Erwin Schrödinger
Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger (UK: /ˈʃrɜːdɪŋə, ˈʃroʊdɪŋə/, US: /ˈʃroʊdɪŋər/;[2] German: [ˈɛɐ̯vɪn ˈʃʁøːdɪŋɐ]; 12 August 1887 – 4 January 1961), sometimes written as Schroedinger or Schrodinger, was a Nobel Prize–winning Austrian and naturalized Irish physicist who developed fundamental results in quantum theory. In particular, he is recognized for postulating the Schrödinger equation, an equation that provides a way to calculate the wave function of a system and how it changes dynamically in time. He coined the term "quantum entanglement",[3][4][5] and was the earliest to discuss it, doing so in 1932.[6]
In addition, he wrote many works on various aspects of
Spending most of his life as an academic with positions at various universities, Schrödinger, along with Paul Dirac, won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933 for his work on quantum mechanics, the same year he left Germany due to his opposition to Nazism. In his personal life, he lived with both his wife and his mistress which may have led to problems causing him to leave his position at Oxford. Subsequently, until 1938, he had a position in Graz, Austria, until the Nazi takeover when he fled, finally finding a long-term arrangement in Dublin, Ireland, where he remained until retirement in 1955, and where he pursued several sexual relationships with minors.
Biography
Early years
Schrödinger was born in Erdberg , Vienna, Austria, on 12 August 1887, to Rudolf Schrödinger (cerecloth producer, botanist[10]) [11] and Georgine Emilia Brenda Schrödinger (née Bauer) (daughter of Alexander Bauer , professor of chemistry, TU Wien).[12] He was their only child.
His mother was of half Austrian and half English descent; his father was
He was also able to learn English outside school, as his maternal grandmother was British.[16] Between 1906 and 1910 (the year he earned his doctorate) Schrödinger studied at the University of Vienna under the physicists Franz S. Exner (1849–1926) and Friedrich Hasenöhrl (1874–1915). He received his doctorate at Vienna under Hasenöhrl. He also conducted experimental work with Karl Wilhelm Friedrich "Fritz" Kohlrausch. In 1911, Schrödinger became an assistant to Exner.[11]
Middle years
In 1914 Schrödinger achieved
In 1921, he moved to the
In the midst of these tenure issues in 1935, after extensive correspondence with Albert Einstein, he proposed what is now called the "Schrödinger's cat" thought experiment.[20]
Later years
In 1938, after the Anschluss, Schrödinger had problems in Graz because of his flight from Germany in 1933 and his known opposition to Nazism.[21] He issued a statement recanting this opposition.[22] He later regretted doing so and explained the reason to Einstein: "I wanted to remain free – and could not do so without great duplicity".[22] However, this did not fully appease the new dispensation and the University of Graz dismissed him from his post for political unreliability. He suffered harassment and was instructed not to leave the country. He and his wife, however, fled to Italy. From there, he went to visiting positions in Oxford and Ghent University.[22][21]
In the same year he received a personal invitation from Ireland's
In 1944, he wrote
Schrödinger stayed in Dublin until retiring in 1955.
A manuscript "Fragment from an unpublished dialogue of Galileo"[31] from this time recently[when?] resurfaced at The King's Hospital boarding school, Dublin[32] after it was written for the School's 1955 edition of their Blue Coat to celebrate his leaving of Dublin to take up his appointment as Chair of Physics at the University of Vienna.[33]
In 1956, he returned to Vienna (chair ad personam). At an important lecture during the World Energy Conference he refused to speak on nuclear energy because of his scepticism about it and gave a philosophical lecture instead. During this period, Schrödinger turned from mainstream quantum mechanics' definition of wave–particle duality and promoted the wave idea alone, causing much controversy.[34][35]
Tuberculosis and death
Schrödinger suffered from tuberculosis and several times in the 1920s stayed at a sanatorium in Arosa in Switzerland. It was there that he formulated his wave equation.[36] On 4 January 1961, Schrödinger died of tuberculosis, aged 73, in Vienna.[37] He left Anny a widow, and was buried in Alpbach, Austria, in a Catholic cemetery. Although he was not Catholic, the priest in charge of the cemetery permitted the burial after learning Schrödinger was a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences.[38]
Personal life
On April 6, 1920, Schrödinger married Annemarie (Anny) Bertel.[37][39]
When he migrated to Ireland in 1938, he obtained visas for himself, his wife and also another woman, Hilde March. March was the wife of an Austrian colleague and Schrödinger had fathered a daughter with her in 1934.[40] Schrödinger wrote to the Taoiseach, Éamon de Valera personally, so as to obtain a visa for March. In October 1939 the ménage à trois duly took up residence in Dublin.[40] His wife, Anny (born 3 December 1896), died on 3 October 1965.
