Demographics of Malaysia
Demographics of Malaysia | |
---|---|
Population | 33,871,431 (2022 est.) |
Growth rate | 1.03% (2023 est.) |
Birth rate | 14.55 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) |
Death rate | 5.69 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) |
Life expectancy | 76.13 years |
• male | 74.5 years |
• female | 77.87 years |
Fertility rate | 1.75 children born/woman (2022 est.) |
Infant mortality rate | 6.59 deaths/1,000 live births |
Net migration rate | 1.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) |
Age structure | |
0–14 years | 22.46% |
15–64 years | 69.42% |
65 and over | 8.12% |
Sex ratio | |
Total | 1.05 male(s)/female (2022 est.) |
At birth | 1.07 male(s)/female |
Under 15 | 1.06 male(s)/female |
65 and over | 1.14 male(s)/female |
Nationality | |
Nationality | Malaysian |
Major ethnic | Bumiputera (69.9%) |
Minor ethnic |
|
Language | |
Official | Malay |
The demographics of Malaysia are represented by the multiple ethnic groups that exist in the country.
The Malaysian population is growing at a rate of 1.94% per annum as of 2017. According to latest projection of the 2010 census, the fertility rates of the 3 largest Malaysian groups are as follows:
Demographic trends and key rates
Censuses were taken in Malaysia in 1970, 1980, 1991, 2000 and 2010.[7] The total population is around 28.3 million according to the 2010 census.[1][8] The population distribution is highly uneven, with some 20 million residents concentrated in Peninsula Malaysia.[9] 74.7% of the population is urban.[10] Due to the rise in labour-intensive industries,[11] Malaysia is estimated to have over 3 million migrant workers, which is about 10% of the Malaysian population.[12] The exact numbers are unknown: there are a million legal foreign workers and perhaps another million unauthorised foreigners. The state of Sabah alone had nearly 25% of its 2.7 million population listed as illegal foreign workers in the last census. Sabah based NGOs estimate that out of the 3 million population, 2 million are illegal immigrants.[13]
Additionally, according to the World Refugee Survey 2008, published by the
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
Population distribution by states and territories
Source: National Census 2000,[15] Department of Statistics Malaysia.
In 2000
State |
Population | Area (km2) | Pop. density | Urban pop.(%) | Bumiputra (%) |
Chinese (%) | Indian (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Johor | 2,740,625 | 18,987 | 144 | 65.2 | 57.1 | 35.4 | 6.9 |
Kedah | 1,649,756 | 9,425 | 175 | 39.3 | 76.6 | 14.9 | 7.1 |
Kelantan | 1,313,014 | 15,024 | 87 | 34.2 | 95.0 | 3.8 | 0.3 |
Malacca | 635,791 | 1,652 | 385 | 67.2 | 62.8 | 30.1 | 6.5 |
Negeri Sembilan | 859,924 | 6,644 | 129 | 53.4 | 57.9 | 25.6 | 16.0 |
Pahang | 1,288,376 | 35,965 | 36 | 42.0 | 76.8 | 17.7 | 5.0 |
Penang | 1,313,449 | 1,031 | 1274 | 80.1 | 42.5 | 46.5 | 10.6 |
Perak | 2,051,236 | 21,005 | 98 | 58.7 | 54.7 | 32.0 | 13.0 |
Perlis | 204,450 | 795 | 257 | 34.3 | 85.5 | 10.3 | 1.3 |
Selangor | 4,188,876 | 7,960 | 526 | 87.6 | 53.5 | 30.7 | 14.6 |
Terengganu | 898,825 | 12,955 | 69 | 48.7 | 96.8 | 2.8 | 0.2 |
Sabah | 2,603,485 | 73,619 | 35 | 48.0 | 80.5 | 13.2 | 0.5 |
Sarawak | 2,071,506 | 124,450 | 17 | 48.1 | 72.9 | 26.7 | 0.2 |
FT Kuala Lumpur | 1,379,310 | 243 | 5676 | 100.0 | 43.6 | 43.5 | 11.4 |
FT Labuan | 76,067 | 92 | 827 | 77.7 | 79.6 | 15.8 | 1.3 |
FT Putrajaya | 45,000 | 148 | 304 | 100.0 | 94.8 | 1.8 | 2.7 |
- Putrajaya data is for 2004.
