Erzincan
Erzincan | |
---|---|
Coordinates: 39°44′47″N 39°29′29″E / 39.74639°N 39.49139°E | |
Country | Turkey |
Province | Erzincan |
District | Erzincan |
Government | |
• Mayor | Bekir Aksun (MHP) |
Population (2022) | 150,714 |
Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
Website | www |
Erzincan (pronounced [æɾˈzindʒan];[1] Kurdish: Erzîngan), historically Yerznka (Armenian: Երզնկա),[2] is the capital of Erzincan Province in eastern Turkey.[3] Nearby cities include Erzurum, Sivas, Tunceli, Bingöl, Elazığ, Malatya, Gümüşhane, Bayburt, and Giresun. The city is majority Sunni Turkish with an Alevi Kurdish minority.[4]
The city had a population of 150,714 in 2022, an increase from 86,779 in 2007.[5]
History
In the Armenian language, the 5th-century Life of Mashtots called it Yekeghiats.[9] In the more recent past, it was known in Armenian as Երզնկա (Yerznka).[2]
In the settlement of Erez, at a yet unidentified site, there was a pre-Christian shrine dedicated to the Armenian goddess
It is hard to tell when Acilisene became a
In 1071 Erzincan was absorbed into the
Erzincan was one of the most pivotal towns in
who would aid in him establishing his dynasty.Ottoman Era
After entering the Ottoman administration, Erzincan developed physically and in terms of population. According to the census made in 1516-1518 right after the conquest, there were twenty neighbourhoods in the city, seven of which belonged to Muslims and 13 to Christians. The number of neighbourhoods did not change in the 1530 and 1591 censuses but the population increased.[16] Evliya Çelebi, who came to Erzincan in 1647, wrote that the castle was built on a flat field, and that there were 200 houses inside this place while 1800 houses were located outside the castle. It had 48 neighbourhoods, seven mosques, seven lodges, and 11 hamams.[17] According to the General Census of 1881/82, the sanjak of Erzincan within the Erzurum vilayet had a total population of 107,090, consisting of 85,943 Muslims and 19,026 Armenians, 1,887 Greeks and 234 Protestants.[18] Vital Cuinet's research dating to 1893 show that there were 23,000 people in the centre of Erzincan of which 15,000 were Muslims and 7,500 were Armenian. In the same research he states that the entire sanjak had 171,472 Muslims, 34,588 Armenians (incl. Catholic & Protestan) and 2,710 Greeks.[19] According to the 1914 Ottoman census, which undercounted religious minority groups such as Armenians,[20] there were 53,898 Muslims and 16,144 Armenian Gregorians and 147 Protestants in the central kaza. In the other kazas of Erzincan there were 67,271 Muslims, 11,135 Armenian Gregorians and 144 Protestants in Kemah.[21]
Armenian genocide
According to the 1914 Ottoman census, which undercounted religious minority groups such as Armenians,[20] there were 16,144 Armenian Gregorians and 147 Protestants in the central kaza. In the other kazas of Erzincan there were 11,135 Armenian Gregorians and 144 Protestants in Kemah.[22] However, Miller and Kévorkian's research state that the Armenians in the centre of Erzincan were more than double the census data. Of the pre-World War I population of 37,000 Armenians in Erzincan and suburbs, most were killed in the Armenian genocide.[23][24][25] During this period, at least 150,000 Armenian men, women and children from Erzincan and surrounding areas[clarification needed - possible contradiction] were transported by Turkish forces between 1915 and 1916 through Erzincan proper, where a series of transit camps were set up to control the flow of victims to the concentration camp and killing site at the nearby Kemah gorge.[26][27] J.M. Winter's work state that between 1915 and 1917, the Central Hospital of Erzincan was the primary site of medical experiments conducted by Turkish army physicians on Armenian civilians involving typhus and other lethal infectious agents.[28] As of 2019, few traces of Armenian presence or civilization remain in Erzincan.[29][30][31]
