Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
Alexandrian | |
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Headquarters | Holy Trinity Cathedral, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia |
Founder | Frumentius according to Ethiopian Orthodox tradition |
Origin | 4th century Kingdom of Aksum |
Branched from | Orthodox Tewahedo |
Separations | American synod-in-exile (1991–2018) Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church (1991) Tigrayan Orthodox Tewahedo Church (2021) |
Members | 36 million[2][3]–51 million[4] in Ethiopia |
Other name(s) | Ethiopian Orthodox Church |
Part of Oriental Orthodoxy |
Oriental Orthodox churches |
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Christianity portal |
The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (
The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church had been administratively part of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria from the first half of the 4th century until 1959, when it was granted autocephaly with its own patriarch by Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria, Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church.[8]
Tewahedo (
Name
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2021) |
Tewahedo (
The Oriental Orthodox Churches are known as "
History
Origins
The earliest account of an Ethiopian converted to the faith in the
Then the angel of the Lord said to Philip, Start out and go south to the road that leads down from Jerusalem to Gaza. So he set out and was on his way when he caught sight of an Ethiopian. This man was a eunuch, a high official of the Kandake (Candace) Queen of Ethiopia in charge of all her treasure. (Acts, 8:26–27)
The passage continues by describing how Philip helped the Ethiopian treasurer understand a passage from the
Early Christianity became the
Middle Ages
Union with the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria continued after the Arab conquest of
Jesuit interim
The period of
In 1507, Mateus, or Matthew, an Armenian, had been sent as an Ethiopian envoy to Portugal. In 1520, an embassy under Dom Rodrigo de Lima landed in Ethiopia. An interesting account of the Portuguese mission, which lasted for several years, was written by Francisco Álvares, its chaplain.[24]
Later,
Influence on the Reformation
David Daniels has suggested that the Ethiopian Church has had a stronger impact on the Reformation than most scholars acknowledge. For
In 1534, a cleric of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, Michael the Deacon, met with Martin Luther and affirmed the Augsburg Confession, saying "This is a good creed, that is, faith".[27][25] In addition, Martin Luther stated that the Lutheran Mass agreed with that used by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.[25] As a result, Luther invited the Ethiopian church and Michael to full fellowship.[25][28]
Recent history
In more modern times, the Ethiopian Church has experienced a series of developments. The 19th century witnessed the publication of an Amharic translation of the Bible. Largely the work of Abu Rumi over ten years in Cairo, this version, with some changes, held sway until Emperor Haile Selassie ordered a new translation which appeared in 1960/1.[29] Haile Selassie also played a prominent role in further reforms of the church, which included encouraging the distribution of Abu Rumi's translation throughout Ethiopia,[30] as well as his promotion of improved education of clergy, a significant step in the Emperor's effort being the founding of the Theological College of the Holy Trinity Church in December 1944.[31] A third development came after Haile Selassie's restoration to Ethiopia, when he issued, on 30 November, Decree Number 2 of 1942, a new law reforming the church. The primary objectives of this decree were to put the finances of the church in order, to create a central fund for its activities, and to set forth requirements for the appointment of clergy—which had been fairly lax until then.[32]
The Coptic and Ethiopian churches reached an agreement on 13 July 1948, that led to autocephaly for the Ethiopian Church. Five bishops were immediately consecrated by the Coptic Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of All Africa, empowered to elect a new patriarch for their church, and the successor to Qerellos IV would have the power to consecrate new bishops.[33] This promotion was completed when Coptic Orthodox Pope Joseph II consecrated an Ethiopian-born Archbishop, Abuna Basilios, 14 January 1951. Then in 1959, Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria crowned Basilios as the first Patriarch of Ethiopia.
Basilios died in 1970, and was succeeded that year by
Tekle Haymanot proved to be much less accommodating to the Derg regime than it had expected, and so when the patriarch died in 1988, a new patriarch with closer ties to the regime was sought. The Archbishop of
As of 2005, there are many Ethiopian Orthodox churches located throughout the United States and other countries to which Ethiopians have migrated (Archbishop Yesehaq 1997).
