Escarpment Dogon
| Escarpment Dogon | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Mali |
| Region | Bandiagara Escarpment |
Native speakers | (160,000 cited 1998)[1] |
Niger–Congo?
| |
Standard forms |
|
| Dialects |
|
| Official status | |
Official language in | Tɔmmɔ sɔ |
| Glottolog | esca1235 |
Escarpment Dogon is a continuum of Dogon dialects of the Bandiagara Escarpment, including the standard language. There are three principal dialects:
- Toro So Tɔrɔ sɔɔ, called Bomu Tegu in the plains languages and also known as Dɔgɔsɔ,[2] is the standard variety of Dogon, which is one of thirteen official languages of Mali.
- Tommo So Bondum Dom speakers, is spoken in a region from Kasa to Bandiagara. It is more linguistically conservative than Toro So.
The third dialect commonly listed is two subdialects without a common name:
- Donno So Donno sɔ in the Bandiagara area, and
- Kamma So Kamma sɔ also known as Kamba So, in the Kamba area.
Hochstetler confirms that these are
While Toro So was chosen as the official standard, because it has the most in common with the largest number of Dogon languages due to its central location, and is used in educational and official contexts,
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Affricate
|
voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | (ʔ) |
| voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | g | ||
Fricative
|
voiceless | (f) | s | (ʃ) | (h) | |
| voiced | (z) | (ɣ) | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Lateral | l | |||||
| Tap | central | ɾ | ||||
| nasal | ɾ̃ | |||||
Approximant
|
central | w | j | |||
| nasal | w̃ | j̃ | ||||
- /t͡ʃ/ occurs, but only marginally.
- /ɡ/ can be realized as a fricative [ɣ] between vowel sounds /a ɔ/.
- /f z h ʔ/ can only occur among loanwords.
- /ʃ/ might occur as an allophone of /s/ when preceding /i/.
Vowels
Oral
|
Nasal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | Front | Back | |
| Close | i iː | u uː | ĩ ĩː | ũ ũː |
| Close-mid | e eː | o oː | ||
| Open-mid | ɛ ɛː | ɔ ɔː | ɛ̃ ɛ̃ː | ɔ̃ ɔ̃ː |
| Open | a aː | ã ãː | ||
Tommo So
Tommo So (a bipartite name for the language signifying the ethnicity or the location of the speakers, 'Tommo' and a word for language, 'So') is part of the Dogon language family comprising around twenty languages. The genetic relations of the languages of the Dogon country are complex, as geographical proximity does not necessarily involve genetic relation. "Despite the fact that Tommo So and Dogulu Dom are both spoken in the central area of Dogon country, the preliminary results of our current fieldwork suggest that Tommo So bears a closer relation to Najamba or Donno So."[4]
Geographic distribution
Tommo sɔ is thought to be spoken on the plateau between
Notes
- ^ Tɔrɔ sɔɔ at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Donno sɔ at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Tɔmmɔ sɔ at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - ^ Apparently 'Dogon language', using the exonym Dɔgɔ 'Dogon'
- ^ Heath, Jeffrey (2017). A Grammar of Yorno-So.
- ^ a b "A Grammar of Tommo So". 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2018-05-23.
- ^ Hochstetler, J.Lee; et al. "Sociolinguistic survey of the Dogon language area" (PDF).
References
- Blench, Roger (2005). "A survey of Dogon languages in Mali: Overview". OGMIOS: Newsletter of Foundation for Endangered Languages. 3.02 (26): 14–15. Retrieved 2011-06-30..
- Hochstetler, J. Lee; Durieux, J.A.; E.I.K. Durieux-Boon (2004). Sociolinguistic Survey of the Dogon Language Area (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 2011-06-30.
- Douyon, Denis A. (2010). Parlons Dogon : langue et culture Toroso d'Ireli, Mali. Paris: L'Harmattan.
Further reading
- McPherson, Laura (2013). A Grammar of Tommo So. Mouton Grammar Library 62. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-030107-6. Retrieved 2013-10-22.
- Plungian, Vladimir (1995). Dogon. LINCOM Europa.
External links
- "Linguistics graduate student strives to preserve fading languages through her work at UCLA". The Daily Bruin. 2012-06-11. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
- Tommo So folk songs YouTube. 2013-21-07.