2000) (jointly with Arvid Carlsson and Paul Greengard)[29]
- Charles A Dana Award for Pioneering Achievement in Health (1997)
- Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (2005)[30]
- Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences of the American Philosophical Society (2006)[31]
- Viktor Frankl Award of the City of Vienna (Viktor Frankl Institute, 2008)[32]
- Honorary citizen of the city of Vienna (2009)[24]
- Honorary doctor at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (2011)
- Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria(2012)
- Pour le Mérite for Arts and Sciences(Germany)
- Foreign Member of the Royal Society (2013)[33]
- Member of the prize committee for the Kavli Prize in Neuroscience, 2007–2010.[34][35]
- Elected Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (2018)[36]
- Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria (2024)
Filmography
- Petra Seeger, In Search of Memory (2008)
Selected publications
Books
- Kandel, Eric R. (1976), Cellular Basis of Behaviour: An Introduction to Behavioural Neurobiology, New York: W.H. Freeman & Company, ISBN 978-0-716-70522-2
- Kandel, Eric R. (1978), A Cell - Biological Approach to Learning, New York: Society for Neuroscience, ISBN 978-0-916-11007-9.
- Kandel, Eric R. (1979), Behavioural Bio of Aplysia: Origin & Evolution, New York: W.H. Freeman & Company, ISBN 978-0-716-71070-7.
- Kandel, Eric R.; Schwartz, James H.; Jessell, Thomas M.; Siegelbaum, Steven A.; Hudspeth, A. J. (2012) [1981], ISBN 978-0-071-39011-8.
- Kandel, Eric R. (1987), Molecular Neurobiology in Neurology and Psychiatry, New York: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, ISBN 978-0-881-67305-0.
- Kandel, Eric R.; Jessell, Thomas M.; Schwartz, James H (1995), Essentials of Neural Science and Behaviour, New York: McGraw-Hill/Appleton & Lange, ISBN 978-0-838-52245-5.
- Kandel, Eric R. (2005), Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, and the New Biology of Mind, New York: American Psychiatric Publishing, ISBN 978-1-585-62199-6.
- Kandel, Eric R. (2007), In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-393-32937-7.
- Kandel, Eric R. (2012), The Age of Insight: The Quest to Understand the Unconscious in Art, Mind, and Brain, from Vienna 1900 to the Present, New York: Random House, ISBN 978-1-4000-6871-5.
- Kandel, Eric R. (2016), Reductionism in Art and Brain Science: Bridging the Two Cultures, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-17962-1.
- Kandel, Eric R. (2018), The Disordered Mind: What Unusual Brains Tell Us About Ourselves, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, ISBN 9780374287863.
Articles
- Malleret G, Alarcon JM, Martel G, Takizawa S, Vronskaya S, Yin D, Chen IZ, Kandel ER, Shumyatsky GP (March 2010). "Bidirectional regulation of hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity and its influence on opposing forms of memory". J. Neurosci. 30 (10): 3813–25. PMID 20220016.
- Akil H, Brenner S, Kandel E, Kendler KS, King MC, Scolnick E, Watson JD, Zoghbi HY (March 2010). "Medicine. The future of psychiatric research: genomes and neural circuits". Science. 327 (5973): 1580–1. PMID 20339051.
- Simpson EH, Kellendonk C, Kandel E (March 2010). "A possible role for the striatum in the pathogenesis of the cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia". Neuron. 65 (5): 585–96. PMID 20223196.
- Si K, Choi YB, White-Grindley E, Majumdar A, Kandel ER (February 2010). "Aplysia CPEB can form prion-like multimers in sensory neurons that contribute to long-term facilitation". Cell. 140 (3): 421–35. S2CID 14305206.
- Kandel ER (October 2009). "The biology of memory: a forty-year perspective". J. Neurosci. 29 (41): 12748–56. PMID 19828785.
- Muzzio IA, Levita L, Kulkarni J, Monaco J, Kentros C, Stead M, Abbott LF, Kandel ER (June 2009). "Attention enhances the retrieval and stability of visuospatial and olfactory representations in the dorsal hippocampus". PLOS Biol. 7 (6): e1000140. PMID 19564903.
See also
References
- ^ "Eric R. Kandel - A Superstar of Science". superstarsofscience.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
- ^ a b "Eric R. Kandel Curriculum Vitae". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
- ISBN 978-0393329377.
- Hebrew during the summer of 1939 so that I might be eligible for a scholarship at the Yeshiva of Flatbush, an excellent Hebrew parochial school that offered both secular and religious studies at a very high level. With his tutelage I entered the Yeshiva in the fall of 1939. By the time I graduated in 1944 I spoke Hebrew almost as well as English, had read through the five books of Moses; the books of Kings, the Prophets and the Judges in Hebrew; and also learned a smattering of the Talmud... In 1944, when I graduated from the Yeshiva of Flatbush elementary school, it did not have a high school yet. So I went instead to Erasmus Hall High School, a local public high school in Brooklyn that was then academically very strong."
- ^ a b Edythe McNamee and Jacque Wilson (14 May 2013). "A Nobel Prize with help from sea slugs". CNN. Retrieved 2020-11-16.
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- PMID 8942955
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- PMID 18940595.
- ISBN 978-0071390118.
- ^ "Eric R. Kandel". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
- ^ Pearce, Jeremy (March 24, 2006). "Dr. James H. Schwartz, 73, Who Studied the Basis of Memory, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
- ^ "CV John H. Byrne" (PDF). Retrieved December 27, 2019.
- ^ "NYU/CNS : Faculty : Core Faculty : Thomas J. Carew". www.cns.nyu.edu. Archived from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
- ^ "Edgar T. Walters, Ph.D." Archived from the original on June 16, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2013.
- ^ "Kelsey C. Martin - Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA". www.biolchem.ucla.edu. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
- ^ "Dr. Karl-Lueger-Ring to be renamed". Austrian Times. April 20, 2012. Archived from the original on March 7, 2014. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
- S2CID 220094511.
- ^ Nobel Prize Winner Kandel Speaks of Brain, Snails, Memory Pill Archived October 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Bloomberg April 7, 2006.
- ^ a b "Late homage: Nobel Prize winner Eric Kandel becomes honorary citizen of Vienna". Jewish News. December 24, 2008. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
- ISBN 978-1-4000-6871-5.
- ^ "Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
- ^ "NAS Award for Scientific Reviewing". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on March 18, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2000". Nobel Prize. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
- ^ "Reply to a parliamentary question" (PDF) (in German). p. 1709. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
- ^ "Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences Recipients". American Philosophical Society. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
- ^ "Viktor Frankl Award". Retrieved December 27, 2019.
- ^ "New Fellows 2013". Royal Society. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
- ^ "Prize Committee in Neuroscience 2007–2008". Archived from the original on 24 June 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
- ^ "Prize Committee in Neuroscience 2009–2010". Archived from the original on June 17, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2014.
- ^ "Professor Eric Richard Kandel HonFRSE - The Royal Society of Edinburgh". The Royal Society of Edinburgh. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
External links
- Interview with Kandel June 2006 in German
- Eric Kandel's Faculty Profile in the Department of Psychiatry at Columbia University
- Eric Kandel's Columbia University website
- Finding aid to the Eric Kandel Papers at Columbia University. Rare Book & Manuscript Library
- Science Friday: October 13, 2000 NPR interview
- Eric Kandel – A Nobel's Life
- Eric R. Kandel's United States Patents
- Eric Kandel on Charlie Rose
- "Eric Kandel interviewed on Web of Stories". Web of Stories.
- Eric Kandel on Nobelprize.org