State religion
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A state religion (also called official religion) is a religion or creed officially endorsed by a sovereign state. A state with an official religion (also known as confessional state), while not a secular state, is not necessarily a theocracy. State religions are official or government-sanctioned establishments of a religion, but the state does not need to be under the control of the clergy (as in a theocracy), nor is the state-sanctioned religion necessarily under the control of the state.
Official religions have been known throughout
In the Middle East, the majority of states with a predominantly Muslim population have Islam as their official religion, though the degree of religious restrictions on citizens' everyday lives varies by country. Rulers of Saudi Arabia use both secular and religious power, while Iran's secular presidents are supposed to follow the decisions of religious authorities since the 1979 Islamic Revolution. Turkey, which also has Muslim-majority population, became a secular country after Atatürk's Reforms, although unlike the Russian Revolution of the same time period, it did not result in the adoption of state atheism.
The degree to which an official national religion is imposed upon citizens by the state in contemporary society varies considerably; from high as in Saudi Arabia and Iran, to none at all as in Greenland, Denmark, England, Iceland, and Greece (in Europe, the state religion might be called in English, the established church.)
Types
The degree and nature of state backing for denomination or creed designated as a state religion can vary. It can range from mere endorsement (with or without financial support) with
In some cases, an administrative region may sponsor and fund a set of religious denominations; such is the case in
State churches
A state church (or "established church") is a state religion established by a state for use exclusively by that state. In the case of a state church, the state has absolute control over the church, but in the case of a state religion, the church is ruled by an exterior body; for example, in the case of Catholicism, the Vatican has control over the church. As of 2024, there are only five state churches left.[33]
Disestablishment
Disestablishment is the process of repealing a church's status as an organ of the state. In a state where an established church is in place, opposition to such a move may be described as antidisestablishmentarianism. This word is, however, most usually associated with the debate on the position of the Anglican churches in the British Isles: the Church of Ireland (disestablished in 1871), the Church in Wales (disestablished in 1920), and the Church of England itself (which remains established in England).[citation needed]
Current states with a state religion
Buddhism
Governments where Buddhism, either a specific form of it, or Buddhism as a whole, has been established as an official religion:
- Druk Gyalpo (King) should appoint the Je Khenpo and Dratshang Lhentshog (The Commission for Monastic Affairs).[35]
- Myanmar: Section 361 of the Constitution states that "The Union recognizes special position of Buddhism as the faith professed by the great majority of the citizens of the Union."[38] The 1961 State Religion Promotion and Support Act requires : to teach Buddhist lessons in schools, to give priority to Buddhist monasteries in founding of primary schools, to make Uposatha days holidays during Vassa months, to broadcast Buddhist sermons by State media on Uposatha days, and other promotion and supports for Buddhism as State Religion.[39]
- Sri Lanka: The constitution of Sri Lanka states under Chapter II, Article 9, "The Republic of Sri Lanka declares Buddhism as the state religion and accordingly it shall be the duty of the Head of State and Head of Government to protect and foster the Buddha Sasana".[40]
In some countries, Buddhism is not recognized as a state religion, but holds special status:
- Thai constitution: "The State should support and protect Buddhism". In supporting and protecting Buddhism, the State should promote and support education and dissemination of dharmic principles of Theravada Buddhism, and shall have measures and mechanisms to prevent Buddhism from being undermined in any form. The State should also encourage Buddhists to participate in implementing such measures or mechanisms.[41]
- Laos: According to the Lao Constitution, Buddhism is given special privilege in the country. The state respects and protects all the lawful activities of Buddhism.[42]
- Kalmykia (Russia): The local Government supports Buddhism and also encourages Buddhist teachings and traditions. It also builds various Buddhist temples and sites. Various efforts are taken by the Government for the revival of Buddhism in the republic.[43][44][45]
Christianity
The following states recognize some form of Christianity as their state or official religion or recognize a special status for it (by denomination):
Non-denominational Christianity
- Zambia: The preamble to the Zambian Constitution of 1991 declares Zambia to be "a Christian nation", while also guaranteeing freedom of religion.[48]
Catholicism
Jurisdictions where Catholicism has been established as a state or official religion:
- Costa Rica: Article 75 of the Constitution of Costa Rica confirms that "The Catholic and Apostolic Religion is the religion of the State, which contributes to its maintenance, without preventing the free exercise in the Republic of other forms of worship that are not opposed to universal morality or good customs."[49]
- Latin: Sancta Sedes) and the location of the Pope's official residence, referred to as the Apostolic Palace.