One of Schrödinger's grandchildren, Terry Rudolph, has followed in his footsteps as a quantum physicist, and teaches at Imperial College London.[41][42]
Sexual abuse allegations
At the age of 39, Schrödinger tutored a 14-year-old girl named "Ithi" Junger. Walter Moore relates in his 1989 biography of Schrödinger that the lessons "included 'a fair amount of petting and cuddling'" and Schrödinger "had fallen in love with his pupil".[43] Moore further relates that "not long after her seventeenth birthday, they became lovers". The relationship continued and in 1932 she became pregnant (then aged 20[44]). "Erwin tried to persuade her to have the child; he said he would take care of it, but he did not offer to divorce [wife] Anny... in desperation, Ithi arranged for an abortion."
Moore describes Schrödinger having a 'Lolita complex'. He quotes from Schrödinger's diary from the time where he said that "men of strong, genuine intellectuality are immensely attracted only by women who, forming the very beginning of the intellectual series, are as nearly connected to the preferred springs of nature as they". A 2021 Irish Times article summarized this as a "predilection for teenage girls", and denounced Schrödinger as "a serial abuser whose behaviour fitted the profile of a paedophile in the widely understood sense of that term"[45] Schrödinger's grandson and his mother were unhappy with the accusation made by Moore, and once the biography was published, their family broke off contact with him.[46]
Carlo Rovelli notes in his book Helgoland that Schrödinger "always kept a number of relationships going at once – and made no secret of his fascination with preadolescent girls". In Ireland, Rovelli writes, he fathered children from two students[47] identified in a Der Standard article as being a 26-year-old and a married political activist of unknown age.[46] Moore's book described both of these episodes, giving the name Kate Nolan as a pseudonym for the first and naming the other as Sheila May, though neither were students.[48] The book also described an episode of Schrödinger being "infatuated" with a twelve-year-old girl, Barbara MacEntee, while in Ireland. He desisted from attentions after a "serious word" from someone, and later "listed her among the unrequited loves of his life."[49] This episode from the book was highlighted by the Irish Times article and others.[46]
Walter Moore stated that Schrödinger's attitude towards women was "that of a male supremacist",[50] but that he disliked the "official misogyny" at Oxford which socially excluded women. Helge Kragh, in his review of Moore's biography, said the "conquest of women, especially very young women, was the salt of life for this sincere romantic and male chauvinist".[51]
The physics department of Trinity College Dublin announced in January 2022 that they would recommend a lecture theatre that had been named for Schrödinger since the 1990s be renamed in light of his history of sexual abuse,[52] while a picture of the scientist would be removed, and the renaming of an eponymous lecture series would be considered.[53]
Academic interests and life of the mind
Early in his life, Schrödinger experimented in the fields of
Quantum mechanics
New quantum theory
In the first years of his career, Schrödinger became acquainted with the ideas of the old quantum theory, developed in the works of Einstein, Max Planck, Niels Bohr, Arnold Sommerfeld, and others. This knowledge helped him work on some problems in theoretical physics, but the Austrian scientist at the time was not yet ready to part with the traditional methods of classical physics.[55]
Schrödinger's first publications about atomic theory and the theory of spectra began to emerge only from the beginning of the 1920s, after his personal acquaintance with Sommerfeld and
Creation of wave mechanics
In January 1926, Schrödinger published in
Schrödinger was not entirely comfortable with the implications of quantum theory referring to his theory as "wave mechanics".[59][60] He wrote about the probability interpretation of quantum mechanics, saying, "I don't like it, and I'm sorry I ever had anything to do with it." (Just in order to ridicule the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, he contrived the famous thought experiment called Schrödinger's cat paradox[61] and was said to have angrily complained to his students that "now the damned Göttingen physicists use my beautiful wave mechanics for calculating their shitty matrix elements."[62])
Work on a unified field theory
Following his work on quantum mechanics, Schrödinger devoted considerable effort to working on a unified field theory that would unite gravity, electromagnetism, and nuclear forces within the basic framework of general relativity, doing the work with an extended correspondence with Albert Einstein.[63] In 1947, he announced a result, "Affine Field Theory",[64] in a talk at the Royal Irish Academy, but the announcement was criticized by Einstein as "preliminary" and failed to lead to the desired unified theory.[63] Following the failure of his attempt at unification, Schrödinger gave up his work on unification and turned to other topics. Additionally, Schrödinger reportedly never collaborated with a major physicist for the remainder of his career.[63]
Color
Schrödinger had a strong interest in
- "Theorie der Pigmente von größter Leuchtkraft", Annalen der Physik, (4), 62, (1920), 603–22 (Theory of Pigments with Highest Luminosity)
- "Grundlinien einer Theorie der Farbenmetrik im Tagessehen", Annalen der Physik, (4), 63, (1920), 397–456; 481–520 (Outline of a theory of colour measurement for daylight vision)
- "Farbenmetrik", Zeitschrift für Physik, 1, (1920), 459–66 (Colour measurement).
