Erich Pommer
Erich Pommer (20 July 1889 – 8 May 1966) was a German-born film producer and executive. Pommer was perhaps the most powerful person in the German and European film industries in the 1920s and early 1930s.[1]
As producer, Erich Pommer was involved in the
Early life and career
Pommer was born in
With French capital from Éclair, and together with Fritz Holz, Pommer - while serving as a soldier in 1915 at the Western front - established the Deutsche "Eclair" Film- und Kinematographen-GmbH ("Deutsche Eclair" or Decla) in Berlin.[6] Decla produced adventure and detective films, drama, and society pieces, as well as short film series. Its own Decla film distribution business, led by Hermann Saklikower, also presented foreign films. Pommer served in the First World War at the West and Eastern fronts, but injuries suffered in action led him to return to Berlin in 1916, where he was responsible for training recruits. Later, he worked for the Bild- und Filmamt (Bufa) at the German War Ministry.
After the 1919 merger of Decla with the Meinert-Film-Gesellschaft, Rudolf Meinert became head of production while Erich Pommer took charge of foreign distribution. Decla's production became more ambitious. The brands "Decla Abenteuerklasse" (producing, among others, Fritz Lang's Die Spinnen. 2. Teil: Die Brillantenschiff (The Spiders, Part 2: The Diamond Ship, 1920) and "Decla Weltklasse" (including The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919), under the direction of Robert Wiene) were created.
Decla merged with
Pommer gathered around him talented directors (
Work with UFA
As a result of the merger with UFA, Erich Pommer not only continued as CEO of Decla-Bioskop, but also took over direction of Union-Film and Messter-Film. In early 1923, Pommer also joined the Ufa executive committee, to oversee all film production.
Pommer led Ufa to unprecedented worldwide prestige.[8] However, Pommer came to disagree with the policies of Ufa's new CEO Ferdinand Bausback, including the Parufamet agreement[9] (which later proved disastrous for Ufa as Pommer had predicted[10]). To save face, Bausback and the Ufa board blamed the company's troubles on increasing production costs, especially cost overruns of Fritz Lang's Metropolis (UFA's most expensive film to date), on Pommer himself.[11]
Paramount and MGM
In January 1926, Pommer resigned from Ufa,
Working for Paramount Pictures, Pommer produced two films starring Pola Negri, Hotel Imperial and Barbed Wire (both 1927). He then was hired by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) to supervise all units involving foreign directors.[14] His films at MGM included The Demi-Bride with Norma Shearer, California with Tim McCoy, and Mockery with Lon Chaney.[15]
Meanwhile, Ufa had been acquired by the right-wing press magnate Alfred Hugenberg, and in July 1927, he sent Ufa's new CEO Ludwig Klitzsch to America to bring Pommer back to Germany.[16] From the US, Pommer brought organizational and technical innovations, such as the use of shooting schedules and camera crane cars.
Return to UFA
Pommer was given his own production unit at UFA, working under the overall control of the new head of production
Pommer was a pioneer of sound film in Germany and of multiple language versions (MLV) as a means to cope with selling big productions to different countries:
Exile and eventual return
After the
In 1939 he signed with
In 1946, Pommer returned to Germany, where he became the highest-ranking film control officer of the American military Government OMGUS responsible for the reorganisation of the German film industry overseeing the reconstruction of studios and assigning production licenses. In spite of opposition from both Americans and Germans, Pommer rebuilt the German film industry from ashes.[23] By 1948, a total of 28 feature films had been produced in West Germany under his supervision.[24] Together with film director Curt Oertel and Horst von Hartlieb, director of the film distribution association in Wiesbaden, Pommer also established a voluntary self-control system for the German motion picture industry, which evolved into the Freiwillige Selbstkontrolle der Filmwirtschaft (FSK), implementing a voluntary self-rating system for the movie industry modeled on the Hays Code in the USA. Establishment of this system (and the subsequent establishment of the FSK) avoided government regulation and censorship of the movie industry and replaced military censoring. In 1949 Pommer resigned his office, believing his work to be complete,[25] and returned to the United States. He then attempted to launch Signature Pictures with Dorothy Arzner to produce American films in Europe, an endeavor that failed to obtain promised financing.[26]
In 1951 he started the "Intercontinental Film GmbH" in Munich, making a few movies, including
Pommer died in Los Angeles, California, in 1966.
Awards
- 1953 German Film Award for "Nachts auf den Strassen".
- 1955 Golden Globe Award for Best Picture for "Kinder, Mütter, und ein General".
- 1956 Grand-Prix de l'Union de la Critique de Cinéma (UCC) for "Kinder, Mütter, und ein General".
Films
- The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920)
- The Haunted Castle (1921)
- Destiny (1921)
- Dr. Mabuse, the Gambler(1922)
- The Last Laugh (1924)
- The Pleasure Garden (1925)
- Variety (1925)
- Faust (1926)
- Metropolis (1927)
- Spies (1928)
- The Blue Angel(1930)
- Liliom (1934)
- Music in the Air (1934)
- Fire Over England (1937)
- Vessel of Wrath (1938)
- St. Martin's Lane(1938)
- Jamaica Inn (1939)
- Dance, Girl, Dance (1940)
- They Knew What They Wanted (1940)
- Nights on the Road (1952)
References
- ^ Nowell-Smith p. 145
- ^ "Enemies of the State: Jewish Filmmakers in Nazi Germany". 27 August 2010.
- ^ Hardt p. 16
- ^ Hardt p. 19
- ^ Hardt p. 20
- ^ Jacobsen p. 21
- ^ Hardt p. 68
- ^ Hardt p. 87
- ^ Jacobsen p. 75
- ^ Hardt p. 88–89
- ^ Hardt p. 89–91
- ^ Hardt p. 92
- ^ Hardt p. 92
- ^ Hardt p. 98
- ^ Hardt p. 102–104
- ^ Jacobsen p. 83
- ^ Hardt p. 149
- ^ Hardt p. 151
- ^ Hardt p. 152
- ^ Hardt p. 154
- ^ Hardt p. 154
- ^ Hardt p. 162
- ^ Hardt p. 202
- ^ "Erich Pommer | UFA Stars | Spotlights | Channels | UFA - INSPIRING ENTERTAINMENT". www.ufa.de. Archived from the original on 2011-01-07.
- ^ Hardt p. 186
- ^ Hardt p. 189
Bibliography
- ISBN 978-0-85745-565-9.
- Hardt, Ursula (1996). From Caligari to California: Erich Pommer's Life in the International Film Wars. Providence, RI: Berghahn. ISBN 978-1-57181-930-7.
- Grieveson, Lee; Krämer, Peter, eds. (2004). The Silent Cinema Reader. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-25284-3.
- Jacobsen, Wolfgang (1989). Erich Pommer: Ein Produzent macht Filmgeschichte. Berlin: Argon Verlag. ISBN 978-3-87024-148-3.
- Nowell-Smith, Geoffrey, ed. (2009). The Oxford History of World Cinema. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-874242-5.
- Bezerra, Laura (2002). "Erich Pommer" (in German). Deutsches Film Institut. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.
External links
- Media related to Erich Pommer at Wikimedia Commons
- Erich Pommer at IMDb