- Liechtenstein: The Constitution of Liechtenstein describes the Catholic Church as the state religion and enjoying "the full protection of the State". The constitution does however ensure that people of other faiths "shall be entitled to practice their creeds and to hold religious services to the extent consistent with morality and public order".[51]
- Malta: Article 2 of the Constitution of Malta declares that "the religion of Malta is the Catholic and Apostolic Religion".[52]
- Monaco: Article 9 of the Constitution of Monaco describes the "Catholic, and apostolic religion" as the religion of the state.[53]
Jurisdictions that give various degrees of recognition in their constitutions to Roman Catholicism without establishing it as the State religion:
- Andorra[54]
- Argentina: Article 2 of the Constitution of Argentina explicitly states that the government supports the Roman Catholic Apostolic Faith, but the constitution does not establish a state religion.[55] Before its 1994 amendment, the Constitution stated that the President of the Republic must be a Roman Catholic.
- East Timor: While the Constitution of East Timor enshrines the principles of freedom of religion and separation of church and state in Section 45 Comma 1, it also acknowledges "the participation of the Catholic Church in the process of national liberation" in its preamble (although this has no legal value).[56]
- El Salvador: Although Article 3 of the Constitution of El Salvador states that "no restrictions shall be established that are based on differences of nationality, race, sex or religion", Article 26 states that the state recognizes the Catholic Church and gives it legal preference.[57][58]
- Guatemala: The Constitution of Guatemala recognises the juridical personality of the Catholic Church. Other churches, cults, entities, and associations of religious character will obtain the recognition of their juridical personality in accordance with the rules of their institution.[59]
- Italy: The Constitution of Italy does not establish a state religion, but recognizes the state and the Catholic Church as "independent and sovereign, each within its own sphere".[60] The Constitution additionally reserves to the Catholic faith singular position in regard to the organization of worship, as opposed to all other confessions.[61]
- Panama: The Constitution of Panama recognizes Catholicism as "the religion of the majority" of citizens but does not designate it as the official state religion.[62]
- Paraguay: The Constitution of Paraguay recognizes the Catholic Church's role in the nation's historical and cultural formation.[63]
- Peru: The Constitution of Peru recognizes the Catholic Church as an important element in the historical, cultural, and moral formation of Peru and lends it its cooperation.[64]
- Poland[65]
- Spain: The Constitution of Spain of 1978 abolished Catholicism as the official state religion, while recognizing the role it plays in Spanish society.[66]
Eastern Orthodoxy
- Greece: The Church of Greece is recognized by the Greek Constitution as the prevailing religion in Greece[67] and is the only country in the world where Eastern Orthodoxy is clearly recognized as a state religion.[68][69] However, this provision does not give exclusivity of worship to the Church of Greece, while all other religions are recognized as equal and may be practiced freely.[70]
The jurisdictions below give various degrees of recognition in their constitutions to Eastern Orthodoxy, but without establishing it as the state religion:
- Bulgaria: In the Bulgarian Constitution, Eastern Orthodoxy is recognized as "the traditional religion" of the Bulgarian people, but the state itself remains secular.[71]
- Greek-Orthodox Church of Cyprus shall continue to have the exclusive right of regulating and administering its own internal affairs and property in accordance with the Holy Canons and its Charter in force for the time being and the Greek Communal Chamber shall not act inconsistently with such right."[72][c]
- Finnish Orthodox Church and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland are "national churches".[73][74]
- Georgia: The Georgian Orthodox Church has a constitutional agreement with the state, the constitution recognizing "the special role of the Apostolic Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia in the history of Georgia and its independence from the state".[75] (See also Concordat of 2002)
Protestantism
The following states recognize some form of Protestantism as their state or official religion:
The Commonwealth
Anglicanism
The Anglican Church of England is the established church in England as well as all three of the Crown Dependencies:
- British monarch is the titular Supreme Governor of the Church of England. The 26 most senior bishops in the Church of England are Lords Spiritual and have seats in the House of Lords of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
- Guernsey: The Church of England is the established church in the Bailiwick of Guernsey, and the leader of the Church of England in the territory is the Dean of Guernsey.[77]
- Isle of Man: The Church of England is the established church on the Isle of Man. The Bishop of Sodor and Man is an ex officio member of the Legislative Council (the upper house of Tynwald).[78]
- States of Jersey.