Paulos died on 16 August 2012. On 28 February 2013, a college of electors assembled in Addis Ababa and elected Mathias to be the 6th Patriarch of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.[37]
On 25 July 2018, delegates from the Patriarchate in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and those in the United States, declared reunification in Washington, D.C. Declaring the end of a 26-year-old schism, the church announced that it acknowledges two Patriarchs, Merkorios, Fourth Patriarch of Ethiopia and Mathias I, Sixth Patriarch and Catholicos of Ethiopia, Archbishop of Axum and Ichege of the See of Saint Taklehaimanot.[38]
On 22 January 2023, an attempt to overthrow Abune Mathias was failed following a secret formation of new 26-made bishop Synod led by Abune Sawiros in Oromia Region diocese, such as in Haro Beale Wold Church in
On 4 February, three people were reportedly killed in Shashemene by the Oromia Special Forces. According Tewahedo Media Center (TMC), two Orthodox youth were killed and four others were injured by the Oromo Special Forces. Abune Henok, Archbishop of Addis Ababa Diocese described it as "shameful and heart-wrenching".[44] In response to grievance, numerous celebrities expressed their solidarity to the Church via social media and other platforms and donned black clothing during three-days Fast of Nineveh.[45][46] On 9 February, the government imposed restrictions on social sites targeted to Facebook, Messenger, Telegram and TikTok.[47][48] On the next day, the delegation of Synod held an urgent meeting with Abiy at his office, which resulted in condemnation of the proclaimed Oromia Synod from Abiy.[49] On 12 February, a nationwide protest was postponed. Abune Petros, the Secretary of the Holy Synod announced that the demonstration would be postponed following peaceful talks with the Prime Minister and a government agreement to solve the problem.[50] On 15 February, the Church reached an agreement with the illegally ordinated synod.[51] The government lifted the internet ban after five months on 17 July.[52]
Traditions
The faith and practice of Orthodox Ethiopian Christians include elements from Miaphysite Christianity as it has developed in Ethiopia over the centuries. Christian beliefs include belief in God (in Ge'ez / Amharic, ′Egziabeher, lit. "Lord of the Universe"), veneration of the Virgin Mary, the angels, and the saints, besides others. According to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church itself, there are no non-Christian elements in the religion other than those from the Old Testament, or Higge 'Orit (ሕገ ኦሪት),[citation needed] to which are added those from the New Testament, or Higge Wongiel (ሕገ ወንጌል).[53] A hierarchy of Kidusan/ቅዱሳን[citation needed] (angelic messengers and saints) conveys the prayers of the faithful to God and carries out the divine will, so when an Ethiopian Christian is in difficulty, he or she appeals to them as well as to God. In more formal and regular rituals, priests communicate on behalf of the community, and only priests may enter the inner sanctum of the usually circular or octagonal church where the tabot ("ark") dedicated to the church's patron saint is housed.[54][unreliable source?] On important religious holidays, the tabot is carried on the head of a priest and escorted in procession outside the church. It is the tabot, not the church, which is consecrated. At many services, most parish members remain in the outer ring, where debteras sing hymns and dance.[55]
The Eucharist is given only to those who feel pure, have fasted regularly, and have, in general, properly conducted themselves.[54] In practice, communion is mainly limited to young children and the elderly; those who are at a sexually active age or who have sexual desires generally do not receive the Eucharist.[54][56] Worshipers receiving communion may enter the middle ring of the church to do so.[54]
Ethiopian Orthodox believers are strict Trinitarians,[57] maintaining the Orthodox teaching that God is united in three persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. This concept is known as səllasé (ሥላሴ),[citation needed] Ge'ez for "Trinity".
Daily services constitute only a small part of an Ethiopian Orthodox Christian's religious observance. Several holy days require prolonged services, singing and dancing, and feasting.