Battle of Erzincan
The Battle of Erzincan took place during the
Erzincan Soviet
A short-lived soviet council had been at Erzincan between 1916 and 1918. Mainly today's Erzincan and Tunceli provinces were under Russian occupation. After the revolution, Bolshevik soldiers took control of the officer corps. Arshak Djamalian who was a Bolshevik soldier, called Kurdish, Turkish, and Armenian representatives to take charge of the administration of Erzincan Soviet.[33][34]
Seizure of Erzincan
Seizure of Erzincan | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
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Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Kâzım Karabekir[39] | Colonel "Morel" |
Following the withdrawal of the Russian Army, the commander of the First Caucasian Army Corps Kâzım Karabekir regained control over Erzincan on the 13 February 1918. This event is celebrated annually by its inhabitants.[40] The capture was carried out by Kâzım Karabekir, against the defense of a Russian officer named Colonel Morel. The city witnessed a state of "indescribable panic" as Armenian soldiers evacuated Erzincan towards Erzurum. Both civilian and military troops were attacked by Kurdish tribes, all during brutal snowstorms. Meanwhile, Armenian fedayeen fought "ferociously" in rearguard actions, while the under-equipped and famished Ottoman army found sustenance and weaponry in abandoned Russian arsenals and reserves. The events at Erzincan repeated on a larger scale in Erzurum and Kars.[41]
Turkish Republic
1939 Erzincan earthquake
The city was completely destroyed by a major earthquake on December 27, 1939. The sequence of seven violent shocks, the biggest measuring 7.8 on the moment magnitude scale, was the joint most-powerful earthquake recorded in Turkey, tied with the
Demographics
In the 13th century, Marco Polo noted that the city's population was Armenian.[13] In 1830, the Armenian population reached 15,000.[42] In 1880, Erzincan had 6,000 houses: 4,000 Muslim and 1,800 Armenian.[42] In the 1890s, Vital Cuinet reported that Erzincan had 23,000 inhabitants: 15,000 Muslims, 7,500 Armenians, and the rest Greeks and others.[42] According to data from the Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople, Erzincan harboured 24,000 inhabitants on the eve of World War I; 13,109 (2021 families) of whom were Armenians.[43] Armenians were deported and massacred by the Special Organization during the Armenian genocide.[42] Greeks were deported from Erzincan to Germir in 1919 as part of the Greek genocide.[42]
Climate
Erzincan has a continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dsa or Trewartha climate classification: Dca) with cold, snowy winters and hot, dry summers. Spring is the wettest season whilst summer is the driest. The lowest temperature recorded was −32.5 °C (−26.5 °F) in January 1950. The highest temperature recorded was 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) in July 2000. The highest snow thickness recorded was 74 cm (29.1 inches) in February 1950.
Climate data for Erzincan (1991–2020, extremes 1929–2022) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 14.6 (58.3) |
17.2 (63.0) |
25.2 (77.4) |
30.0 (86.0) |
33.8 (92.8) |
37.0 (98.6) |
40.6 (105.1) |
40.5 (104.9) |
37.2 (99.0) |
31.4 (88.5) |
24.9 (76.8) |
19.0 (66.2) |
40.6 (105.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 2.8 (37.0) |
4.8 (40.6) |
10.9 (51.6) |
17.3 (63.1) |
22.7 (72.9) |
27.9 (82.2) |
32.4 (90.3) |
33.0 (91.4) |
28.1 (82.6) |
20.7 (69.3) |
12.0 (53.6) |
5.1 (41.2) |
18.1 (64.6) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.9 (28.6) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
5.3 (41.5) |
11.0 (51.8) |
15.7 (60.3) |
20.5 (68.9) |
24.3 (75.7) |
24.5 (76.1) |
19.6 (67.3) |
13.2 (55.8) |
5.7 (42.3) |
0.5 (32.9) |
11.5 (52.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.7 (21.7) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
