Ethiopians
Total population | |
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Ethiopians are the native inhabitants of Ethiopia, as well as the global diaspora of Ethiopia. Ethiopians constitute several component ethnic groups, many of which are closely related to ethnic groups in neighboring Eritrea and other parts of the Horn of Africa.
The first documented use of the name "Ethiopia" from Greek name "Αἰθίοψ" (Ethiopian) was in the 4th century during the reign of
A period of stability and peace continued through the
In the late 19th-century during the reign of Menelik II, against the backdrop of the Scramble for Africa, the notion of Ethiopian national integrity was strengthened by Italian efforts at colonization. The Italian invasion engendered a formidable national resistance, culminating in the Battle of Adwa in 1896 which resulted in a major Ethiopian victory against the Italians. The resulting Treaty of Addis Ababa ended the Italo-Ethiopian War, and along with the nation's contemporaneous territorial expansion, largely established the modern-day boundaries of Ethiopia.
Present-day Ethiopia has a diverse population with many different languages and ethnic groups. Ethiopians speak Afro-Asiatic languages (Semitic, Cushitic, and Omotic) and Nilo-Saharan languages. The Oromo, Amhara, Somali and Tigrayans make up more than three-quarters (75%) of the population, but there are more than 80 different ethnic groups within Ethiopia. Some of these have as few as 10,000 members.
History
Prehistory
Archaeologist found remains of early hominins, one of the most specimen was
About 7000 BC,
Afro-Asiatic languages were present in Africa and the Middle East by the eighth to sixth millennium BCE. This language family includes various modern and extinct African and Asian languages such as Oromo, Somali, Egyptian, Berber, Hausa, Hebrew, Arabic, Aramaic, and Akkadian. Ge'ez was developed around sixth century BCE and evident by inscriptions of contemporary kingdom of D'mt.[21] The language dominance was eclipsed by 1000 AD, but the highland inhabitants used it as written scholar and liturgical language between 300s and 1800s.[22]
Antiquity
In 980 BCE, Dʿmt was established in present-day Eritrea and the Tigray Region of Ethiopia, straddling South Arabia in present-day of Yemen. This polity's capital was located at Yeha, in what is now northern Ethiopia. Most modern historians consider this civilization to be a native Ethiopian one, although in earlier times many suggested it was Sabaean-influenced because of the latter's hegemony of the Red Sea.[23]
Other scholars regard Dʿmt as the result of a union of Afroasiatic-speaking cultures of the Cushitic and Semitic branches; namely, local
Middle Ages
The kingdom enlarged its territory by the half of 4th century after conquering neighbor city Meroë in 330, and entered "Golden Age" for the next three centuries. Aksum's power began declining at time of Islamic Golden Age, where they frequently countered intrusions by Arab Muslims in the South Arabia protectorate (modern Yemen), making them to evicted more in the southern of Agaw population. In 10th century, the kingdom ultimately collapsed followed by pillage by Queen Gudit, after execution of Christians and ordered arson in church. While Aksum's existence extinguished, the follow-up kingdom of Zagwe likely of a continuation of its civilization and revival of Christianity, and a new multi-ethnic empire-state was formed in title of "king of kings".
The successful integration of Agaw and
One of the most important era for Christian and Muslim insight, and the resultant of religious war was in the mid-16th century of
Early modern period
The Oromo remained predominantly pastoral life who dominated the Amhara empire of Abyssinia for the rest of era. A blossom life continued throughout early modern period with the founding of capital Gondar in the early 18th century, by Emperor Fasilides, commencing a "Gondarine period".
