Koreans in China
Total population | |
---|---|
All Koreans | 2,109,727 Chinese languages |
Religion | |
Mahayana Buddhism[4] · Christianity |
Koreans in China include both ethnic Koreans with Chinese nationality and non-Chinese nationalities such as South Korean (Chinese: 在华韩国人·韩裔) and North Korean (Chinese: 在华朝鲜人·朝鲜裔) people living in China. For this reason, ethnic Koreans with Chinese nationality or citizenship[5] are termed Korean Chinese,[note 1] Joseonjok, Chosŏnjok (Korean: 조선족; Hancha: 朝鮮族), and their official name in China is Chaoxianzu (朝鲜族; Cháoxiǎnzú; 'Joseon ethnic group'). They are the 13th largest officially-recognized ethnic minority group in China. Most of Korean Chinese live in Yanbian and Changbai within Jilin province. Significant populations can also be found in Heilongjiang, Liaoning, and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, with a sizable expat community in Shanghai. According to the South Korean government, the combined population of Koreans with Chinese nationality, South Korean, North Korean in China is 2,109,727 in 2023.[6]
The total population of ethnic Korean Chinese is 1,702,479 according to the 2021 Chinese
Koreans in China are the second largest ethnic Korean population living outside the Korean Peninsula, after Korean Americans.
Terminology
In South Korea, the terminology describing this demographic has evolved in recent years to adopt a more inclusive tone. Government regulations from 2004 prescribe the use of the terms "jaeoe dongpo" (Korean: 재외동포; Hanja: 在外同胞; lit. compatriots residing abroad) and "jungguk dongpo" (Korean: 중국동포; Hanja: 中國同胞; lit. compatriots in China). The term "Jaejung Hanin" (Korean: 재중한인; Hanja: 在中韓人; lit. Koreans in China) is considered the most appropriate descriptor for Koreans in China without taking nationality into account.[9]
Additionally, the term "joseon-jok" (Korean: 조선족; Hanja: 朝鮮族; lit. Joseon ethnicity) is often used to refer to Koreans in China who have Chinese nationality. This terminology parallels "Chaoxianzu," which is predominantly utilized in mainland China and stands as the official designation for this ethnic minority, as stipulated by the Chinese government.[10]
History
Due to the geographic proximity between China and the Korean Peninsula, population migration of some kind has often occurred throughout history. However, most early ethnic Koreans in China had been assimilated by the Han Chinese, Manchus and Mongols.[11]: 2 [12]: 75–77 Thus, the overwhelming majority of today's ethnic Korean population in China are descendants of recent Korean arrivals.[11]: 48
Early history
After the conclusion of the
Liao to early Qing era
According to records of History of Liao (Chinese: 遼史), Khitans set up a Samhan county, in Zhongjing Circuit (中京道), one of the Liao's 5 "circuits", after Goryeo–Khitan War to settle prisoners of wars.[21] In the Yuan dynasty, Koreans were included along with Northern Chinese, Khitans and Jurchens in the third class, as "Han people".[22][23] Korean settlements in the Yuan Dynasty were mostly war-related. In 1233, former Goryeo commander Hong Bok-won and his followers moved to the current-day Liaoyang and Shenyang areas of Liaoning Province in Northeast China after his surrender to the Mongols during the Mongol invasions of Korea, and was offered an administrator position to take charge of Korean population there. In the next years, another ten thousand Goryeo households were brought under his administration. In 1266, Wang Jun (王綧), a member of the Goryeo royal family, was sent to the Mongol Empire as a hostage. There were 2,000 Goryeo households accompanying him and settling down in the current-day Shenyang city.[12]: 76
The Korean population in China surged during the
As
Late Qing era
In 1677,
During the second half of the nineteenth century, Northeast China increasingly became depopulated after 200 years of Manchus' closure to the region. The Russian Empire meanwhile seized the opportunity to encroach on this region. In 1860, the Qing government was forced to sign the Convention of Peking and ceded more than 1 million square kilometers to the Russians. [25]: 113 Pressed by the situation, the Qing government lifted the ban on Northeast China in 1860 and lifted the ban on the Yalu River and Tumen River area in 1875 and 1881 respectively.[25]: 106 During the years between 1860 and 1870, several unprecedented natural disasters struck the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. Meanwhile, peasant revolts in the south spread to the north. Large numbers of Korean refugees moved to the north banks of the Tumen and Yalu rivers during those turbulent times. In 1879, there were 8722 Korean households living in 28 villages in Tonghua, Huairen, Kuandian, Xinbin areas, with a total population of more than 37,000.[11]: 5 [25]: 122 In 1881, the Qing government established a special bureau to recruit farmers to cultivate the land and allocated the 700 by 45-square-kilometer area north of the Tumen River as the special farming areas for Korean farmers. The Qing government strengthened the management of Korean emigrants during the start of the 20th century. Korean emigrants were able to obtain land ownership if they were willing to adopt the dress codes required by the Manchu government, such as the Queue hairstyle, and pay taxes to the Qing government. However, most of the Korean emigrants considered that official dress codes were a discriminatory policy of assimilation. By 1910, the number of Korean migrants in China reached about 260,000, with around 100,000 of them living in the current-day Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture.[11]: 6 [12]: 77–78 [25]: 162
Development of paddy fields in Northeast China
The development of
On 3 March 1914, the newly established
Between 1921 and 1928, the total areas of paddy fields in Northeast China increased from 48,000 hectare to 125,000 hectares, more than 80% of these rice fields was developed or cultivated by Korean farmers. In 1933, Korean farmers succeeded in growing rice in
During the Japanese Occupation of Korea
After the
During 1910–1934,
The
Under these circumstances, Korean emigrants in Northeast China began to have the consensus of becoming naturalized and actively seeking local autonomy. Many anti-Japanese Korean organizations took measures to protect Korean emigrants and negotiated local Chinese governments into making concessions or acquiescence.