0.5 (32.9) |
5.5 (41.9) |
9.5 (49.1) |
13.4 (56.1) |
16.7 (62.1) |
16.8 (62.2) |
12.0 (53.6) |
7.0 (44.6) |
0.9 (33.6) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
5.8 (42.4) |
Record low °C (°F) | −31.2 (−24.2) |
−30.2 (−22.4) |
−22.4 (−8.3) |
−11.1 (12.0) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
2.0 (35.6) |
5.0 (41.0) |
5.9 (42.6) |
0.3 (32.5) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−15.6 (3.9) |
−25.9 (−14.6) |
−31.2 (−24.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 26.3 (1.04) |
29.7 (1.17) |
45.5 (1.79) |
54.2 (2.13) |
57.2 (2.25) |
25.2 (0.99) |
14.1 (0.56) |
6.6 (0.26) |
17.5 (0.69) |
41.9 (1.65) |
36.2 (1.43) |
25.7 (1.01) |
380.1 (14.96) |
Average precipitation days | 8.87 | 9.30 | 12.10 | 14.43 | 15.30 | 9.20 | 4.03 | 3.47 | 5.20 | 9.23 | 7.70 | 9.17 | 108.0 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 93.0 | 121.5 | 145.7 | 168.0 | 210.8 | 264.0 | 294.5 | 275.9 | 231.0 | 189.1 | 129.0 | 89.9 | 2,212.4 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 3.0 | 4.3 | 4.7 | 5.6 | 6.8 | 8.8 | 9.5 | 8.9 | 7.7 | 6.1 | 4.3 | 2.9 | 6.1 |
Source: Turkish State Meteorological Service[44] |
Neighborhoods
Erzincan is divided into the neighborhoods of Akşemsettin, Aktoprak, Akyazı, Aslancak, Arslanlı, Atatürk, Aziz Baba, Bahçelievler, Barbaros, Barış, Başbağlar, Başpınar, Bayrak, Bozyazı, Buğdaylı, Bulutlu, Büyük Çakırman, Cemal Gürsel, Cumhuriyet, Çarşı, Çukurkuyu, Davarlı, Demetevler, Demirkent, Dereyurt, Ergenekon, Ersevenler, Ertuğrul Gazi, Esentepe, Fatih, Gazi, Gölcük, Gülalibey, Güllüce, H.Ahmet Yesevi, Halitpaşa, Hamidiye, Hancı, Hocabey, Hürrempalangası, Işıkpınar, İnönu, İzzetpaşa, Karaağaç, Kavakyolu, Kazımkarabekir, Keklikkayası, Kızılay, Kurutilek, Menderes, Mengüceli, Mimarsinan, Munzur, Mustafa Kemal Paşa, Osman Gazi, Osmanlı, Özgürlük, Paşa, Sancak, Sarıgöl, Selçuklu, Şehit Cengiz Topel, Şehit Serhat, Şehit Serhat Yurtbaşı, Taksim, Terzibaba, Ulalar, Üçkonak, Yalnızbağ, Yavuzselim, Yeni, Yenidoğan and Yunusemre.[45]
Economy
Notable people
- Hovhannes Erznkatsi Blouz (1230?–1293), Armenian scholar, poet, philosopher, orator
- Sibel Arslan (born 1980), Swiss-Turkish politician and lawyer of Kurdish origin
- Kutluğ Ataman, Turkish filmmaker and contemporary artist
- Ahmet Bozkurt (born 1977), poet and writer
- Ali Ekber Çiçek (1935–2006), folk musician, was born in 1935 in Erzincan.
- Mustafa Sarıgül, politician, was born in Erzincan.
- Varaztad Kazanjian (1879–1974), Armenian-American dentist who was one of the pioneers of plastic surgery
- Soghomon Tehlirian, Armenian revolutionary
- Voskan Martikian (1867–1947), Armenian politician and writer
- Yıldırım Akbulut (1935–2021), former prime minister of Turkey
- Osman Nuri Koptagel (1874–1942), military officer in the Ottoman and Turkish armies
- Vecdi Gönül (born 1939), Turkish cabinet minister
References
- ^ Barış Kabak and Irene Vogel, "The phonological word and stress assignment in Turkish"[permanent dead link], Phonology 18 (2001), p. 325.
- ^ Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
...in the region of Yerznka (modern day Erzincan)...
- ^ "Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri". T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı (in Turkish). Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- University of Utrecht. p. 17.
- ^ "Address Based Population Registration System Results". Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (in Turkish). Retrieved 15 February 2023.
- ISBN 978-0-25320915-3.
- ISBN 9780814328156.
- ^ a b Raymond Janin, v. Celtzene ou Celezene in Dictionnaire d'Histoire et de Géographie ecclésiastiques, vol. XII, Paris 1953, coll. 130–131
- ISBN 9780814328156.
- ^ Vreg Nersessian, "Treasures From the Ark", 2001, p114-115
- ^ Michel Lequien, christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus, Paris 1740, Vol. I, coll. 435–436
- ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 823
- ^ ISBN 0486275868.