Calvinism
- Scotland: The Church of Scotland is the national church, but not the United Kingdom as a whole.[79] Whilst it is the national church, it 'is not State controlled' and the monarch is not the 'supreme governor' as in the Church of England.[79]
- Tuvalu: The Church of Tuvalu is the state religion, although in practice this merely entitles it to "the privilege of performing special services on major national events".[80] The Constitution of Tuvalu guarantees freedom of religion, including the freedom to practice, the freedom to change religion, the right not to receive religious instruction at school or to attend religious ceremonies at school, and the right not to "take an oath or make an affirmation that is contrary to his religion or belief".[81]
Nordic Countries
Lutheranism
Jurisdictions where a
- Denmark: Section 4 of the Constitution of Denmark confirms the Church of Denmark as the established church.[82]
- Iceland: The Constitution of Iceland confirms the Church of Iceland as the state church of Iceland.[85]
- Norway: Until 2017, the Church of Norway was not a separate legal entity from the government. It was disestablished and became a national church, a legally distinct entity from the state with special constitutional status. The King of Norway is required by the Constitution to be a member of the Church of Norway, and the church is regulated by special canon law, unlike other religions.[86]
Jurisdictions that give various degrees of recognition in their constitutions to Lutheranism without establishing it as the state religion:
- Finland: The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland has a special relationship with the Finnish state, its internal structure being described in a special law, the Church Act.[87] The Church Act can be amended only by a decision of the synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church and subsequent ratification by the Parliament of Finland. The Church Act is protected by the Constitution of Finland and the state cannot change the Church Act without changing the constitution. The church has the power to tax its members. The state collects these taxes for the church, for a fee. On the other hand, the church is required to give a burial place for everyone in its graveyards.[87] The President of Finland also decides the themes for intercession days. The church does not consider itself a state church, as the Finnish state does not have the power to influence its internal workings or its theology, although it has a veto in those changes of the internal structure which require changing the Church Act. Neither does the Finnish state accord any precedence to Lutherans or the Lutheran faith in its own acts.
- Sweden: The Church of Sweden was the state church of Sweden between 1527 when King Gustav Vasa broke all ties with Rome and 2000 when the state officially became secular. Much like in Finland, it does have a special relation to the Swedish state unlike any other religious organizations. For example, there is a special law that regulates certain aspects of the church[88] and the members of the royal family are required to belong to it in order to have a claim to the line of succession. A majority of the population still belongs to the Church of Sweden.[89]
Other/mixed
- Armenia: The Armenian Apostolic Church has a constitutional agreement with the State: "The Republic of Armenia shall recognise the exclusive mission of the Armenian Apostolic Holy Church, as a national church, in the spiritual life of the Armenian people, in the development of their national culture and preservation of their national identity."[90]
- Dominican Republic: The constitution of the Dominican Republic specifies that there is no state church and provides for freedom of religion and belief. A concordat with the Holy See designates Catholicism as the official religion and extends special privileges to the Catholic Church not granted to other religious groups. These include the legal recognition of church law, use of public funds to underwrite some church expenses, and complete exoneration from customs duties.[91]
- Haiti: While Catholicism has not been the state religion since 1987, a 19th-century concordat with the Holy See continues to confer preferential treatment to the Catholic Church, in the form of stipends for clergy and financial support to churches and religious schools. The Catholic Church also retains the right to appoint certain amounts of clergy in Haiti without the government's consent.[92][93]
- Hungary: The preamble to the Hungarian Constitution of 2011 describes Hungary as "part of Christian Europe" and acknowledges "the role of Christianity in preserving nationhood", while Article VII provides that "the State shall cooperate with the Churches for community goals." However, the constitution also guarantees freedom of religion and separation of church and state.[94]
- Nicaragua: The Nicaraguan Constitution of 1987 states that the country has no official religion, but defines "Christian values" as one of the "principles of the Nicaraguan nation".[95]
- Portugal: Although Church and State are formally separate, the Catholic Church in Portugal still receives certain privileges.[96]
Islam
Many
- Afghanistan: Officially, Afghanistan has continuously been an Islamic state under various constitutions since at least 1987.[101]
- Algeria: "Islam shall be the religion of the State."[102][103]
- Bangladesh: Article (2A) of the Constitution of Bangladesh declares: "Islam is the state religion of the republic".[104]
- Bahrain: "The religion of the State is Islam."[105][106]
- Brunei: Article 3 of the Constitution of Brunei: "The official religion of Brunei Darussalam shall be the Islamic Religion ..."[107]
- Comoros: Preamble to the 2001 Constitution of the Comoros: "... to draw from Islam, the religion of the state ..."[108]
- Djibouti: Article 1 of the Constitution of Djibouti: "Islam is the Religion of the State."[109]
- Egyptian Constitution of 2014: "Islam is the religion of the State".[110]
- Ja'farî school [in usul al-Dîn and fiqh], and this principle will remain eternally immutable."[111] Islam has been Iran's state religion since 1501 dating back to the Safavid dynasty and has continued ever since, excluding the period of breaks in the Pahlavi dynasty.