In 1931, Japan staged the
Anti-Japanese fights
On 13 March 1919 shortly after the
In June 1920, the Korean independence fighters led by
In the 1930s, many Koreans in China joined the Anti-Japanese forces led by the
Resumption of Chinese Civil War (1946–1949)
After the end of
In contrast to the Kuomintang, the
During the
Since 1949
After the
After the outbreak of
On 3 March 1952,
During the
On 24 April 1985, the eighth session of the People's Congress of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture passed the "Autonomy Regulations of Korean Autonomous Prefecture", which was later approved by the sixth session of Jilin Province People's Congress as law. The Yanbian Autonomy Regulations consist of 7 chapters and 75 clauses. It stipulated political, economic, cultural, educational, and social rights of and policies for Korean and other ethnic people in Yanbian Autonomous Prefecture in the form of law. It is the first autonomy regulations in China's history.[12]: 116 These regulations stipulated that the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Prefectural People's Congress should be a Korean, and that Koreans may occupy more than half the posts within the Prefectural People's Government as vice mayors, the chief secretary, directors of bureaus, and so on.[37] Other regulations require the use of both Korean and Chinese languages while performing governmental duties, with Korean being the principal language used, along with encouraging the use of Korean in local primary and middle school.[37]
In September 1994, Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture was selected by the State Council of the People's Republic of China as a "Model Autonomous Prefecture". Yanbian was the first autonomous prefecture in China to receive this title and it had continuously received this title five times.[38][12][39] According to a 2012 University of North Carolina honors thesis, the Chaoxianzu are seen as a model minority and have good relations with both the Chinese government and Han majority.[40]
Culture
Education
Koreans in China have a tradition of education. The education level of Koreans in China is above China's national average and one of the highest among ethnic groups in China.
There are also many South Korean international day schools in Mainland China, including
Religion
The majority of ethnic Koreans in China, like the demographics of China overall, have no formal affiliations with a religion. Major religions among ethnic Koreans in China include Buddhism[4] and Christianity (with service in Korean).[45]
Public media
The Korean language has been promoted in Yanbian partly by the government through a large network of schools, local Korean
However, since
In public appearances, ethnic Koreans in China are represented by the wearing of Chosŏn-ot, which caused discontent from South Korean ultra-nationalists during the 2022 Winter Olympics opening ceremony.[47]
North Koreans
China has a large number of
North Koreans seen as politically reliable by their government can acquire passports and visas for travelling to China.
In June 2012, the Los Angeles Times reported that Beijing and Pyongyang had signed an agreement to grant as many as 40,000 industrial trainee visas to North Koreans to permit them to work in China per year; the first batch of workers arrived earlier in the year in the city of Tumen in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture.[59] There have been reportedly 130 North Korean state-run restaurants in 12 countries, with most in China.[60] Two have been found in Beijing,[61] three in Shanghai,[62] and others in Dandong.[63]
South Koreans
After the 1992 normalization of diplomatic relations between the PRC and South Korea, many citizens of South Korea started to settle in
Typically, they come to China as employees of South Korean corporations on short-term international assignments or as employers of South Korean businesses operating in China handling Chinese workers; when their assignments are completed, many prefer to stay on in China, using the contacts they have made to start their own consulting businesses or import/export firms. Other South Koreans moved to China on their own after becoming unemployed during the
The number of South Koreans in China was estimated to be 300,000 to 400,000 as of 2006[update]; at the 2006 rate of growth, their population had been expected to reach one million by 2008.