Between 1769 and 1855, Ethiopia experienced a period of isolation referred to as the
Emperor Menelik II done major reformations to the country by the late 1890s: under his reign, Menelik extensively conquered the rest of kingdoms nearby region, while annexing the Tigray Province, ultimately formed the modern border of Ethiopia. His reign brought sharp solidification of the current Ethiopian national identity. The Battle of Adwa was a 1896 colonial resistance battle between the Ethiopian Empire led by Menelik and Kingdom of Italy led by General Oreste Baratieri, involving respective 100,000 and 17,700 troops,[32] where Ethiopian armies decisively defeated them and secured sovereignty.[20] The battle became signature national pride among Ethiopians, and beyond for Pan-Africanism. The Treaty of Addis Ababa (1896) settled an end of Italo-Ethiopian War, and modern border of Ethiopia was created as a background of ceased foreign external pressure against the sovereignty of Ethiopia. Ethiopia, along with Liberia, became the only independent African survivors against the European colonization.[33]
Current era
An Italian occupation of Ethiopia following
Ethnicity
Major ethnic groups
- Oromo 30.4%
- Amhara 27.0%
- Somali6.1%
- Tigray 6.1%
- Sidama 4.0%
- Gurage 2.5%
- Welayta 2.3%
- Hadiya 1.7%
- Afar 1.7%
- Gamo 1.5%
- Other ethnic groups 12.6%[36][37]
List
Ethnic group |
Language family |
Census (1994) [38] |
Census (2007) [37][39] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | ||
Aari | Omotic | 155,002 | 0.29 | 289,835 | 0.39 |
Afar | Afro-Asiatic |
979,367 | 1.84 | 1,276,374 | 1.73 |
Agaw-Awi | Afro-Asiatic |
397,491 | 0.75 | 631,565 | 0.85 |
Agaw-Hamyra | Afro-Asiatic |
158,231 | 0.30 | 267,851 | 0.36 |
Alaba |
Afro-Asiatic |
125,900 | 0.24 | 233,299 | 0.32 |
Amhara | Afro-Asiatic |
16,007,933 | 30.13 | 19,878,199 | 26.95 |
Anuak | Nilotic | 45,665 | 0.09 | 85,909 | 0.12 |
Arbore | Afro-Asiatic |
6,559 | 0.01 | 6,840 | 0.01 |
Argobba | Afro-Asiatic |
62,831 | 0.12 | 140,134 | 0.19 |
Bacha | Nilo-Saharan | 2,632 | < 0.01 | ||
Basketo | Omotic | 51,097 | 0.10 | 78,284 | 0.11 |
Bench | Omotic | 173,123 | 0.33 | 353,526 | 0.48 |
Berta | Nilo-Saharan | 183,259 | 0.25 | ||
Bodi |
Nilo-Saharan | 4,686 | 0.01 | 6,994 | 0.01 |
Brayle | ???? | 5,002 | 0.01 | ||
Burji |
Afro-Asiatic |
46,565 | 0.09 | 71,871 | 0.10 |
Bena | ???? | 27,022 | 0.04 | ||
Beta Israel | Afro-Asiatic |
2,321 | <0.01 | ||
Chara | Omotic | 6,984 | 0.01 | 13,210 | 0.02 |
Daasanach | Afro-Asiatic |
32,099 | 0.06 | 48,067 | 0.07 |
Dawro |
Omotic | 331,483 | 0.62 | 543,148 | 0.74 |
Debase/ Gawwada | Afro-Asiatic |
33,971 | 0.06 | 68,600 | 0.09 |
Dirashe | Afro-Asiatic |
30,081 | 0.04 | ||
Dime | Omotic | 6,197 | 0.01 | 891 | <0.01 |
Dizi | Omotic | 21,894 | 0.04 | 36,380 | 0.05 |
Donga |
Afro-Asiatic |
35,166 | 0.05 | ||
Fedashe | ???? | 7,323, | 0.01 | 3,448 | < 0.01 |
Gamo | Omotic | 719,847 | 1.35 | 1,107,163 | 1.50 |
Gebato | ???? | 75 | <0.01 | 1,502 | < 0.01 |
Gedeo | Afro-Asiatic |
639,905 | 1.20 | 986,977 | 1.34 |
Gedicho | ???? | 5,483 | 0.01 | ||
Gidole | Afro-Asiatic |
54,354 | 0.10 | 41,100 | 0.06 |
Goffa |
Omotic | 241,530 | 0.45 | 363,009 | 0.49 |
Gumuz | Nilo-Saharan | 121,487 | 0.23 | 159,418 | 0.22 |
Gurage |
Afro-Asiatic |
2,290,274 | 4.31 | 1,867,377 | 2.53 |
Silt'e |
Afro-Asiatic |
940,766 | 1.27 | ||
Hadiya | Afro-Asiatic |
927,933 | 1.75 | 1,269,382 | 1.72 |
Hamar | Omotic | 42,466 | 0.08 | 46,532 | 0.06 |
Harari | Afro-Asiatic |
200,000 | 0.04 | 246,000 | 0.04 |
Irob | Afro-Asiatic |
33,372 | 0.05 | ||
Kafficho | Omotic | 599,188 | 1.13 | 870,213 | 1.18 |
Kambaata | Afro-Asiatic |
499,825 | 0.94 | 630,236 | 0.85 |
Konta | Omotic | 83,607 | 0.11 | ||
Komo | Nilo-Saharan | 1,526 | <0.01 | 7,795 | 0.01 |
Konso | Afro-Asiatic |