- Iraq: Article 2 of the Constitution of Iraq: "Islam is the official religion of the State and is a foundation source of legislation ..."[112]
- Jordan: Article 2 of the Constitution of Jordan: "Islam is the religion of the State and Arabic is its official language."[113]
- Kuwait: Article 2 of the Constitution of Kuwait: "The religion of the State is Islam and Islamic Law shall be a main source of legislation."[114]
- Libya: Article 1 of the Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration: "Islam is the Religion of the State and the principal source of legislation is Islamic Jurisprudence (Shari'a)."[115]
- Malaysia: Article 3 of the Federal Constitution of Malaysia: "Islam is the religion of the Federation; but other religions may be practised in peace and harmony in any part of the Federation."[116]
- Maldives: Article 10 of the Maldives's Constitution of 2008: "The religion of the State of the Maldives is Islam. Islam shall be the one of the bases of all the laws of the Maldives."[117]
- Mauritania: Article 5 of the Constitution of Mauritania: "Islam is the religion of the people and of the State."[118]
- Morocco: Article 3 of the Constitution of Morocco: "Islam is the religion of the State, which guarantees to all the free exercise of beliefs [cultes]."[119]
- Constitution of Oman: "The religion of the State is Islam and Islamic Sharia is the basis for legislation."[120]
- Pakistan: Article 2 of the Constitution of Pakistan: "Islam shall be the State religion of Pakistan."[121]
- Basic Law of the State of Palestine: "Islam is the official religion in Palestine. Respect and sanctity of all other heavenly religions shall be maintained."[122]
- Qatar: Article 1 of the Constitution of Qatar: "Qatar is an independent sovereign Arab State. Its religion is Islam and Shari'a law shall be a main source of its legislations."[123]
- Saudi Arabia: Article 1 of the Basic Law of Saudi Arabia: "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a sovereign Arab Islamic State. Its religion is Islam."[124]
- Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic: Article 2 of the Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic declares that Islam is the state religion and law origin.[3]
- Somalia: Article 2 of the Provisional Constitution of the Federal Republic of Somalia: "Islam is the religion of the State."[125]
- United Arab Emirates: Article 7 of the Constitution of the United Arab Emirates: "Islam shall be the official religion of the Union."[126]
- Yemen: Article 2 of the Constitution of Yemen: "Islam is the religion of the state, and Arabic is its official language."[127]
In some countries, Islam is not recognized as a state religion, but holds special status:
- Tajikistan: Although there is a separation of religion from politics, certain aspects of law also privilege Islam. One such law declares "Islam to be a traditional religion of Tajikistan, with more rights and privileges given to Islamic organizations than to religious groups of non-Muslim origin".[128]
- Tunisia: Article 5 of the Constitution declares that "Tunisia is part of the Muslim world, and the state alone must work to achieve the goals of pure Islam in preserving honourable life of religious freedom". Although, Islam has been given special privileges by the Constitution, though it is no longer the state religion.[129][130]
- Turkmenistan: The Constitution claims to uphold a secular system in which religious and state institutions are separate. However, in Turkmenistan, the state actively privileges a form of traditional Islam. The culture, including Islam, is a key facet, contributes to the Turkmen national identity. The state encourages the conceptualization of "Turkmen Islam".[131]
- Uzbekistan: Since independence, Islam has taken on an altogether new role in the nation-building process in Uzbekistan. The government affords Islam in special status and declared it as a national heritage and a moral guideline.[132]
Status of religion in Israel
- Israeli citizenship. Section - (1) of that law declares that "Every Jew has the right to come to this country as an Oleh, "(Immigrant)". In the Law of Return, the State of Israel gave effect to the Zionist movement's "credo" which called for the establishment of Israel as a Sovereign Jewish state with Democratic setups, ideals and values.[134]
The State of Israel supports religious institutions, particularly
Political religions
In some countries, there is a
Multiple religion recognition
- Taoism, Islam, Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism).[138] Despite limitations on certain forms of religious expression and assembly, religion is not banned, and religious freedom is nominally protected under the Chinese constitution. Among the general Chinese population, there are a wide variety of religious practices.[139] The Chinese government's attitude to religion is one of skepticism and non-promotion.[139][140][141][142]
- Laïcité, does not apply in this region.[143]
- and enforce it, especially to its Muslim residents.
- Nepal is a secular nation, and secularism in Nepal under the interim constitution (Part 1, Article 4) is defined as "religious and cultural freedom, along with the protection of religion and culture handed down from time immemorial." That is, "the state government is bound for protecting and fostering Hindu religion" while maintaining "religious" and "cultural" freedom throughout the nation as fundamental rights.
- Russia: Though a secular state under the constitution, Russia is often said to have Russian Orthodoxy as the de facto national religion, despite other minorities: "The Russian Orthodox Church is de facto privileged religion of the state, claiming the right to decide which other religions or denominations are to be granted the right of registration".[149][150][151][152][153][154][155]
Islam in Russia is recognized under the law and by Russian political leaders as one of Russia's traditional religions, Islam is a part of Russian historical heritage, and is subsidized by the Russian government.[156] The position of Islam as a major Russian religion, alongside Orthodox Christianity, dates from the time of Catherine the Great, who sponsored Islamic clerics and scholarship through the Orenburg Assembly.[157]
- Singapore is officially a secular country and does not have a state religion, and has been named in one study as the "most religiously diverse nation in the world", with no religious group forming a majority.[158] However, the government gives official recognition to ten different religions, namely Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Taoism, Sikhism, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Jainism, and the Baháʼí Faith,[159] and Singapore's penal code explicitly prohibits "wounding religious feelings". The Jehovah's Witnesses and Unification Church are also banned in Singapore, as the government deems them to be a threat to national security.
