Erik Adolf von Willebrand

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Erik Adolf von Willebrand
phototheraphy, metabolism, obesity, gout
Notable worksHereditär pseudohemofili (1926)

Erik Adolf von Willebrand (1 February 1870 – 12 September 1949) was a Finnish physician who made major contributions to hematology. Von Willebrand disease and von Willebrand factor are named after him. He also researched metabolism, obesity and gout, and was one of the first Finnish physicians to use insulin to treat a diabetic coma.

Von Willebrand qualified in medicine in 1896 from the University of Helsinki, where he received his Ph.D. in 1899. He worked at the University of Helsinki from 1900 until 1930. From 1908 until his retirement in 1933, he was the head of the department of medicine at the Deaconess Hospital in Helsinki, where he also was physician-in-chief from 1922 to 1931.

In 1924, Von Willebrand was consulted about a young girl with a bleeding disorder. He described this disorder in 1926, distinguishing it from

hemophilia. The disorder was named after him, becoming known as von Willebrand disease. The cause of the disease was later discovered to be a deficiency of a protein, now known as von Willebrand factor, that enables hemostasis
.

Early life and education

Von Willebrand was born on 1 February 1870 in

Swedish-speaking minority in Finland.[3]

Von Willebrand attended Vaasa Lyceum, where he excelled in botany, chemistry and zoology. During this time, he spent his summers collecting botanical, lepidopterological and ornithological specimens, and his winters exploring the Gulf of Bothnia. After obtaining his baccalaureate in 1890, he began his studies at the University of Helsinki, then known as the Imperial Alexander University in Finland.[4]

Prior to qualifying as a physician in 1896,

venesection.[4] Von Willebrand's early hematologic investigations also yielded a study on the regeneration of blood in anemia and a description of a method for the staining of blood smears using eosin and methylene blue.[4]

He received his Ph.D. in 1899 from the University of Helsinki, for the thesis Zur Kenntnis der Blutveränderungen nach Aderlässen ("Blood Changes after Venesection").[6][7]

Career

After the completion of his dissertation in 1899, Von Willebrand was appointed chief physician at a spa in

phototherapy, and invented an apparatus for measuring the dermal excretion of carbon dioxide and water.[4]

Von Willebrand's interest in

pernicious anaemia.[9] He also published a study regarding heart valve conditions based on data from over 10,000 autopsies performed in Helsinki from 1867 to 1916,[9] and was a pioneer in the use of insulin, describing in 1922 its use in the treatment of diabetic comas.[6] In February 1924, he successfully brought a moribund patient out of a diabetic coma through the application of insulin, using some of the first batch of the hormone ever delivered to Finland.[9][10]

Von Willebrand remained at the University of Helsinki until 1930.[11] He was physician-in-chief of the Deaconess Hospital from 1922 to 1931,[6][9] and became honorary professor in 1930.[6] He remained head of the Deaconess Hospital's department of medicine until his retirement in 1933.[9] Von Willebrand continued to publish articles after his retirement. On his 75th birthday, he released his last paper, entitled En genetisk blodsykdom blant innbyggerne på Åland ("A genetic blood disease amongst the islanders of Åland").[5]

Von Willebrand disease

Main article: Von Willebrand disease

In April 1924, Von Willebrand was consulted about Hjördis Sundblom, a five-year-old girl with a severe bleeding condition. Hjördis was the ninth of 11 children in a family from

hemophilia which was known to be a recessive disorder.[7] The condition also differed from hemophilia in that it affected females at least as often as males.[9]

He published a Swedish-language article in 1926 about the disease, titled Hereditär pseudohemofili ("Hereditary pseudohemophilia").

purpura hemorrhagica or Werlhof's disease.[7] Von Willebrand also conducted hematological examinations on Hjördis and some of her family members.[7] He recorded a normal or slightly reduced number of platelets and an undisturbed clot retraction, unlike Glanzmann's thrombasthenia.[9] The bleeding time (Duke) was greatly prolonged, extending to more than 2 hours in some cases,[9] while the clotting time was within the normal range.[7] He concluded that the disease was either a new form of thrombopathy or a condition of the capillary endothelium.[7]