153,419 | 0.29 | 250,430 | 0.34 |
Koore | Omotic | 107,595 | 0.20 | 156,983 | 0.21 |
Kontoma | Afro-Asiatic | 0.4 | 48,543 | 0.05 | |
Kunama | Nilo-Saharan | 2,007 | <0.01 | 4,860 | 0.01 |
Karo |
Omotic | 1,464 | < 0.01 | ||
Kusumie | ???? | 7,470 | 0.01 | ||
Kwegu | Nilo-Saharan | 4,407 | 0.01 | ||
Male |
Omotic | 46,458 | 0.09 | 98,114 | 0.13 |
Mao |
Omotic | 16,236 | 0.03 | 43,535 | 0.06 |
Mareqo | Afro-Asiatic[40] |
38,096 | 0.07 | 64,381 | 0.09 |
Mashola | Afro-Asiatic |
10,458 | 0.01 | ||
Mere people | ???? | 14,298 | 0.02 | ||
Me'en | Nilo-Saharan | 52,815 | 0.10 | 151,489 | 0.20 |
Messengo | ???? | 15,341 | 0.03 | 10,964 | 0.01 |
Majangir |
Nilo-Saharan | 21,959 | 0.03 | ||
Mossiye | Afro-Asiatic |
9,207 | 0.02 | 19,698 | 0.03 |
Murle | Nilo-Saharan | 1,469 | < 0.01 | ||
Mursi | Nilo-Saharan | 3,258 | 0.01 | 7,500 | 0.01 |
Nao | Omotic | 4,005 | 0.01 | 9,829 | 0.01 |
Nuer | Nilotic | 64,534 | 0.12 | 147,672 | 0.20 |
Nyangatom | Nilotic | 14,201 | 0.03 | 25,252 | 0.03 |
O[15]romo | Afro-Asiatic |
21,080,318 | 32.15 | 25,489,024 | 34.49 |
Oyda | Omotic | 14,075 | 0.03 | 45,149 | 0.06 |
Qebena | Afro-Asiatic[41] |
35,072 | 0.07 | 52,712 | 0.07 |
Qechem | ???? | 2,740 | 0.01 | 2,585 | < 0.01 |
Qewama | ???? | 141 | <0.01 | 298 | < 0.01 |
She | Omotic | 13,290 | 0.03 | 320 | < 0.01 |
Shekecho | Omotic | 53,897 | 0.10 | 77,678 | 0.11 |
Sheko | Omotic | 23,785 | 0.04 | 37,573 | 0.05 |
Shinasha | Omotic | 32,698 | 0.06 | 52,637 | 0.07 |
Shita/Upo |
Nilo-Saharan | 307 | <0.01 | 1,602 | < 0.01 |
Sidama |
Afro-Asiatic |
1,842,314 | 3.47 | 2,966,474 | 4.01 |
Somali | Afro-Asiatic |
3,285,266 | 6.18 | 4,581,794 | 6.21 |
Surma | Nilo-Saharan | 19,632 | 0.04 | 27,886 | 0.04 |
Tigrinya[42] | Afro-Asiatic |
3,284,568 | 6.18 | 4,483,892 | 6.07 |
Tembaro |
???? | 86,510 | 0.16 | 98,621 | 0.13 |
Tsamai | Afro-Asiatic |
9,702 | 0.02 | 20,046 | 0.03 |
Welayta | Omotic | 1,269,216 | 2.39 | 1,707,079 | 2.31 |
Werji |
Afro-Asiatic |
20,536 | 0.04 | 13,232 | 0.02 |
Yem | Omotic | 165,184 | 0.31 | 160,447 | 0.22 |
Zeyese | Omotic | 10,842 | 0.02 | 17,884 | 0.02 |
Zelmam | Nilo-Saharan | 2,704 | < 0.01 | ||
Other/unknown | 155,972 | 0.29 | 178,799 | 0.24 | |
Somalis of Somalia ) |
200,227 | 0.9 | |||
Sudanese | 2,035 | <0.01 | 10,333 | 0.01 | |
Eritrean (Ethiopian people of Eritrean descent) | 61,857 | 0.12 | 9,736 | 0.01 | |
Kenyan |
134 | <0.01 | 737 | <0.01 | |
Djiboutian | 367 | <0.01 | 733 | <0.01 | |
Other foreigners | 15,550 | 0.02 | |||
Total | 53,132,276 | 73,750,932 |
Ethiopian diaspora
- Ethiopian Americans
- Ethiopian Australians
- Ethiopian Canadians
- Ethiopian Jews in Israel
- Ethiopians in Italy
- Ethiopians in the United Kingdom
- Ethiopians in Denmark
- Ethiopians in Norway
- Ethiopians in Sweden
- Eritreans
- Habesha peoples
Languages
Until the
According to the 2007 Ethiopian census and the CIA World Fact Book, the largest
Religion
According to the CIA Factbook the religious demography of Ethiopia is as follows; Ethiopian Orthodox 43.8%, Muslim 31.3%, Protestant 22.8%, Catholic 0.7%, traditional 0.6%, and other 0.8%.[36]
Diaspora
The largest
A large Ethiopian community is also found in Israel, where
Genetic studies
Autosomal DNA
Studies conducted on Ethiopians belonging to Semitic and Cushitic ethnic groups mostly from the north of the country (Oromo, Amhara, Tigray, and Gurage), estimate approximately 40% of their autosomal ancestry to be derived from an ancient non-African back-migration from the Near East, and about 60% to be of native African origin (from a population indigenous or "autochthonous" to the Horn of Africa).