- Roman Catholic Churchin various ways.
- official religion nor promotes any.[160] But; the Directorate of Religious Affairs, an official state institution established by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1924,[161] expresses opinions only on religious matters regarding Sunni institutions.[162] The directorate regulates the operation of the country's hundreds of thousands of registered mosques and employs local and provincial imams (who are civil servants) who are appointed and paid by the state,[163] whilst other sects of Islam with a sizeable minority such as Alevism are not being regulated nor being funded by the directorate.[164]
In addition, the Treaty of Lausanne explicitly guarantees the security and protection of both Greek and Armenian Orthodox Christian minorities and the Turkish-Jews. Their religious institutions are being recognized officially by the state.[165][166]
- Vietnam is officially atheist[167] (although sometimes also referred as atheist-Buddhist),[168][169] but recognizes only 38 religious organizations and one dharma practice.[170]
Former state religions
Roman religion and Christianity
In Rome, the office of
In 311, Emperor
Constantine called up the
Han dynasty Confucianism
In China, the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) advocated Confucianism as the de facto state religion, establishing tests based on Confucian texts as an entrance requirement into government service—although, in fact, the "Confucianism" advocated by the Han emperors may be more properly termed a sort of Confucian Legalism or "State Confucianism". This sort of Confucianism continued to be regarded by the emperors, with a few notable exceptions, as a form of state religion from this time until the collapse of the Chinese monarchy in 1912. Note, however, there is a debate over whether Confucianism (including Neo-Confucianism) is a religion or purely a philosophical system.[173]
Yuan dynasty Buddhism
During the Mongol-led
Golden Horde and Ilkhanate
The Mongol rulers
Former state churches in British North America
Other states
- The Mormon settlers in Salt Lake City. The provisional state existed for slightly over two years, but attempts to gain recognition by the United States government floundered for various reasons. The Utah Territory which was then founded was under Mormon control, and repeated attempts to gain statehood met resistance, in part due to concerns that the principle of separation of church and state conflicted with the practice of members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints placing their highest value on "following counsel" in virtually all matters relating to their church-centered lives. The state of Utah was eventually admitted to the union on 4 January 1896, after the various issues had been resolved.[176]
- Kingdom of Hawaii.[citation needed]
- State Shintōarticle.
- Sovereign Prince should be a member of the Reformed Church; this provision was dropped in the 1815 Constitution.[177] The 1815 Constitution also provided for a state salary and pension for the priesthood of established religions at the time (Protestantism, Catholicism and Judaism). This settlement, nicknamed de zilveren koorde (the silver cord), was abolished in 1983.[178][179][180]
- court of law pertaining to "personal law" under which a confessional community (a group abiding by the laws of Muslim Sharia, Christian Canon law, or Jewish Halakha) was allowed to rule itself under its own laws.
- Sudan had Islam as the official religion during the rule of Omar al-Bashir according to the Constitution of Sudan of 2005.[183] It was declared a secular state in September 2020.[184]
- Four Books became available to virtually every educated person.[188]
Established churches and former state churches
This section needs additional citations for verification. (March 2023) |
Country | Church | Denomination | Disestablished |
---|---|---|---|
Anhalt | Evangelical State Church of Anhalt |
united Protestant | 1918
|
Armenia | Armenian Apostolic Church | Oriental Orthodox |
1921 |
Austria | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1918
|
Baden | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1918
|
United Evangelical Protestant State Church of Baden |
united Protestant | 1918
| |
Bavaria | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1918
|
Protestant State Church in the Kingdom of Bavaria right of the Rhine | Reformed |
1918
| |
United Protestant Evangelical Christian Church of the Palatinate | united Protestant | 1918
| |
Barbados | Church of England | Anglican |
1968 |
Bolivia | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
2009 |
Brazil[d] | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1890 |
Brunswick | Evangelical Lutheran State Church in Brunswick |
Lutheran |
1918
|
Bulgaria | Bulgarian Orthodox Church | Eastern Orthodox |
1946 |
Central African Empire | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1979 |
Chile | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1925 |
Colombia | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1936[189] |
Cuba | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1902 |
Cyprus | Church of Cyprus | Eastern Orthodox |
1977, following the death of the Ethnarch Makarios III |
Czechoslovakia | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1920 |
Denmark | Church of Denmark | Lutheran |
Current |
England | Church of England | Anglican |
Current |
Ethiopia | Ethiopian Orthodox Church |
Oriental Orthodox |
1974 |
Faroe Islands | Church of the Faroe Islands | Lutheran |
Elevated from a diocese of the Church of Denmark in 2007 (the two remain in close cooperation) |
Finland | Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland | Lutheran |
1867 |
Finnish Orthodox Church |
Eastern Orthodox |
1917 | |