- "Über das Verhältnis der Vierfarben- zur Dreifarben-theorie", Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, 134, 471, (On The Relationship of Four-Color Theory to Three-Color Theory).
- "Lehre von der strahlenden Energie", Müller-Pouillets Lehrbuch der Physik und Meteorologie, Vol 2, Part 1 (1926) (Thresholds of Color Differences).
His work on the psychology of color perception follows the step of
.Interest in philosophy
Schrödinger had a deep interest in philosophy, and was influenced by the works of
"There is obviously only one alternative, namely the unification of minds or consciousnesses. Their multiplicity is only apparent, in truth there is only one mind. This is the doctrine of the Upanishads."
Schrödinger’s attitude with respect to the relations between Eastern and Western thought was one of prudence, expressing appreciation for Eastern philosophy while also admitting that some of the ideas did not fit with empirical approaches to natural philosophy.
Tat Tvam Asi, stating "you can throw yourself flat on the ground, stretched out upon Mother Earth, with the certain conviction that you are one with her and she with you."[70]Schrödinger said that "Consciousness cannot be accounted for in physical terms. For consciousness is absolutely fundamental. It cannot be accounted for in terms of anything else."[71]
Legacy
The philosophical issues raised by Schrödinger's cat are still debated today and remain his most enduring legacy in
Erwin Schrödinger International Institute for Mathematical Physics was founded in Vienna in 1992.[73]Schrödinger's portrait was the main feature of the design of the 1983–97 Austrian 1000-schilling banknote, the second-highest denomination.[74]
A building is named after him at the University of Limerick, in Limerick, Ireland,[75] as is the 'Erwin Schrödinger Zentrum' at Adlershof in Berlin[76] and the Route Schrödinger at CERN, Prévessin, France.
Schrödinger's 126th birthday anniversary in 2013 was celebrated with a Google Doodle.[77][78]
Honors and awards
- Nobel Prize in Physics (1933) for the formulation of the Schrödinger equation, shared with Paul Dirac[79]
- Max Planck Medal (1937)
- Elected a
Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1949[7]- Erwin Schrödinger Prize of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (1956)
- Austrian Decoration for Science and Art (1957)
See also List of things named after Erwin Schrödinger.
Published works
- The List of Erwin Schrödinger's publications Archived 29 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine, compiled by Auguste Dick, Gabriele Kerber, Wolfgang Kerber and Karl von Meyenn
- Science and the human temperament Allen & Unwin (1935), translated and introduced by James Murphy, with a foreword by Ernest Rutherford
- Nature and the Greeks and Science and Humanism Cambridge University Press (1996)
ISBN 978-0-521-57550-8.- The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics Ox Bow Press (1995)
ISBN 978-1-881987-09-3.- Statistical Thermodynamics Dover Publications (1989)
ISBN 978-0-486-66101-8.- Collected papers Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn (1984)
ISBN 978-3-7001-0573-2.- My View of the World Ox Bow Press (1983)
ISBN 978-0-918024-30-5.- Expanding Universes Cambridge University Press (1956).
- Space-Time Structure Cambridge University Press (1950)
ISBN 978-0-521-31520-3.[80]- What Is Life? Macmillan (1944).