[48][49] Hodgson et al. (2014) found a distinct African ancestral component in Afro-Asiatic populations in the Horn (dubbed "Ethiopic"), as well as a distinct non-African component (dubbed "Ethio-Somali"). The data also revealed Nilo-Saharan ancestry in Afro-Asiatic populations and "Ethiopic" ancestry in Nilo-Saharan populations, suggesting an intricate history of contact in the region. Ethiopian Nilo-Saharan groups and the endogamous Aari blacksmith caste were found to have little to no Eurasian admixture.[50] Aari blacksmiths may descend from "Ethiopic" hunter-gatherers who were assimilated as farmers expanded in the region or a subset of a single population recently marginalized for their occupation.[51][49][52] According to Hollfelder et al. (2017), "Northeast African Nilotes showed some distinction from an ancient Ethiopian individual (Mota, found in the Mota Cave in the southern Ethiopian highlands), which suggests population structure between northeast and eastern Africa already 4,500 years ago. The modern-day Nilotic groups are likely direct descendants of past populations living in northeast Africa many thousands of years ago."[53]
Pickrell et al. (2014) found that West Eurasian ancestry peaks in the Amhara and Tigrayans at 49% and 50%, respectively.[54] In Pagani, Luca et al. (2012), this non-African component, is estimated to have entered the Horn of Africa roughly ~3,000 years ago and was found to be similar to the populations in the Levant. The paper goes on to say that this coincides with the introduction of Ethio-Semitic languages into the region.[51] Gallego Llorente, M et al. (2015) discovered extensive admixture in Eastern Africa from a population closely related to early Neolithic farmers from the Near-East/Anatolia.[55] López, Saioa et al. (2021) found that when comparing Ethiopians to external populations only, Nilo-Saharan speakers (as well as the Chabu, Dassanech, and Karo) in the southwest shared more recent ancestry with Bantu and Nilotic speakers, while Afro-Asiatic speakers in the northeast shared more recent ancestry with Egyptians and other West Eurasians. Overall, the study revealed that groups belonging to the Cushitic, Omotic, and Semitic branches of Afro-Asiatic show high genetic similarity to each other on average.[52]
Tishkoff et al. (2009) identified fourteen ancestral population clusters which correlate with self-described ethnicity and shared cultural and/or linguistic properties in Africa in what was the largest autosomal study of the continent to date.[failed verification][56] The Burji, Konso and Beta Israel were sampled from Ethiopia. The Afroasiatic speaking Ethiopians sampled were cumulatively (Fig.5B) found to belong to: 71% in the "Cushitic" cluster, 6% in the "Saharan/Dogon" cluster, 5% in the "Niger Kordofanian" cluster, 3% each in the "Nilo-Saharan" and "Chadic Saharan" cluster, while the balance (12%) of their assignment was distributed among the remnant (9) Associated Ancestral Clusters (AAC's) found in Sub-Saharan Africa.[57] The "Cushitic" cluster was also deemed "closest to the non-African AACs, consistent with an East African migration of modern humans out of Africa or a back-migration of non-Africans into Saharan and Eastern Africa."[58]
Wilson et al. (2001), an autosomal DNA study based on cluster analysis that looked at a combined sample of
Paternal lineages
A composite look at most YDNA studies done so far[61][62][60][63][64] reveals that, out of a total of 459 males sampled from Ethiopia, approximately 58% of Y-chromosome haplotypes were found to belong to
Haplogroup J has been found at a frequency of approximately 18% in Ethiopians, with a higher prevalence among the Amhara, where it has been found to exist at levels as high as 35%, of which about 94% (17% of total) is of the type J1, while 6% (1% of total) is of J2 type.[67] On the other hand, 26% of the individuals sampled in the Arsi control portion of Moran et al. (2004) were found to belong to Haplogroup J.[63]