- Population estimates are rounded to the nearest hundred.
In 2010
Source: National Census 2010,[1] Department of Statistics Malaysia
State[16] |
Population | Area (km2) | Pop. density | Urban pop.(%) | Bumiputra (%) |
Chinese (%) | Indian (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Johor | 3,348,283 | 18,987 | 174 | 71.9 | 58.9 | 33.6 | 7.1 |
Kedah | 1,890,098 | 9,425 | 199 | 64.6 | 77.9 | 13.6 | 7.3 |
Kelantan | 1,459,994 | 15,024 | 97 | 42.4 | 95.7 | 3.4 | 0.3 |
Malacca | 788,706 | 1,652 | 470 | 86.5 | 66.9 | 26.4 | 6.2 |
Negeri Sembilan | 997,071 | 6,644 | 150 | 66.5 | 61.3 | 23.2 | 15.2 |
Pahang | 1,443,365 | 35,965 | 40 | 50.5 | 79.0 | 16.2 | 4.4 |
Penang | 1,520,143 | 1,031 | 1,500 | 90.8 | 43.6 | 45.6 | 10.4 |
Perak | 2,258,428 | 21,005 | 110 | 69.7 | 57.0 | 30.4 | 12.2 |
Perlis | 227,025 | 795 | 280 | 51.4 | 88.4 | 8.0 | 1.2 |
Selangor | 5,411,324 | 7,960 | 670 | 91.4 | 57.1 | 28.6 | 13.5 |
Terengganu | 1,015,776 | 12,955 | 69 | 59.1 | 97.0 | 2.6 | 0.2 |
Sabah | 3,117,405 | 73,619 | 42 | 54.0 | 84.8 | 12.8 | 0.3 |
Sarawak | 2,420,009 | 124,450 | 19 | 53.8 | 74.8 | 24.5 | 0.3 |
FT Kuala Lumpur | 1,627,172 | 243 | 6,891 | 100.0 | 45.9 | 43.2 | 10.3 |
FT Labuan | 86,908 | 92 | 950 | 82.3 | 83.7 | 13.4 | 0.9 |
FT Putrajaya | 67,964 | 148 | 1,400 | 100.0 | 98.0 | 0.7 | 1.2 |
In 2020
Source: National Census 2020,[17] Department of Statistics Malaysia
State[17] |
Population | Area (km2) | Pop. density | Urban pop.(%) | Bumiputra (%) |
Chinese (%) | Indian (%) | Pop. Growth(%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Johor | 4,009,670 | 18,987 | 210 | 77.4 | 60.1 | 32.8 | 6.6 | 19.753% | |
Kedah | 2,131,427 | 9,425 | 225 | 67.3 | 80.1 | 12.3 | 6.3 | 12.7681% | |
Kelantan | 1,792,501 | 15,024 | 119 | 44.1 | 96.6 | 2.5 | 0.3 | 22.7745% | |
Malacca | 998,428 | 1,652 | 604 | 90.9 | 71.7 | 22.1 | 5.6 | 26.5906% | |
Negeri Sembilan | 1,199,974 | 6,644 | 180 | 69.3 | 63.3 | 21.9 | 14.3 | 20.3499% | |
Pahang | 1,591,295 | 35,965 | 44 | 52.8 | 81.0 | 14.7 | 3.7 | 10.249% | |
Penang | 1,740,405 | 1,031 | 1,686 | 92.5 | 44.7 | 44.9 | 9.7 | 14.4896% | |
Perak | 2,496,041 | 21,005 | 119 | 72.0 | 60.9 | 27.2 | 11.5 | 10.5212% | |
Perlis | 284,885 | 795 | 348 | 53.8 | 88.8 | 7.4 | 1.8 | 25.4862% | |
Selangor | 6,994,423 | 7,960 | 882 | 95.8 | 60.6 | 27.3 | 11.3 | 29.2553% | |
Terengganu | 1,149,440 | 12,955 | 89 | 64.2 | 97.6 | 2.1 | 0.2 | ||
Sabah | 3,418,785 | 73,619 | 46 | 54.7 | 88.7 | 9.5 | 0.2 | ||
Sarawak | 2,453,677 | 124,450 | 20 | 57.0 | 75.7 | 23.8 | 0.2 | ||
FT Kuala Lumpur | 1,982,112 | 243 | 8,157 | 100.0 | 47.7 | 41.6 | 10.0 | 21.8133% | |
FT Labuan | 95,120 | 92 | 1038 | 88.9 | 86.2 | 11.7 | 1.1 | ||
FT Putrajaya | 109,202 | 148 | 2,215 | 100.0 | 97.9 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 25.6524% |
Population age distribution trends for 2001–2016