France | Cult of Reason | N/A | 1794 (established 1793) |
Cult of the Supreme Being | N/A | 1794, officially banned in 1802 | |
Roman Catholic Church[e] |
Catholic |
1905 | |
Georgia | Georgian Orthodox Church | Eastern Orthodox |
1921 |
Greece | Church of Greece | Eastern Orthodox[67] |
The Church of Greece is recognized by the Greek Constitution as the "prevailing religion" in Greece.[67] However, this provision does not give official status to the Church of Greece, while all other religions are recognized as equal and may be practiced freely.[70] |
Greenland | Church of Denmark | Lutheran |
Under discussion to be elevated from The Diocese of Greenland in the Church of Denmark to a state church for Greenland, along‐the‐lines the Faroese Church took in 2007
|
Guatemala | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1871 |
Haiti | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1987 |
Hawaii |
Church of Hawaii | Anglican |
1893 |
Hesse | Evangelical Church in Hesse |
united Protestant | 1918
|
Hungary[f] | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1946 |
Iceland | Lutheran Evangelical Church |
Lutheran |
Current |
Ireland[g] | Church of Ireland | Anglican |
1871 |
Italy | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
18 February 1984 (into force 25 April 1985[196]) |
Liechtenstein | Roman Catholic Church[51] |
Catholic |
Current |
Lippe | Church of Lippe | Reformed |
1918 |
Lithuania | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1940 |
Lübeck | Evangelical Lutheran Church in the State of Lübeck | Lutheran |
1918 |
Luxembourg | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
Not an official state church[197] |
Malta | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
Current |
Mecklenburg-Schwerin | Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Mecklenburg-Schwerin |
Lutheran |
1918 |
Mecklenburg-Strelitz | Mecklenburg-Strelitz State Church |
Lutheran |
1918 |
Mexico | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1857 (reestablished between 1864 and 1867)
|
Monaco | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1999 (reestablished again in 2020–present). |
Netherlands | Dutch Reformed Church | Reformed |
1795 |
Nicaragua | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1939[198] |
North Macedonia | Macedonian Orthodox Church | Eastern Orthodox |
1921 |
Norway | Church of Norway | Lutheran |
As of 2012 the Constitution of Norway no longer names Lutheranism as the official religion of the state and in 2017 the church became an independent legal entity,[199][200][201] but article 16 says that "The Church of Norway [...] will remain the National Church of Norway and will as such be supported by the State."[202] As of 1 January 2017 the Church of Norway is a legal entity independent of the state.[199][203] |
Oldenburg | Evangelical Lutheran Church of Oldenburg | Lutheran |
1918 |
Panama | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1904 |
Paraguay | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1992[204] |
Peru | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1993 |
Philippines[h] | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1898 |
Poland[i] | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1947 |
Portugal[j] | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1910, 1976 |
Prussia pre 1866 provinces |
Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces with nine ecclesiastical provinces |
united Protestant | 1918 |
Prussia Province of Hanover |
Evangelical Reformed State Church of the Province of Hanover |
Reformed |
1918 |
Prussia Province of Hanover |
Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Hanover |
Lutheran |
1918 |
Prussia Province of Hesse-Nassau (partially) |
Evangelical State Church of Frankfurt upon Main |
united Protestant | 1918 |
Prussia Province of Hesse-Nassau (partially) |
Evangelical Church of Electoral Hesse |
united Protestant | 1918 |
Prussia Province of Hesse-Nassau (partially) |
Evangelical State Church in Nassau |
united Protestant | 1918 |
Prussia Province of Schleswig-Holstein |
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Schleswig-Holstein | Lutheran |
1918 |
Romania | Romanian Orthodox Church | Eastern Orthodox |
1947 |
Russia | Russian Orthodox Church | Eastern Orthodox |
1917 |
Saxony | Evangelical Lutheran State Church of Saxony |
Lutheran |
1918 |
Schaumburg-Lippe | Evangelical State Church of Schaumburg-Lippe | Lutheran |
1918 |
Scotland[205] | Church of Scotland | Presbyterian |
Remains the national church; state control disclaimed since 1638. Formally recognised as not an established church by the Church of Scotland Act 1921. |
Serbia | Serbian Orthodox Church | Eastern Orthodox |
1920 |
Spain | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1978
|
Sweden | Church of Sweden | Lutheran |
2000 |
Thuringia | church bodies in principalities which merged in Thuringia in 1920 |
Lutheran |
1918 |
Tuvalu | Church of Tuvalu | Reformed |
Current |
Uruguay | Roman Catholic Church |
Catholic |
1918 (into effect in 1919) |
United States[k] | none since 1776, which was made explicit in the Bill of Rights in 1792 | none | n/a; some state legislatures required all citizens in those states to be members of a church, and some had official churches, such as Congregationalism in some New England states such as Massachusetts. This eventually ended in 1833 when Massachusetts was the last state to disestablish its church. |
Waldeck |
Evangelical State Church of Waldeck and Pyrmont |
united Protestants | 1918 |
Wales[l] | Church of England | Anglican |
1920 |
Württemberg | Evangelical State Church in Württemberg |
Lutheran |
1918 |
Former confessional states
Note: This only includes states that abolished their state religion themselves, not states with a state religion that were conquered, fell apart or otherwise disappeared.