Fast days
An important religious requirement, however, is the keeping of fast days, during which adherents abstain from consuming meat and animal products, and refrain from sexual activity.[54][56][58] The Ethiopian Orthodox Church has 250 fasting days, 180 of which are obligatory for laypeople, not just monks and priests, when vegan food is eaten by the faithful. During the 40-day Advent fast, only one vegan meal is allowed per day.[59]
- Fast for Hudadi or Abiye Tsome [ሁዳዴ/ዓብይ ጾም] (Great Lent), 55 days prior to Easter (Fasika).[60][61] This fast is divided into three separate periods: Tsome Hirkal (ጾመ ህርቃል), eight days commemorating Heraclius; Tsome Arba (ጾመ አርባ), forty days of Lent; and Tsome Himamat (ጾመ ሕማማት), seven days commemorating Holy Week.[60][61][62]
- Fast of the Apostles, 10–40 days, which the Apostles kept after they had received the Holy Spirit. It begins after Pentecost.
- The fast Tsome Dihnet (ጾመ ድህነት), which is on Wednesdays in commemoration of the plot organized to kill
- The fast of Dormition, 16 days.
- The fast preceding Christmas, 40 days (Advent). It begins with Sibket on 15th Hedar and ends on Christmas Eve with the feast of Gena and the 29th of Tahsas and 28th if the year is preceded by leap year.
- The Fast of Nineveh, commemorating the preaching of Jonah. It comes on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday of the third week before Lent.
- The gahad of Timkat (Epiphany), fast on the eve of Epiphany.
In addition to standard holy days, most Christians observe many saints' days. A man might give a small feast on his personal saint's day. The local voluntary association (called the maheber) connected with each church honours its patron saint with a special service and a feast two or three times a year.[55]
Monasticism
Exorcism
It includes singing praise and victory songs, reading from the Scripture, prayer and confronting the spirit in the name of Jesus. Dialogue with the spirit is another important part of the exorcism ceremony. It helps the counsellor (exorcist) to know how the spirit was operating in the life of the demoniac. The signs and events mentioned by the spirit are affirmed by the victim after deliverance.[64]
The exorcism is not always successful, and Geleta notes another instance in which the usual methods were unsuccessful, and the demons apparently left the subject at a later time. In any event, "in all cases the spirit is commanded in no other name than the name of Jesus."[64]
Biblical canon
The Orthodox Tewahedo Church Canon contains 81 books. This canon contains the books accepted by other Orthodox Christians.[65]
- The Narrower Canon also includes Haile Selassie Version of the Bible, only with some minor modifications to the New Testament translation.
Language
The divine services of the Ethiopian Church are celebrated in
Architecture
There are many
Ark of the Covenant
The Ethiopian Church claims that one of its churches, Our Lady Mary of Zion, is host to the original Ark of the Covenant that Moses carried with the Israelites during the Exodus. Only one priest is allowed into the building where the Ark is located, ostensibly due to biblical warnings of danger. As a result, international scholars doubt that the original Ark is truly there.[citation needed]
Throughout Ethiopia, Orthodox churches are not considered churches until the local bishop gives them a tabot, a replica of the original Ark of the Covenant.[71][72] The tabot is at least six inches (15 cm) square, and it is made of either alabaster, marble, or wood (see acacia). It is always kept in ornate coverings on the altar.[71] Only priests are allowed to see or touch the tabot.[72][73] In an elaborate procession, the tabot is carried around the outside of the church amid joyful song on the feast day of that particular church's namesake.[71] On the great Feast of T'imk'et, known as Epiphany or Theophany in Europe, a group of churches send their tabot to celebrate the occasion at a common location where a pool of water or a river is to be found.[74]
Similarities to Judaism and Islam
The Ethiopian Church places a heavier emphasis on Old Testament teachings than one might find in
Before praying, the Ethiopian Orthodox wash their hands and face, in order to be clean before and present their best to God; shoes are removed in order to acknowledge that one is offering prayer before a holy God.[78][79] Ethiopian Orthodox worshippers remove their shoes when entering a church temple,[76] in accordance with Exodus 3:5 (in which Moses, while viewing the burning bush, was commanded to remove his shoes while standing on holy ground). Furthermore, the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church upholds a form of Sabbatarianism, observing the seventh-day Sabbath (Saturday), in addition to the Lord's Day (Sunday),[80] although more emphasis, because of the Resurrection of Christ, is laid upon Sunday.