- What Is Life? & Mind and Matter Cambridge University Press (1974)
ISBN 978-0-521-09397-2.References
- ^ Erwin Schrödinger at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
- ^ "Schrödinger" Archived 13 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
- ^ Bub, Jeffrey (2023), "Quantum Entanglement and Information", in Zalta, Edward N.; Nodelman, Uri (eds.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2023 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 22 October 2023
ISBN 978-1118299265.- ^ Arianrhod, Robyn (5 October 2017). "Einstein, Bohr and the origins of entanglement". cosmosmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
Bibcode:2006PhDT.......289C.- ^
JSTOR 769408.- ^ Walter J. Moore. Schrödinger: Life and Thought. Cambridge, England, UK: Press Syndicate of Cambridge University Press, 1989. p.194.
- ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Erwin Schrödinger", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
- ^ Schrodinger, Rudolf. "The International Plant Names Index". IPNI. Archived from the original on 13 August 2021. Retrieved 13 August 2016.
- ^ a b c Physics 1922-1941. Nobel Lectures. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company. 1965. Erwin Schrödinger Biographical. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2023 – via nobelprize.org.
- ^ Moore 1994, pp. 13–18.
- ^ Moore 1994, pp. 289–290 Quote: "In one respect, however, he is not a romantic: he does not idealize the person of the beloved, his highest praise is to consider her his equal. 'When you feel your own equal in the body of a beautiful woman, just as ready to forget the world for you as you for her – oh my good Lord – who can describe what happiness then. You can live it, now and again – you cannot speak of it.' Of course, he does speak of it, and almost always with religious imagery. Yet at this time he also wrote, 'By the way, I never realized that to be nonbelieving, to be an atheist, was a thing to be proud of. It went without saying as it were.' And in another place at about this same time: 'Our creed is indeed a queer creed. You others, Christians (and similar people), consider our ethics much inferior, indeed abominable. There is that little difference. We adhere to ours in practice, you don't.'"
ISBN 978-0-465-07571-3.In the presentation of a scientific problem, the other player is the good Lord. He has not only set the problem but also has devised the rules of the game--but they are not completely known, half of them are left for you to discover or deduce. I am very astonished that the scientific picture of the real world around me is very deficient. It gives a lot of factual information, puts all our experience in a magnificently consistent order, but is ghastly silent about all that is really near to our heart, that really matters to us. It cannot tell us a word about red and blue, bitter and sweet, physical pain and physical delight; it knows nothing of beautiful and ugly, good or bad, God and eternity. Science sometimes pretends to answer questions in these domains, but the answers are very often so silly that we are not inclined to take them seriously. I shall quite briefly mention here the notorious atheism of science. The theists reproach it for this again and again. Unjustly. A personal God cannot be encountered in a world picture that becomes accessible only at the price that everything personal is excluded from it. We know that whenever God is experienced, it is an experience exactly as real as a direct sense impression, as real as one's own personality. As such He must be missing from the space-time picture. "I do not meet with God in space and time", so says the honest scientific thinker, and for that reason he is reproached by those in whose catechism it is nevertheless stated: "God is a Spirit." Whence came I and whither go I? That is the great unfathomable question, the same for every one of us. Science has no answer for it- ^ Moore 1992, p. 4 Quote: "He rejected traditional religious beliefs (Jewish, Christian, and Islamic) not on the basis of any reasoned argument, nor even with an expression of emotional antipathy, for he loved to use religious expressions and metaphors, but simply by saying that they are naive." ... "He claimed to be an atheist, but he always used religious symbolism and believed his scientific work was an approach to the godhead."
- ^ Hoffman, D. (1987). Эрвин Шрёдингер. Мир. pp. 13–17.
- ^ Moore 1992, pp. 278 ff..
- ^ "Schrödinger, Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander" Archived 27 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine in Deutsche Biographie
- ^ "Bombay University Names Refugee Scientist to Faculty". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 20 May 1940. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.
- .
- ^
ISBN 978-981-02-2302-1.- ^
MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. Archivedfrom the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2016.- ^ Daugherty, Brian. "Brief Chronology". Erwin Schrödinger. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
- ^ "A quantum leap to Clontarf". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
ISBN 978-1-78283-278-2– via Google Books.- ^ "Erwin Schrödinger blue plaque". openplaques.org. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- ^ Moore 1992, p. 373.