Buddhism
Country | Denomination | Disestablished |
---|---|---|
Laos | Theravada Buddhism
|
1975[210] |
Siam | Theravada Buddhism
|
1932 |
Tokugawa Shogunate
|
Japanese Buddhism | 1868 |
Hinduism
Country | Disestablished |
---|---|
Nepal | 2008 (de facto)[211] 2015 (de jure)[211] |
Islam
Country | Denomination | Disestablished |
---|---|---|
Sudan | Sunni Islam | 2020[212]
|
Tunisia | Sunni Islam | 2022[129] |
Turkey | Sunni Islam | 1928[m] |
Shamanism
Country | Denomination | Disestablished |
---|---|---|
Silla | Korean Shamanism
|
527 CE |
Shinto
Country | Denomination | Disestablished |
---|---|---|
Japan | State Shinto | 1947 (de facto)[214] |
See also
- Blasphemy law
- Ceremonial deism
- Church tax
- Civil religion
- Confessional state
- Divine rule
- Elite religion
- Institutional theory
- Major religious groups
- Nonsectarian
- Religious education
- Religious law
- Religious toleration
- Secular religion
- Secularism
- Secularity
- Secularization
- Separation of church and state
- Sociology of religion
- State atheism
- Status of religious freedom by country
- Secular state
Notes
- ^ Bhutan,[1] Mauritania,[2] Western Sahara (via Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic[3] and Morocco,[4] which divide control), Morocco,[4] Tunisia,[5] Egypt,[6] England,[7] Jordan,[8] Iraq,[9] Pakistan,[10] Bangladesh,[11] United Arab Emirates,[12] Oman,[13] Yemen,[14] Maldives,[15] Iran,[16] Algeria,[17] Saudi Arabia,[18] Sri Lanka,[19] Afghanistan,[20] Somalia,[21] Malaysia,[22] Brunei,[23] Greece,[24] Denmark,[25] Costa Rica,[26] Zambia.[27] See also here.
- ^ The headship was administrative and jurisdictional but did not include the potestas ordinis (the right to preach, ordain, administer the sacraments and rites of the Church which were reserved to the clergy).[30]
- ^ The Constitution also states that "Any matter relating to divorce, judicial separation or restitution of conjugal rights or to family relations of the members of the Greek-Orthodox Church, shall be cognizable by family courts each of which is composed: For a divorce trial, of three judges, one of which is a lawyer ecclesiastical officer appointed by the Greek Orthodox Church and presides over the Court and the other two of high professional and moral standard belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church are appointed by the Supreme Court among lawyers. If no ecclesiastical officer is appointed as above, the Supreme Court appoints the President of the Court as well."[72]
- Positivist thinker Demétrio Nunes Ribeiro urged the new government to adopt this stance. The 1891 Constitution, the first under the Republican system of government, abolished privileges for any specific religion, reaffirming the separation of church and state. This has been the case ever since the 1988 Constitution of Brazil, currently in force, does so in its Nineteenth Article. The Preamble to the Constitution does refer to "God's protection" over the document's promulgation, but this is not legally taken as endorsement of belief in any deity.
- Lutheran churches and Judaism state-sponsored religions until 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State.
- Jewish Congregations and the other religious denominations existing in Ireland at the date of the coming into operation of this Constitution".[194] These provisions were deleted in 1973.[195]
- present Constitution. Catholicism remains the predominant religion, wielding considerable political and cultural influence.
- March Constitution of 1921 declared the Roman Catholic Church to hold "the principal position among religious denominations equal before the law" (in reference to the idea of first among equals). The article was continued in force by article 81 of the April Constitution of 1935. The Soviet-backed PKWN Manifesto of 1944 reintroduced the March Constitution, which remained in force until it was replaced by the Small Constitution of 1947.