Von Willebrand published a German-language version of Hereditär pseudohemofili in 1931, which attracted international attention in the disease. Blood samples were sent to researchers at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland, and to several researchers in Europe, including Rudolf Jürgens [de] in Leipzig.[5] Jürgens contacted Von Willebrand and together they conducted studies on his patients.[5] They also researched hemorheology, seeking to understand the underlying mechanism of bleeding disorders.[10] In 1933 they co-authored an account of the disease, renaming it "constitutional thrombopathy". Numerous papers were subsequently published on the disease and it became eponymously known as von Willebrand disease between the late 1930s and the early 1940s.[5][13]

In 1957, it was discovered that von Willebrand disease is caused by a deficiency of a protein in blood plasma that enables hemostasis.[14] The protein was characterised in 1971, and is known as von Willebrand factor.[15] Von Willebrand factor has two functions. Firstly, it is the carrier molecule for factor VIII, the anti-hemophilic factor. Secondly, it promotes the aggregation of platelets and attachment to the vessel wall.[15] In 2011, Jan van Gijn and Joost P. Gijselhart, writing in the Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde, remarked that Von Willebrand was not far wrong when he named the disease "hereditary pseudohemophilia".[7]

Personal life and death

In his personal life, Von Willebrand was described as a mild-mannered and modest man.

Swedish-speaking minority in Finland, he was a supporter of Ossian Schauman's Folkhälsan, which promoted social welfare and health care for Swedish-speaking Finns.[9] His research on the bleeding condition of the Åland islanders was of particular interest to him, as it was a hereditary disorder that affected the Swedish-speaking minority.[9] After his retirement in 1933 he became an avid gardener and a supporter of nature conservation.[13]

Von Willebrand died on 12 September 1949, at the age of 79.[1][18] In 1994, he was commemorated with a stamp issued by Åland. The stamp was one in a set of two: the other commemorated Erik Jorpes, known for his pioneering work on heparin.[6]

Publications

The following list of publications is compiled from Lassila, R.; Lindberg, O. (2013). "Erik von Willebrand". Haemophilia. 19 (5): 645.[19]

References

  1. ^ a b Owen, Charles Archibald; Bowie, E. J. Walter; Thompson, John Harold (1975). The diagnosis of bleeding disorders (2nd ed.). Little, Brown and Company. p. 32.
  2. ^ Aminoff, Torsten Gregori (1937). Finlands ridderskaps och adels kalender (in Swedish). Frenckellska Tryckeri. p. 492.
  3. ^ a b c Ignatius, Jaakko (December 2014). "von WILLEBRAND, Erik". Biografiskt lexikon för Finland (in Swedish).
  4. ^ a b c d e Lassila & Lindberg 2013, p. 643.
  5. ^
    ISBN 978-1447114154
    .
  6. ^ a b c d e f Shampo & Kyle 1996, p. 1088.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j van Gijn & Gijselhart 2011, p. A2022.
  8. ISBN 978-0191665172
    .
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Lassila & Lindberg 2013, p. 644.
  10. ^ a b Lassila & Lindberg 2013, p. 647.
  11. ^ Autio, Veli-Matti (2004). "Helsingin yliopiston opettaja- ja virkamiesmatrikkeli 1640-1917" (in Finnish). University of Helsinki.
  12. ^ Von Willebrand, E. A. (1926). "Hereditär pseudohemofili". Finska Läkaresällskapets Handlingar (in Swedish). 68: 87–112.
  13. ^ a b Lassila & Lindberg 2013, p. 646.
  14. PMID 13497611
    .
  15. ^
    S2CID 43463745
    .
  16. ISBN 978-0191027130
    .
  17. ^ Staff writer(s) (1977). Släktbok. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland (in Swedish). Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. p. 5.
  18. ^ Staff writer(s) (1948–1951). "Erik Adolf von Willebrand". Finska Läkaresällskapets Handlingar (in Swedish). 91–94: 74.
  19. ^ Lassila & Lindberg 2013, p. 645.

Sources

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