Ernestine Rose

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For the New York librarian, see Ernestine Rose (librarian).
Ernestine Rose
Civil Rights
Atheist feminism
SpouseWilliam Ella Rose

Ernestine Louise Rose (January 13, 1810 – August 4, 1892)

freethinker who has been called the “first Jewish feminist.”[2] Her career spanned from the 1830s to the 1870s, making her a contemporary to the more famous suffragists Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony.[3] Largely forgotten in contemporary discussions of the American women's rights movement, she was one of its major intellectual forces in nineteenth-century America.[4] The quote, "women's rights are human rights," was believed to be first coined by her.[5] Her relationship with Judaism is a debated motivation for her advocacy.[6] Although less well remembered than her fellow suffragists and abolitionists, in 1996, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame, and in 1998 the Ernestine Rose Society was founded to “revive the legacy of this important early nineteenth century reformer by recognizing her pioneering role in the first wave of feminism.”[7]

Early life

Rose's grave in Highgate Cemetery

She was born on 13 January 1810 in Piotrków Trybunalski, Duchy of Warsaw, as Ernestine Louise Potowska.[2] Her father was a wealthy rabbi. Unusual for the time, she was educated and learned Hebrew.[2] There is no information about her mother. At the age of five, Rose began to "question the justice of a God who would exact such hardships" as the frequent fasts that her father performed. "I was a rebel at the age of five."[8] As she grew older, she began to question her father more and more on religious matters. He told her, "A young girl does not want to understand the object of her creed, but to accept and believe it."[8] She later said that she dated her disbelief and women's rights principles from that event.

When she was sixteen her mother died and left her an inheritance. Her father, without her consent,

betrothed her to a Jewish friend of his, to "bind her more closely to the bosom of the synagogue." Rose, not wanting to enter a marriage with a man she neither chose nor loved, confronted him, professing her lack of affection towards him and begging for release. However, Rose was a woman from a rich family, and he denied her plea. In a highly unusual move, Rose traveled to the secular civil court — a difficult trip in winter — where she pleaded her case herself. The court ruled in her favor, not only freeing her from her betrothal, but ruling that she could retain the full inheritance she received from her mother.[2]
Although she decided to relinquish the fortune to her father, she gladly took her freedom from betrothal. She returned home only to discover that in her absence her father had remarried, to a sixteen-year-old girl. The tension that developed eventually forced her to leave home at the age of seventeen.

Rose then traveled to Berlin, where she found herself hampered by an anti-Semitic law that required all non-Prussian Jews to have a

room deodorizer, which she sold to fund her travels.[8]

England and the United States

She traveled to

jeweler and silversmith, an Englishman, and a "fervent disciple" of Owen.[8] They were soon married by a civil magistrate
, and both made it plain that they considered the marriage a civil contract rather than a religious one.

In May 1836 the Roses emigrated to the United States, where they later became naturalized citizens and settled in a house in New York City in 1837. The Roses soon opened a small "Fancy and Perfumery" store in their home, where Rose sold her perfumed toilet water and William ran a silversmith shop.

Abolitionist, atheist, feminist, suffragette

See also: Atheist feminism § Ernestine Rose

Rose soon began to give lectures on the subjects that most interested her, joining the "Society for Moral Philanthropists" and traveling to different states to espouse her causes: the abolition of slavery, religious tolerance, public education, and equality for women. Her lectures were met with controversy. When she was in the South to speak out against slavery, one slaveholder told her he would have "tarred and feathered her if she had been a man."[2] When, in 1855, she was invited to deliver an anti-slavery lecture in Bangor, Maine, a local newspaper called her "a female Atheist... a thousand times below a prostitute." When Rose responded to the slur in a letter to the competing paper, she sparked off a town feud that created such publicity that, by the time she arrived, everyone in town was eager to hear her. Her most ill-received lecture was likely in Charleston, West Virginia, where her lecture on the evils of slavery was met with such vehement opposition and outrage that she was forced to exercise considerable influence to get out of the city safely.[9]

In the 1840s and 1850s, Rose joined the "pantheon of great American women," a group that included such influential women as

Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis, and Sojourner Truth, along with William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass,[2]
to fight for women's rights and abolition.

In the winter of 1836, Judge Thomas Hertell submitted a married women's property act to the New York State Legislature to investigate methods of improving the civil and property rights of married women, and to allow them to hold real estate in their own name. When Rose heard of this resolution, she drew up a petition and began to solicit names in support of it. In 1838, this petition was sent to the state legislature in spite of having five signatures. This was the first petition ever introduced in favor of rights for women. During the following years, she increased both the number of petitions and the number of signatures. In 1849, these rights were finally won.[2]

Rose also attended and spoke at numerous conferences and conventions, including, but not limited to the

Equal Rights Association
meeting in which there was a schism.

Rose was elected president of the National Women's Rights Convention in October, 1854, in spite of objections that she was an atheist. Her election was heavily supported by Susan B. Anthony, who declared that "every religion – or none – should have an equal right on the platform."

Although she never seemed to attach great importance to her Jewish background, in 1863 Rose had a published debate with Horace Seaver, the abolitionist editor of the Boston Investigator, whom she accused of being antisemitic.[2]

In 1869, she successfully lobbied for legislation in New York that allowed married women to retain their own property and have equal guardianship of children.[2]

In her later years, after a six-month trip to Europe, she attempted to stay away from platforms and controversy. However, within 6 months, she made the closing address at the nationwide Women's Rights Convention. Her health once again took a downward turn, and on June 8, 1869, she and her husband set sail for England. Susan B. Anthony arranged a farewell party for them, and the couple received many gifts from friends and admirers, including a substantial amount of money.

After 1873, her health improved, and she began to advocate women's suffrage in England, even attending the

Brighton, England, in 1892 and was buried at Highgate Cemetery.[2]

References

  1. ISBN 9780671322113
    .
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Ernestine Rose". Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 2018-03-25.
  3. ISBN 9780761873426
    .
  4. ISBN 9780199756247
    .
  5. JSTOR 4289820
    .
  6. doi:10.1080/01463379809370115
    .
  7. ^ "Rose, Ernestine Louise Potowski". National Women’s Hall of Fame.
  8. ^ a b c d e American Atheists (2008). "Ernestine Rose: A Troublesome Female". Archived from the original on November 20, 2010.
  9. OCLC 2735604
    .

Sources

Primary sources

Secondary sources

Further reading

  • Yuri, Suhl (1990). Ernestine L. Rose: Women's Rights Pioneer. New York: Biblio Press.
    ISBN 0-930395-09-3

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Ernestine Rose.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ernestine Rose.
Wikisource has the text of a 1900 Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography article about Ernestine Rose.
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