- ^ Until 1910 Roman Catholic Church was considered as state religion. Between 1951 and 1976 Catholic religion was considered as religion of the Portuguese Nation.[citation needed]
- ^ The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution explicitly forbids the federal government from enacting any law respecting a religious establishment, and thus forbids either designating an official church for the United States, or interfering with State and local official churches—which were common when the First Amendment was enacted. It did not prevent state governments from establishing official churches. Connecticut continued to do so until it replaced its colonial Charter with the Connecticut Constitution of 1818; Massachusetts retained an establishment of religion in general until 1833.[206] Until its substitution by Article of Amendment XI in 1834, Article III of the Massachusetts constitution's bill of rights provided, "... the legislature shall, from time to time, authorize and require, the several towns, parishes, precincts, and other bodies politic, or religious societies, to make suitable provision, at their own expense, for the institution of the public worship of God, and for the support and maintenance of public Protestant teachers of piety, religion and morality, in all cases where such provision shall not be made voluntarily."[207]
The incorporates the First Amendment's Establishment Clause as applying to the States, and thereby prohibits state and local religious establishments. The exact boundaries of this prohibition are still disputed, and are a frequent source of cases before the U.S. Supreme Court—especially as the Court must now balance, on a state level, the First Amendment prohibitions on government establishment of official religions with the First Amendment prohibitions on government interference with the free exercise of religion. See school prayerfor such a controversy in contemporary American politics. All current State constitutions do mention a Creator, but include guarantees of religious liberty parallel to theArticle 6 Section 3of the United States Constitution. The Church of Hawaii was the state church of Hawaii from 1862–1893.
- ^ The Church in Wales was split from the Church of England in 1920, by Welsh Church Act 1914; at the same time becoming disestablished.
- ^ The Turkish Constitution of 1924 was amended for the first time on 10 April 1928, including removing inter alia Article 2 and the provision of "Religion of the Turkish state is Islam".[213]
References
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- ^ "Oman". CIA World Factbook. 30 November 2021.
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- ^ "Maldives". CIA World Factbook. 23 November 2021.
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The official religion of Iran is Islam and the Twelver Ja'fari school, ...
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- The Druk Gyalpois the protector of all religions in Bhutan.
- It shall be the responsibility of religious institutions and personalities to promote the spiritual heritage of the country while also ensuring that religion remains separate from politics in Bhutan. Religious institutions and personalities shall remain above politics.
- The Druk Gyalpo shall, on the recommendation of the Five Lopons, appoint a learned and respected monk ordained in accordance with the Druk-lu, blessed with the nine qualities of a spiritual master and accomplished in ked-dzog, as the Je Khenpo.
- His Holiness the Je Khenpo shall, on the recommendation of the Dratshang Lhentshog, appoint monks blessed with the nine qualities of a spiritual master and accomplished in ked-dzog as the Five Lopons.
- The members of the Dratshang Lhentshog shall comprise:
(a) The Je Khenpo as Chairman;
(b) The Five Lopons of the Zhung Dratshang; and
(c) The Secretary of the Dratshang Lhentshog who is a civil servant. - The Zhung Dratshang and Rabdeys shall continue to receive adequate funds and other facilities from the State."Bhutan's Constitution of 2008" (PDF). constituteproject.org/. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
- Article 3, Spiritual Heritage
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"The State should support and protect Buddhism. In supporting and protecting Buddhism, [...] the State should promote and support education and dissemination of dharmic principles of Theravada Buddhism [...], and shall have measures and mechanisms to prevent Buddhism from being undermined in any form. The State should also encourage Buddhists to participate in implementing such measures or mechanisms.""Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand" (PDF). constitutionnet.org. Retrieved 29 October 2017. - ^ "Lao People's Democratic Republic's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2003" (PDF). constituteproject.org. Retrieved 29 October 2017.
Article 9: The State respects and protects all lawful activities of Buddhists and of followers of other religions, [and] mobilises and encourages Buddhist monks and novices as well as the priests of other religions to participate in activities that are beneficial to the country and people.
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... guarantees the Roman Catholic Church free and public exercise of its activities and the preservation of the relations of special co-operation with the state in accordance with the Andorran tradition. The Constitution recognizes the full legal capacity of the bodies of the Roman Catholic Church which have legal status in accordance with their own rules.
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The juridical personality of the Catholic Church is recognized. The other churches, cults, entities, and associations of religious character will obtain the recognition of their juridical personality in accordance with the rules of their institution[,] and the Government may not deny it[,] aside from reasons of public order. The State will extend to the Catholic Church, without any cost, [the] titles of ownership of the real assets which it holds peacefully for its own purposes, as long as they have formed part of the patrimony of the Catholic Church in the past. The property assigned to third parties or those
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Greece therefore is today the only country where the Orthodox Church remains a state church and plays a dominant role in the life of the country.
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Confucianism, with its emphasis on harmony, was the prevailing "state religion", although it coexisted with Shintoism, a religion that worshipped nature gods and that was personified by the emperor.
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Further reading
- Rowlands, John Henry Lewis (1989). Church, State, and Society, 1827–1845: the Attitudes of John Keble, Richard Hurrell Froude, and John Henry Newman. Worthing, Eng.: P. Smith [of] Churchman Publishing; Folkestone, Eng.: distr. ... by Bailey Book Distribution. ISBN 1850931321
External links
- McConnell, Michael W. (April 2003). "Establishment and Disestablishment at the Founding, Part I: Establishment of Religion". William and Mary Law Review. 44 (5): 2105. Archived from the original on 4 June 2011.