S2CID 247599443.- ^ "Erwin Schrödinger - Important Scientists – The Physics of the Universe". www.physicsoftheuniverse.com. Archived from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
ISBN 0-465-09137-7.- ^ "Fragment from an unpublished dialogue of Galileo" manuscript
- ^ Ahlstrom, Dick (18 April 2012) 'Quantum humour' beams back after absence Archived 18 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. The Irish Times
- ^ Ahlstrom, Dick. "'Quantum humour' beams back after absence". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
- ^ "Nuclear Files: Library: Biographies: Erwin Schrödinger". Archived from the original on 19 February 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
- ^ Schrödinger, Are There Quantum Jumps, 1952. http://www.ub.edu/hcub/hfq/sites/default/files/Quantum_Jumps_I.pdf Archived 11 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Moore 1992, p. 194.
- ^ a b Moore 1992, p. 10.
- ^ Moore 1992, p. 482: "There was some problem about burial in the churchyard since Erwin was not a Catholic, but the priest relented when informed that he was a member in good standing of the Papal Academy, and a plot was made available at the edge of the Friedhof."
- ^ Moore 1992 discusses Schrödinger's unconventional relationships, including his affair with Hildegunde March, in chapters seven and eight, "Berlin" and "Exile in Oxford".
- ^ a b Ronan Fanning, Éamon de Valera: A Will to Power, Faber & Faber, 2015
- ^ Ryan, Greg (3 June 2013). "Searching for the Man Behind the Cat". The Brooklyn Rail. Archived from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
- ^ Gribbin 2012, p. [page needed].
- ^ Moore 1989
- ^ Taschwer, Klaus (20 October 2022). "Schrödingers verlorene Ehre – und ein Versuch ihrer Wiederherstellung". Der Standard (in Austrian German). Retrieved 23 March 2024.
- ^ Humphreys, Joe (11 December 2021). "How Erwin Schrödinger indulged his 'Lolita complex' in Ireland". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
- ^ a b c "Erwin Schrödinger: Missbrauchstäter und/oder Rufmordopfer?". Der Standard (in Austrian German). Archived from the original on 6 February 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2022.
OCLC 1202306074.){{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link- ^ Moore 1989, chapter 10-11.
- ^ Moore 1989, chapter 10.
- ^ Moore 1989, chapter 8.
- from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
- from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
- ^ Salerno, Bella (8 February 2022). "Schrödinger Lecture Theatre to be renamed the Physics Lecture Theater". Trinity News. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
The Schrödinger Lecture Theatre is to be renamed the Physics Lecture Theatre, as it was known during the early to mid 20th century. ... "...it was clear that a large majority of both staff and students now favour changing the name [of] the lecture theatre in the Fitzgerald Building that has borne his name since the 1990s" ... "The current approach continues to honour the indisputable scientific contribution of Erwin Schrödinger, while acknowledging disturbing information – much of it from Schrödinger's own diaries – which is now also known." ... a portrait of Schrödinger will be removed from the Fitzgerald building. OCLC 692702783.- from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024 – via JSTORE.
OCLC 300417620.- .
- ^ The Dreams That Stuff Is Made Of: The Most Astounding Papers of Quantum Physics—and How They Shook the Scientific World, Stephen Hawking, (editor), the papers by Schrödinger.
- ^ Beller, Mara. “Matrix Theory before Schrodinger: Philosophy, Problems, Consequences.” Isis, vol. 74, no. 4, [The University of Chicago Press, The History of Science Society], 1983, pp. 469–91, http://www.jstor.org/stable/232208 Archived 6 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine. "The Gottingen-Copenhagen physicists, however, presented a united front. They cooperated intimately, each contributing extensively to the emergence of the new philosophy. The distribution of talents in the Gottingen-Copenhagen group could not have been better. The youthful vigor and brilliance of Heisenberg, together with the mathematical virtuosity of Dirac, Jordan, and Born, were balanced by Bohr's philosophical profundity and Pauli's penetrating critical mind."
- ^ Stone, A. Douglas (2013). "Confusion and Then Uncertainty." Einstein and the Quantum: The Quest of the Valiant Swabian. Princeton University Press, pp. 268–78, http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fgxvv.32."Ironically, Schrödinger was correct; his method was much more intuitive and visualizable than that of Heisenberg and Born, and it has become the overwhelmingly preferred method for presenting the subject. But with Born's probabilistic interpretation of the wave-function, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, and Bohr's mysterious complementarity principle, the 'Copenhagen interpretation' reigned supreme, and the term 'wave mechanics' disappeared; it was all quantum mechanics."