The Ethiopian Church does not call for circumcision, yet it is a cultural practice.[81] It is not regarded as being necessary to salvation.[82] The liturgy explicitly mentions, "let us not be circumcised like the Jews."
The Ethiopian Orthodox Church prescribes several kinds of hand washing and traditionally follow rituals that are similar to Jewish netilat yadayim, for example after leaving the latrine, lavatory or bathhouse, or before prayer, or after eating a meal.[83] The Ethiopian Orthodox Church observes days of ritual purification.[84][85] People who are ritually unclean may approach the church but are not permitted to enter it; they instead stand near the church door and pray during the liturgy.[86]
Rugare Rukuni and Erna Oliver identify the Nine Saints as
Debtera
A debtera is an itinerant lay priest figure (not a member of the priesthood) trained by the Ethiopian Church to function principally as a
Music
The music of Ethiopian Orthodox Church traced back to Saint
Patriarch-Catholicoi, archbishops and bishops
This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2021) |
- Patriarch-Catholicos
Since 1959, when the church was granted
- Archbishops and bishops
Ethiopia:
- Mathias, Patriarch and Head of all Archbishops of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
Canada:
- Demetrios, archbishop of Eastern Canada
- Abraham, archbishop of Western Canada[91]
Middle East:
- Dimetros, Archbishop of the United Arab Emirates and its surrounding areas
- Kewestos, Archbishop of Jerusalem[92]
South America:
- Thaddaeus, archbishop of the Caribbean and Latin America
United States:
- Fanuel, archbishop of Washington, D.C.[93]
- Markos, archbishop of New York and its surrounding areas.
- Philipos, archbishop of Pennsylvania and Head of Eyesus Church in Baltimore
- Yaekob, archbishop of Georgia and its surrounding areas (Southeastern States)
- Ewesatewos, archbishop of Minnesota and its surrounding areas.
- Natnael, archbishop of Colorado and surrounding areas
- Selama, archbishop of Ohio
- Sawiros, archbishop of Texas
- Michael, archbishop of Northern California
- Barnabas, archbishop of Southern California
Western Europe:
- Yosef, Archbishop of Europe, in Rome.
Australia & New Zealand:
- Lukas, Archbishop of Australia & New Zealand
Eparchies
The current eparchies of the church include:[94]
- Awassa (Sidama)
- Axum
- Ambo
- Arsi
- Assosa
- Afar
- Bale Gobe
- Wollega
- North Wollo
- South Wollo (Dessie)
- Gambela
- West Gojjam (Bahr Dar)
- Debre Markos)
- North Gondar
- South Gondar (Debre Tabor)
- Jerusalem
- Illubabor
- Jigjiga
- Jimma
- Kembata
- Methara
- Mizan Teferi (Kaffa)
- Negele-Borena
- Somali Region)
- Omo
- Selalya
- East Tigray
- West Tigray
- Central Tigray (Me'kele)
- South Tigray
- Khartoum and Nubia
- Shewa (Adama)
- North Shoa (Debre Berhan)
- Washington D.C.and surrounding areas
- Eastern Canada
- Western Canada
- Trinidad and Latin America
See also
- Abuna
- Biblical law in Christianity
- Christianity and Judaism
- Christian observances of Jewish holidays
- Christianity in Ethiopia
- Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church
- Ethiopian Catholic Church
- Ethiopian chant
- Ethiopian Orthodox Church in Exile
- List of abunas of Ethiopia
- List of calendar of saints in the Orthodox Tewahedo
- Oriental Orthodox Church
- Mahibere Kidusan
Further reading
- Budge, Ernest Alfred Wallis (1928). . Cambridge, The University Press.
References
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (December 2019) |
- ^ a b Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Addis Ababa. "የኢትዮጵያ ኦርቶዶክስ ተዋሕዶ ቤተ ክርስቲያን". ZEOrthodox.org. Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Retrieved 2021-06-20.
- ^ a b "Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 8 November 2017.
Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church has an estimated 36 million adherents, nearly 14% of the world's total Orthodox population.
- ^ a b "Ethiopia: An outlier in the Orthodox Christian world". Pew Research Center.
- ^ a b "Ethiopia". The World Factbook. 6 November 2023. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
Population 116,462,712 (2023 est.)… Ethiopian Orthodox 43.8%
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- ^ "Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
- ^ Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria (1999). "NATURE OF CHRIST" (PDF). copticchurch.net. St. Mark Coptic Orthodox Church. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
- ^ Cyril of Alexandria; Pusey, P. E. (Trans.). "From His Second Book Against the Words of Theodore". The Tertullian Project. Retrieved 30 November 2014.
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- ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Henoticon". Newadvent.org. 1910-06-01. Retrieved 2013-06-30.
- ^ Winkler 1997, p. 33-40.
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- ^ a b c Meskel and the Ethiopians. EOTC Publication Committee, September 2015
- ^ Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories, p. 57.
- ^ "St. Matthew". Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2015-12-04.
- ^ Meskel and the Ethiopians. EOTC Publication Committee September 2015
- ^ Irenaeus of Lyons, "Adversus haereses" III. 12. 8
- ^ Eusebius Pamphilius, Church History
- ^ a b Butler 1911, p. 95.
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- ^ Butler 1911, pp. 95–96.
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- ^ a b c d e Daniels, David D. (21 October 2017). "Honor the Reformation's African roots". The Commercial Appeal. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
- ^ "Martin Luther and Ethiopian Christianity: Historical Traces". The University of Chicago Divinity School. Retrieved 2022-01-28.
- ^ Daniels, David D. (2 November 2017). "Martin Luther and Ethiopian Christianity: Historical Traces". University of Chicago. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
Luther expressed his approval of the Church of Ethiopia along with his embrace of Deacon Michael in a letter dated July 4, 1534: "For this reason we ask that good people would demonstrate Christian love also to this [Ethiopian] visitor." According to Luther, Michael responded positively to his articles of the Christian faith, proclaiming: "This is a good creed, that is, faith" (see Martin Luther, Table-Talk, November 17, 1538 [WA, TR 4:152–53, no. 4126]).
- ^ Daniels, David D. (31 October 2017). "Martin Luther's fascination with Ethiopian Christianity". The Christian Century. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
Luther extended full fellowship to Deacon Michael and the Ethiopian Church, an invitation Luther withheld from the Bohemian Brethren (the Hussites) and Reformed Churches connected to Ulrich Zwingli.
- ^ Edward Ullendorff, Ethiopia and the Bible (Oxford: British Academy, 1988), p. 66
- ^ Margary Perham, The Government of Ethiopia, second edition (London: Faber and Faber, 1969), pp. 121f
- ^ Perham, Government of Ethiopia, p. 132
- ^ Perham, Government of Ethiopia, pp. 130
- ^ Discussed in fuller detail by Perham, Government of Ethiopia, pp. 126–130
- ^ ""Common Declaration" of Pope Shenoudah III, Catholicos Aram I, and Patriarch Paulos". News and Media. Armenian Orthodox Church. 22 July 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-08-28.
- ^ Goldman, Ari L. (22 September 1992). "U.S. Branch Leaves Ethiopian Orthodox Church". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
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- ^ "Ethiopian church appoints Abune Mathias as patriarch". BBC News. 2013-03-01. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
- ^ "Ethiopian Church officially declared reunification in the presence of PM Abiy Ahmed". Borkena Ethiopian News. 2018-07-26. Archived from the original on 2021-09-23. Retrieved 2021-09-11.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "Analysis: Shock, controversy rocks Ethiopian Orthodox Church after Popes suspended for involving in "illegal appointment" threaten to split". Addis Standard. 2023-01-24. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
- ^ "Breakaway bishops threaten split in Ethiopia church". The Star. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
- ^ Account (2023-01-27). "Ethiopian Orthodox Church Excommunicated three subversive Archbishops". Borkena Ethiopian News. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
- ^ Account (2023-02-01). "Ethiopian Church threatens to stage a nationwide peaceful demonstration". Borkena Ethiopian News. Retrieved 2023-02-04.