By city
Shandong
As of 2008 there are more than 148,000 Koreans living in Shandong.[70]
Shenzhen
As of 2007[update] there were about 20,000 people of Korean origins in Shenzhen, with the
South Koreans began going to the Shenzhen area during the 1980s as part of the reform and opening up era, and this increased when South Korea established formal diplomatic relations with the PRC.[71]
In 2007 about 500 South Korean companies in Shenzhen were involved in China-South Korean trade, and there were an additional 500 South Korean companies doing business in Shenzhen. In 2007 Kang stated that most of the Koreans in Shenzhen had lived there for five years or longer.[44]
As of 2007[update] there were some Korean children enrolled in schools for Chinese locals.
Notable people
Historical figures
- Kingdom of Silla)
- Yi Tong (義通), the 16th patriarch of the Tiantai school
- Kim Ho-shang, Korean Ch'an master who introduced the first streams of Ch'an Buddhism to Tibet
- Seungnang (승랑; 僧朗), 6th century Goguryeo monk who went to China; his works heavily influenced Jizang and Zhouyoung[72] and the Sanlun school.
- Gao Xianzhi, a Tang general of Korean Goguryeo descent
- Gao Yun, Emperor of Later Yan and Northern Yan of Goguryeo descent
- Li Zhengji, general of the Tang dynasty
- Li Na, general of the Tang dynasty
- Li Shigu, general of the Tang dynasty
- Li Shidao, general of the Tang dynasty
- Hsüan-tsang, his work was revered and heavily influenced Tibetan Buddhism and Chinese Buddhism.
- T'ien-t'ai text.[73]
- Kingdom of Goryeo)
- Li Chengliang, general of the Ming dynasty
- Li Rusong, general of the Ming dynasty
- Li Rubai, general of the Ming dynasty
Contemporary Chaoxianzu/Joseonjok
- Jiang Jingshan, aerospace scientist, Fellow of Chinese Academy of Engineering
- Piao Shilong, physical geography scientist, Fellow of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Vice President of Peking University
- physical chemist, Fellow of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
- virologist, Fellow of Chinese Academy of Engineering
- oncologist, known as "The Father of Chinese Oncology"
- Kong Xuanyou, former China ambassador to Japan and Vietnam, former Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs
- Lin Xianyu , Former Deputy Director of the National Bureau of Statistics of China
- Bai Lei, Chinese football player
- Jin Yan, actor of the 1930s
- Cui Jian, Chinese rock musician, composer, trumpet player and guitarist; also known as "The Father of Chinese Rock"
- Han Dayuan, Dean of Renmin University of China Law School and Director of the Constitutional Law Institute of China Law Society
- Geum Hee, author
- Jin Xing, dancer, choreographer and actress
- Zhang Lü, film director, screenwriter and novelist
- Li Yongtai, member of the 9th NPC Standing Committee, Deputy Commander of the People's Liberation Army Air Force
- Go player
- Joe Wong, Chinese–American comedian and chemical engineer
- Zhao Nanqi, People's Liberation Army general, former vice chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference
- Li Xianyu, Fellow of Chinese Academy of Engineering, the first female general of People's Liberation Army Rocket Force
- Zheng Lücheng, composer of the Military Anthem of the People's Liberation Army
- Jin Longguo, soloist and former member of South Korean Boy Band JBJ
- Jin Yulin (김우림; 金雨霖; Stage name: D.Ark), rapper based in South Korea under P Nation
- Jin Bo: Chinese footballer.
- Huang Renjun (황인준; 黄仁俊), member of boygroup NCT DREAM based in South Korea under SM Entertainment
- Jin Jingzhe, physician, delegate of the 13th NPC
- Li Yunfeng, athlete, delegate of the 14th NPC
Expatriates of other nationalities and their descendants
- Pyongyang, North Korea)
- Pak Cholsu (박철수), head representative of the North Korean government-run company, Taep'oong International Investment Group of Korea (조선대풍국제투자그룹)[75][76]
- Howie Liu, American-born CEO of Airtable[77]
See also
- Ethnic Chinese in Korea
- General Association of Koreans in China
- Korean Chinese cuisine
- Harbin No. 2 Korean Middle School
- Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture
- Koreans in Beijing
- Korean community of Shanghai
- Koreans in Hong Kong
- Pyongyang (restaurant chain)
Notes
- ^ Commonly called by South Koreans 한국계 중국인; 韓國系中國人; lit. Chinese people of Korean descent
- ^ The ancestors of the Koreans in Qinglong Manchu Autonomous County, Hebei province were drafted into the "Bordered White Banner" after capture by Jurchens in the early Qing Dynasty during war, and then followed the Manchus to move to Beijing. They were banished to Changli County after their participation in a coup during Shunzhi Emperor's rule and then exiled. Their descendants later moved to their current location. The ancestors of the Koreans in Gaizhou Liaoning Province were forced to become farm laborers on Nurhaci's farm, and then Prince Zhuang's farm. The ancestors of the Koreans in Benxi County in Liaoning Province became Nurhaci's first son Cuyen's farm labors after capture by Jurchens during wars.[11]
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