Another fairly prevalent lineage in Ethiopia belongs to
Finally,
Maternal lineages
The maternal ancestry of Ethiopians is similarly diverse. About half (52.2%) of Ethiopians belongs to
Passarino et al. (1998) suggested that:
Caucasoid gene flow into the Ethiopian gene pool occurred predominantly through males. Conversely, the Niger–Congo contribution to the Ethiopian population occurred mainly through females.[48]
While there is debate among the scientific community of what exactly constitutes "Caucasoid gene flow",[70][71] the same study further stated:
Indeed, Ethiopians do not seem to result only from a simple combination of proto-Niger–Congo and Middle Eastern genes. Their African component cannot be completely explained by that of present-day Niger–Congo speakers, and it is quite different from that of the Khoisan. Thus, a portion of the current Ethiopian gene pool may be the product of in situ differentiation from an ancestral gene pool."[48]
Scott et al. (2005) similarly observed that the Ethiopian population is almost equally divided between individuals that carry Eurasian maternal lineages, and those that belong to African clades. They describe the presence of Eurasian clades in the country as sequences that "are thought to be found in high numbers in Ethiopia either as a result of substantial gene flow into Ethiopia from Eurasia (Chen et al., 2000; Richards et al., 2003), or as a result of having undergone several branching events in demic diffusion, acting as founder lineages for non-African populations". The researchers further found no association between regional origin of subjects or language family (Semitic/Cushitic) and their mitochondrial type:
The haplogroup distribution amongst all subjects (athletes and controls) from different geographical regions of Ethiopia is displayed in Table 3. As can be seen graphically in Fig. 3, the mtDNA haplogroup distribution of each region is similar, with all regions displaying similar proportions of African 'L' haplogroups (Addis Ababa: 59%, Arsi: 50%, Shewa: 44%, Other: 57%). No association was found between regional origin of subjects and their mitochondrial type (v2=8.5, 15 df, P=0.9). Similarly, the mtDNA haplogroup distribution of subjects (athletes and controls) speaking languages from each family is shown in Table 3. Again there was no association between language family and mitochondrial type (v2=5.4, 5 df, P=0.37). As can be seen in Fig. 4, the haplogroup distributions of each language family are again very similar.[72]
In addition, Musilová et al. (2011) observed significant maternal ties between its Ethiopian and other Horn African samples with its Western Asian samples; particularly in terms of the
"Detailed phylogeography of HV1 sequences shows that more recent demographic upheavals likely contributed to their spread from West Arabia to East Africa, a finding concordant with archaeological records suggesting intensive maritime trade in the Red Sea from the sixth millennium BC onwards."[73]
According to Černý et al. (2008), many Ethiopians also share specific maternal lineages with areas in Yemen and other parts of Northeast Africa. The authors indicate that:
"The most frequent haplotype in west coastal Yemen is 16126–16362, which is found not only in the
See also
- Ethnic groups in Ethiopia
- Government of Ethiopia
- Regions of Ethiopia
Footnotes
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- ^ a b c d Terrazas, Aaron Matteo (June 2007). "Beyond Regional Circularity: The Emergence of an Ethiopian Diaspora". Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
- ^ Abdulkader, Binsal (3 April 2022). "Ethnically rich Ethiopia wants to learn from UAE's unity: Parliament speaker". Emirates News Agency. Emirates News Agency (WAM). Retrieved 22 June 2023.