- ^ "A Quantum Sampler". The New York Times. 26 December 2005. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
- ^ Rechenberg, Helmut. "Werner Heisenberg: Die Sprache der Atome" Springer-Verlag, 2010, pp. 485, https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-540-69222-5 Archived 28 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine. "Noch drastischer sollte Schrödinger seine Meinung im Züricher Seminar nach einem Vortrag über eine neue Arbeit der Konkurrenten ausgedrückt haben. Er setzte sich nachher leicht verzweifelt und verärgert auf die Straße und sagte: "Jetzt benützen die verdammten Göttinger meine schöne Wellenmechanik zur Ausrechnung ihrer Scheiß-Matrixelemente."
- ^ a b c Halpern, Paul (1 April 2015). "Battle of the Nobel Laureates". Starts With A Bang!. Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ Schrödinger, E., Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Vol. 51A (1947), pp. 163–171 Archived 6 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine. (accessed 3 November 2017)
OCLC 47010639.- ^ a b Schrödinger, Erwin. What is life? Epilogue: On Determinism and Free Will
- ^ Schrödinger, Erwin.Mind and Matter
- ^ Schrödinger, Erwin. My View of the World
- ^ a b Bitbol, Michel. "Schrödinger and Indian Philosophy" (PDF). Cahiers du service culturel de l'ambassade de France en Inde, Allahabad, August 1999: 20. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
- ^ Schrödinger, Erwin. My View of the World, chapter iv, and What Is life?
- ^ "General Scientific and Popular Papers." In Collected Papers, Vol. 4. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences. Braunschweig/Wiesbaden: Vieweg & Sohn. p. 334.
- ^ "GeoHack – Schrödinger". geohack.toolforge.org. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ "ESI: About the Institute". www.esi.ac.at. Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
- ^ "Schilling-Banknoten der Oesterreichischen Nationalbank 1945–2002" Archived 21 April 2021 at the Wayback Machine, from the Austrian National Bank
- ^ "Buildings at A Glance". University of Limerick. Archived from the original on 30 March 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
- ^ "EYCN Delegates Assembly". 2015. Archived from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
- ^ "Physicist Erwin Schrödinger's Google doodle marks quantum mechanics work". The Guardian. 13 August 2013. Archived from the original on 27 August 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
- ^ Williams, Rob (12 August 2013). "Google Doodle honours quantum physicist Erwin Schrödinger (and his theoretical cat)". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 9 October 2016. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933". The Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 13 August 2021.
- (PDF) from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
Sources
- Moore, Walter J[ohn] (1989). Schrödinger – Life and Thought. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 978-0-521-43767-7. Retrieved 23 January 2024.- Moore, Walter J[ohn] (1992). Schrödinger – Life and Thought. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 978-0-521-43767-7. Retrieved 7 November 2011.- Moore, Walter J[ohn] (1994). A Life of Erwin Schrödinger (Canto ed.). Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 978-0-521-46934-0. ISBN 978-1-4464-6571-4. Retrieved 11 February 2017.External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Erwin Schrödinger.Wikiquote has quotations related to Erwin Schrödinger.
- Erwin Schrödinger and others on Austrian banknotes
- 1927 Solvay video with opening shot of Schrödinger on
YouTube- "biographie" (in German) or
- "Biography from the Austrian Central Library for Physics" (in English)
- Encyclopædia Britannica article on Erwin Schrödinger
- Erwin Schrödinger on Nobelprize.org with his Nobel Lecture, 12 December 1933 The Fundamental Idea of Wave Mechanics
- Vallabhan, C. P. Girija, "Indian influences on Quantum Dynamics" [ed. Schrödinger's interest in Vedanta]
- Schrödinger Medal of the World Association of Theoretically Oriented Chemists (
WATOC)- The Discovery of New Productive Forms of Atomic Theory Nobel Banquet speech (in German)
- Annotated bibliography for Erwin Schrödinger from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
- (in Italian) Critical interdisciplinary review of Schrödinger's "What Is life?"
- Newspaper clippings about Erwin Schrödinger in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
- Schrödinger in Oxford by Sir David C Clary , World Scientific, 2022