- ^ (in Armenian) Baghdasaryan, Ye. M. "Երզնկայի հայկական իշխանությունը XIII-XIV դարերում" (The Armenian Principality of Yerznka in the 13th–14th Centuries). Lraber Hasarakakan Gitutyunneri. No. 2., 1970, pp. 36–44.
- ^ Faruk Sümer, Safevi Devletinin Kuruluşu ve Gelişmesinde Anadolu Türklerinin Rolü, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara, 1992, p. 15. (in Turkish)
- ^ "ERZİNCAN". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-03-26.
- ISSN 2148-9289.
- The University of Wisconsin Press, p. 124-125
- ^ Cuinet, Vital (1892). Leroux, Ernest (ed.). La Turquie d'Asie : géographie administrative, statistique, descriptive et raisonée de chaque province de l'Asie-Mineure (in French). Vol. I. Paris, France. pp. 210–215.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Kévorkian 2011, p. 266.
- The University of Wisconsin Press, p. 170
- The University of Wisconsin Press, p. 170
- OCLC 742353455.
- ^ Guerguerian, Krikor (2022-10-10). "Clark University Genocide Compendium: 39 Sivas - Erzurum - Erzincan Courts Martial". Genocide (Various Languages). Archived from the original on 2022-05-27. Retrieved 2022-10-29.
- )
- S2CID 159921391. Archived from the originalon 2021-04-21.
- ^ Guerguerian, Krikor (2022-11-17). "Clark University Genocide Compendium: 21 Erzincan - Deportations and Genocide". Genocide (Various Languages). Archived from the original on 2022-01-20. Retrieved 2022-10-10.
- OCLC 80244663.
- ^ "Erzincan'ın kimsesiz mezar taşlarına 'tarla' zulmü". Agos. 2017-03-22. Archived from the original on 2021-06-09. Retrieved 2022-10-10.
- ^ Cilli, Kenan (2019-10-23). "Tracing Armenian Heritage in Erzincan". Archived from the original on 2021-07-18. Retrieved 2022-10-10.
- ^ "Erzindjan/Erzincan/Yerzenga - Churches and Monasteries". 2019-12-16. Archived from the original on 2022-09-12. Retrieved 2022-10-10.
- ^ World War I: A Student Encyclopedia by John S.D. Eisenhower (Foreword), Spencer Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts (Ed.s)
- ISBN 978-975-512-072-0.
- ^ “Ekim Devrimi Tartışmaları 2009: Ekim Devrimi ve İki Cumhuriyet” panel, Köz Gazetesi, 15 November 2009, Yüz Çiçek Açsın Kültür Merkezi - Okmeydanı, İstanbul.
- ^ (Minassian 2006, p. 60) "La rage au cœur, les fédaïs arméniens..."
- ISBN 978-605-155-294-1.
13 Şubat 1918'de, Erzincan'ın kurtarılmasından
- ISBN 979-10-392-0348-7.
14 février : Kâzim Karabekir reprend Erzincan aux Russes.
- ^ (Minassian 2006, p. 60) "Bousculant les civils, les soldats arméniens cèdent à la peur, s'enfuient par la route d'Erzeroum"
- ^ (Minassian 2006, p. 60) "Les troupes turques de Kazim Karabékir sont devant Erzincan..."
- ^ "13 Şubat 1918 Erzincan'ın Düşman işgalinden kurtuluşunun 101. Yılı Çeşitli Etkinliklerle Kutlandı | T.C. Erzincan Belediyesi". www.erzincan.bel.tr. Retrieved 2022-11-13.
- ^ (Minassian 2006, p. 60)
- ^ a b c d e "Kaza Erzincan / Երզնկա - Yerznka". Virtual Genocide Memorial. Retrieved 2023-09-20.
- ISBN 978-2-906755-09-3.
- ^ "Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)" (in Turkish). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
- ^ "Türkiye Mülki İdare Bölümleri Envanteri". T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı (in Turkish). Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Prothero, W. G. (1920). Armenia and Kurdistan. London: H.M. Stationery Office. p. 64.
Works cited
- Minassian, Anahide Ter (2006). 1918-1920, la République d'Arménie (in French). Editions Complexe. ISBN 978-2-8048-0092-5.