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- ^ "Three Killed in Attacks on Ethiopian Orthodox Church, According to a Report". VOA. 4 February 2023. Retrieved 2023-02-05.
- ^ Insight, Addis (2023-02-04). "Celebrities, Diplomats, and Influencers Stand United in Support of Ethiopian Orthodox Church". Addis Insight. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
- ^ St, Addis; ard (2023-02-03). "News: Orthodox Synod declares it faithful to wear black for the Fast of Nineveh in protest against "illegal group"". Addis Standard. Retrieved 2023-02-09.
- ^ "Ethiopia Orthodox Church split: Social media restricted". BBC News. 2023-02-10. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
- ^ Nigeria, News Agency of (2023-02-10). "Internet blocked in Ethiopia after church rift turns violence". Peoples Gazette. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
- ^ St, Addis; ard (2023-02-10). "NewsAlert: PM Abiy in meeting with Orthodox Patriarch". Addis Standard. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
- ^ AfricaNews (2023-02-12). "Ethiopia Orthodox leaders postpone protest called amid hegemony claims". Africanews. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
- ^ "Ethiopian Orthodox Church reaches deal with three rogue bishops". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2023-02-16.
- ^ "Ethiopian Govt Lifts Internet Restrictions". allAfrica.com. 2023-07-19. Retrieved 2023-07-20.
- ^ EOTC Doctrine Archived 2011-07-27 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e f Professor Sergew Hable Sellassie & Belaynesh Mikael (2003) [1970]. "Worship in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church". The Church of Ethiopia – A Panorama of History and Spiritual Life. Addis Ababa. Retrieved 5 November 2014 – via EthiopianOrthodox.org.
- ^ a b Turner, John W. "Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity: Faith and practices". A Country Study: Ethiopia (Thomas P. Ofcansky and LaVerle Berry, eds.) Library of Congress Federal Research Division (1991). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.[2].
- ^ ISBN 9783447036627.
- ^ "Doctrine of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-03-28. Retrieved 2009-10-30.
- ^ James Jeffrey (22 March 2017). "Ethiopia: fasting for 55 days". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
- ^ "A 40-Day Vegan Fast, Then, At Last, A January Christmas Feast". NPR.org. Retrieved 2021-06-15.
- ^ a b "Tsome Nenewe (The Fast of Nineveh)". Minneapolis: Debre Selam Medhanealem Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. 28 January 2015. Archived from the original on 2015-04-05. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
- ^ a b Robel Arega. "Fasting in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church". Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Sunday School Department – Mahibere Kidusan. Why Fifty-Five Days?. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.
- ^ "Great Lent - Abiy Tsom - ዐብይ ጾም First Sunday - Zewerede - ዘወረደ". Toronto, ON: Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Keraneyo Medhane Alem. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
- ^ "Ten things we have learnt about Africa". BBC News. April 15, 2010. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
In Ethiopia, 74% of Christians say they have experienced or witnessed the devil or evil spirits being driven out of a person
- ^ a b c d e f Geleta, Amsalu Tadesse. "Case Study: Demonization and the Practice of Exorcism in Ethiopian Churches Archived 2010-01-01 at the Wayback Machine". Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization, Nairobi, August 2000.
- ^ "The Bible". Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Retrieved 23 January 2012.
- ^ Cowley, R.W. (1974). "The Biblical Canon Of The Ethiopian Orthodox Church Today". Ostkirchliche Studien. 23: 318–323. Retrieved 21 January 2012.
- ^ Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia, 1270-1527 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), p. 23
- ^ Ullendorff, Ethiopia and the Bible, pp. 31-72
- ^ Abbott, Alison. "Biodiversity thrives in Ethiopia's church forests". Nature. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
- ^ Bahnson, Fred (January 11, 2020). "The Church Forests of Ethiopia: A Mystical Geography". Emergence Magazine.
- ^ a b c "tabot". British Museum. Retrieved 2024-01-31.