- ^ Israel Central Bureau of Statistics: The Ethiopian Community in Israel
- ^ "Members of Ethiopian Diaspora Gather at British Home of Former Emperor". Voice of America. 14 January 2020. Retrieved 2021-12-24.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Trends in International Migrant Stock: Migrants by Destination and Origin (United Nations database, POP/DB/MIG/Stock/Rev.2015)" (XLS). United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
- ^ "Ethnic origin population". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
- ^ "Population statistics".
- ^ https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Publikationen/Downloads-Migration/auslaend-bevoelkerung-2010200207004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile [bare URL PDF]
- ^ ABS 2006a, Country of Birth
- ^ "Ancestry - Australia - Community profile". ABS. 2016. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
- ^ "DREF OPERATION: Ethiopia - Population Movement from Sudan". adore.ifrc.org. 2023-05-08.
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- ^ Berhanu Abegaz, "Ethiopia: A Model Nation of Minorities" (accessed 6 April 2006)
- ^ a b "DNA from 4,500-year-old Ethiopian reveals surprise about ancestry of Africans". Los Angeles Times. 2015-10-08. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
- ^ Victor Luckerson (October 9, 2015). "Scientists Have Discovered DNA in a 4,500-Year-Old Person From Africa". Time. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
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- ^ "Ethiopia | Facts, History & News". www.infoplease.com. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
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- ^ a b c d "Country Profile: Ethiopia" (PDF). Library of Congress. 25 February 2022.
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- ISBN 978-0-19-979321-1.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-7486-0106-6. Archived from the original(PDF) on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
- ^ Tamrat, Taddesse (1972) Church and State in Ethiopia: 1270–1527. London: Oxford University Press, pp. 5–13.
- ^ Uhlig, Siegbert (ed.) (2005) Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, "Ge'ez". Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 732.
- ISBN 978-0748601066.
- ^ Belcher 2012, p. 27.
- ^ Belcher 2012, p. 28.
- ^ "Zagwe dynasty | Ethiopian history | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-02-28.
- ^ Pankhurst, Richard (1967). The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles. London: Oxford University Press. pp. 139–143.
- ^ "Political Program of the Oromo People's Congress (OPC)". Gargaaraoromopc.org. 23 April 1996. Archived from the original on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
- ^ "Menelik II: the Man who Conquered Europe – StMU Research Scholars". Retrieved 2022-03-14.
- ^ "How the Battle of Adwa Energized African Liberation Movements". Welcome to Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C. 28 February 2021. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
- ^ "flag of Ethiopia | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
- ^ Cohen, John M. “‘Ethnic Federalism’ in Ethiopia.” Northeast African Studies, vol. 2, no. 2, 1995, pp. 157–188. JSTOR, JSTOR, www
.jstor .org /stable /41931208 . - ^ a b c d https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/#people-and-society . The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ^ a b "Population and Housing Census 2007 – National Statistical" (PDF). Ethiopian Statistics Agency. 2007. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
- ^ United nations Demographic Yearbook Special Census Topics. Volume 2b Table 4 [1]
- ^ "Ethiopian Census First Draft" (PDF). Central Statistics Agency. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
- ^ Ulrich Braukamper 2012: 189
- ^ Ulrich Braukamper 2012: 165
- ^ http://www.ethiopia.gov.et/people?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_DHi7gbj1uz53&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-1&p_p_col_count=1&_56_INSTANCE_DHi7gbj1uz53_page=2 Archived 2021-03-06 at the Wayback Machine , Ethiopian Government Portal.
- ^ Pankhurst, Richard, The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles, (London:Oxford University Press, 1967), pp. 139–43.
- JSTOR 723182
- Central Statistical Agency. 2007. pp. 91–92. Retrieved 2011-08-12.
- ^ "Ethiopia 5th largest source of Black Immigrants in America". Retrieved 16 May 2017.
- ^ Giorgis, Tedla W. (2011-06-29). "Potential into Practice: The Ethiopian Diaspora Volunteer Program". Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved 25 November 2011.
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- ^ a b c Moran et al. (2004)[2] Y chromosome haplogroups of elite Ethiopian endurance
- ^ a b Shenn et al. (2004)[3] Reconstruction of Patrilineages and Matrilineages of Samaritans and Other Israeli Populations From Y-Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation
- ^ Cruciani et al. (2004)[4] Archived 2006-05-22 at the Wayback Machine Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa
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References
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