Curator's comments… The Tabots remain in the Qeddest Qeddusan and are only brought out of the churches at festival times or in times of calamity, in order to pray for divine help. When they leave the Queddest Qeddusan they are carried on the heads of priests, veiled from public view by richly decorated cloths. Ornate silk umbrellas are held over the Tabots as a sign of respect.
- ^ a b "The Ark of Covenant". The Official Website of Eritrean Orthodox Tewahdo Church. 2021-12-01. Retrieved 2024-02-02.
- ^ Habtamu Teshome (2023-01-16). "Liturgical Worship, Part Three: Unique Features of Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church". Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Sunday School Department. Mahibere Kidusan. Retrieved 2024-02-02.
- ^ "Ethiopian epiphany". UNESCO. 2019. Retrieved 2024-02-07.
- Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
- ^ a b Hable Selassie, Sergew (1997). The Church of Ethiopia – A panorama of History and Spiritual Life. Addis Abeba, Ethiopia: Berhanena Selam. p. 66.
- ^ Duffner, Jordan Denari (13 February 2014). "Wait, I thought that was a Muslim thing?!". Commonweal. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
- ^ Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney (1906). A Sketch of Egyptian History from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Methuen. p. 399.
Prayers 7 times a day are enjoined, and the most strict among the Copts recite one of more of the Psalms of David each time they pray. They always wash their hands and faces before devotions, and turn to the East.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Kosloski, Philip (16 October 2017). "Did you know Muslims pray in a similar way to some Christians?". Aleteia. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
- ISBN 9781786720375.
The king presided, overruled the bishops who were committed to the more usual position that Sunday only was a holy day, and decreed that the Sabbatarian teaching of the northern monks became the position of the church.
- ^ "Issue 122 – Circumcision and the Copts | the British Orthodox Church".
- ^ "Gizret - ግዝረት [Circumcision]". 9 January 2022.
- ^ "IS THE CHURCH OF ETHIOPIA A JUDAIC CHURCH ?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
- ISBN 978-1-4411-6767-5.
- ISBN 9780761835011.
The Ethiopian and Coptic Churches distinguishes between clean and unclean meats, observes days of ritual purification, and keeps a kind of dual Sabbath on both Saturday and Sunday.
- ^ Pedersen, Kristen Stoffregen (1999). "Is the Church of Ethiopia a Judaic Church?". Warszawskie Studia Teologiczne. XII (2): 205–206.
- .
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- ^ "YARED: THE COMPOSER OF HUMNS" (PDF). 23 August 2022.
- S2CID 232422416.
- ^ "Committees". Edmonton, AB: Debre Selam Medhanealem Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
- ^ "Jerusalem – Heads of Churches". World Council of Churches. Archived from the original on 2011-08-28.
- ^ "Protest Held In Washington, DC Against Religious Attacks In Ethiopia". Getty Images. 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
Abune Fanuel, archbishop of Washington DC for the Ethiopian Orthodox church is surrounded by young deacons and clergy as he speaks during a demonstration at the White House on February 05, 2023 in Washington, DC.
- ^ Eparchies of the Ethiopian Church (Russian)
- public domain: Butler, Alfred Joshua (1911). "Abyssinian Church". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 95–96. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
Bibliography
- ISBN 9788815261687.
- ISBN 9780664223007.
- Archbishop Yesehaq. 1997. The Ethiopian Tewahedo Church: An Integrally African Church. Winston-Derek Publishers.
- ISBN 9780881410563.
- Mikre-Sellassie Gebre-Amanuel. 1993. "The Bible and its canon in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church." The Bible Translator 44/1:111-123.
- Winkler, Dietmar W. (1997). "Miaphysitism: A New Term for Use in the History of Dogma and in Ecumenical Theology". The Harp. 10 (3): 33–40.
External links
- Divine Liturgy of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church
- Ethiopian Religions – Christianity, Islam, Judaism & Paganism
- Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -the oldest site)
- CNEWA article by Ronald Roberson: Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church
- Historical Evolution of Ethiopian Anaphoras
- Abbink, J. A Bibliography on Christianity in Ethiopia. Leiden: African Studies Centre, 2003 (PDF)