Year | < 15 Years (%) | 15 - 64 Years (%) | > 64 Years (%) | Population (in millions) |
---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | 32.7 | 63.4 | 3.9 | 24.12 |
2002 | 31.9 | 64.1 | 4.0 | 24.72 |
2004 | 30.4 | 65.5 | 4.1 | 25.91 |
2005 | 29.7 | 66.1 | 4.2 | 26.48 |
2006 | 29.2 | 66.5 | 4.3 | 26.83 |
2007 | 28.7 | 66.9 | 4.4 | 27.00 |
2008 | 28.2 | 67.3 | 4.5 | 27.54 |
2009 | 27.7 | 67.7 | 4.6 | 27.90 |
2010 | 27.2 | 68.1 | 4.7 | 28.25 |
2015 | 24.9 | 69.3 | 5.8 | 31.20 |
2016 | 24.5 | 69.5 | 6.0 | 31.71 |
Data from July 2010.[18]
Structure of the population
Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 14 523 912 | 14 028 800 | 28 552 712 | 100 |
0–4 | 1 257 227 | 1 197 893 | 2 455 120 | 8.60 |
5–9 | 1 258 724 | 1 200 377 | 2 459 101 | 8.61 |
10–14 | 1 407 479 | 1 333 133 | 2 740 612 | 9.60 |
15–19 | 1 382 650 | 1 298 541 | 2 681 191 | 9.39 |
20–24 | 1 305 753 | 1 255 439 | 2 561 192 | 8.97 |
25–29 | 1 225 425 | 1 202 220 | 2 427 645 | 8.50 |
30–34 | 1 156 987 | 1 133 836 | 2 290 823 | 8.02 |
35–39 | 1 084 255 | 1 055 838 | 2 140 093 | 7.50 |
40–44 | 1 021 261 | 980 714 | 2 001 975 | 7.01 |
45–49 | 923 951 | 878 655 | 1 802 606 | 6.31 |
50–54 | 780 930 | 741 641 | 1 522 571 | 5.33 |
55–59 | 627 320 | 599 062 | 1 226 382 | 4.30 |
60–64 | 440 893 | 421 490 | 862 383 | 3.02 |
65–69 | 276 593 | 276 416 | 553 009 | 1.94 |
70–74 | 180 583 | 198 929 | 379 512 | 1.33 |
75–79 | 104 871 | 127 903 | 232 774 | 0.82 |
80–84 | 56 445 | 73 578 | 130 023 | 0.46 |
85–89 | 22 803 | 31 736 | 54 539 | 0.19 |
90+ | 9 762 | 21 399 | 31 161 | 0.11 |
Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
0–14 | 3 923 430 | 3 731 403 | 7 654 833 | 26.81 |
15–64 | 9 949 425 | 9 567 436 | 19 516 861 | 68.35 |
65+ | 651 057 | 729 961 | 1 381 018 | 4.84 |
Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 15 994 299 | 15 001 407 | 30 995 706 | 100 |
0–4 | 1 342 280 | 1 250 354 | 2 592 634 | 8.36 |
5–9 | 1 290 296 | 1 220 033 | 2 510 329 | 8.10 |
10–14 | 1 361 753 | 1 289 823 | 2 651 576 | 8.55 |
15–19 | 1 467 520 | 1 374 861 | 2 842 381 | 9.17 |
20–24 | 1 666 826 | 1 512 363 | 3 179 189 | 10.26 |
25–29 | 1 636 156 | 1 453 738 | 3 089 894 | 9.97 |
30–34 | 1 421 538 | 1 277 508 | 2 699 046 | 8.71 |
35–39 | 1 122 020 | 1 012 167 | 2 134 187 | 6.89 |
40–44 | 966 696 | 919 886 | 1 886 582 | 6.09 |
45–49 | 866 201 | 857 006 | 1 723 207 | 5.56 |
50–54 | 802 194 | 754 597 | 1 556 791 | 5.02 |
55–59 | 662 308 | 642 015 | 1 304 323 | 4.21 |
60–64 | 504 442 | 495 056 | 999 498 | 3.22 |
65–69 | 370 875 | 378 953 | 749 828 | 2.42 |
70–74 | 225 299 | 236 337 | 461 636 | 1.49 |
75–79 | 151 764 | 168 867 | 320 631 | 1.03 |
80–84 | 73 949 | 85 206 | 159 155 | 0.51 |
85–89 | 38 547 | 47 792 | 86 339 | 0.28 |
90–94 | 13 383 | 14 359 | 27 742 | 0.09 |
95+ | 10 252 | 10 486 | 20 738 | 0.07 |
Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
0–14 | 3 994 329 | 3 760 210 | 7 754 539 | 25.02 |
15–64 | 11 115 901 | 10 299 197 | 21 415 098 | 69.09 |
65+ | 884 069 | 942 000 | 1 826 069 | 5.89 |
Age Group | Male | Female | Total | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 16 805 601 | 15 851 659 | 32 657 260 | 100 |
0–4 | 1 313 211 | 1 228 960 | 2 542 171 | 7.78 |
5–9 | 1 321 691 | 1 232 295 | 2 553 986 | 7.82 |
10–14 | 1 288 772 | 1 215 312 | 2 504 084 | 7.67 |
15–19 | 1 468 340 | 1 367 361 | 2 835 701 | 8.68 |
20–24 | 1 649 108 | 1 483 506 | 3 132 614 | 9.59 |
25–29 | 1 729 641 | 1 518 081 | 3 247 722 | 9.94 |
30–34 | 1 503 303 | 1 374 201 | 2 877 504 | 8.81 |
35–39 | 1 325 416 | 1 243 400 | 2 568 816 | 7.87 |
40–44 | 1 041 407 | 969 239 | 2 010 646 | 6.16 |
45–49 | 900 990 | 878 715 | 1 779 705 | 5.45 |
50–54 | 809 250 | 824 736 | 1 633 986 | 5.00 |
55–59 | 744 683 | 723 021 | 1 467 704 | 4.49 |
60–64 | 604 050 | 605 327 | 1 209 377 | 3.70 |
65-69 | 442 747 | 458 890 | 901 637 | 2.76 |
70-74 | 310 254 | 336 607 | 646 861 | 1.98 |
75-79 | 171 384 | 194 969 | 366 353 | 1.12 |
80-84 | 101 116 | 119 005 | 220 121 | 0.67 |
85+ | 80 238 | 78 034 | 158 272 | 0.48 |
Age group | Male | Female | Total | Percent |
0–14 | 3 923 674 | 3 676 567 | 7 600 241 | 23.27 |
15–64 | 11 776 188 | 10 987 587 | 22 763 775 | 69.71 |
65+ | 1 105 739 | 1 187 505 | 2 293 244 | 7.02 |
Age groups | 0–14 | 15–64 | 65-over |
---|---|---|---|
Malays | 31% | 63.9% | 5.1% |
Chinese | 12.3% | 72.7% | 15% |
Indians | 16.6% | 75.4% | 8% |
Races | Men | Women | Average | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|
Malays | 22.4 | 19.3 | 20.9 | 2020 |
Chinese | 34.6 | 31.7 | 33.2 | 2019 |
Indians | 27.3 | 23.2 | 25.3 | 2020 |
Key demographic rates
- Population growth rate^: 1.542% (2012 data)
- Age Structure^:
- 0–14 years: 23.0% (male 4,118,086/female 3,884,403)
- 15–64 years: 69.6% (male 7,838,166/female 7,785,833)
- 65 years and over: 7.4% (male 1,458,038/female 1,418,280) (2021 est.)[22]
- Net migration rate: -0.37 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.)
- note: does not reflect net flow of an unknown number of illegal immigrants from other countries in the region
- Human sex ratio:
- at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
- under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
- 15–64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
- 65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female
- total population: 1.03 male(s)/female (2012 est.)
- Infant mortality rate:^ 14.57 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 data)
- Life expectancy at birth:
- total population: 74.04 years (at 1:1 male-to-female ratio)
- male: ^ 71.28 years (2012 data)
- female: ^ 76.99 years (2012 data)
- Total fertility rate:
- 2.64 children born/woman (2012 est.)
- In 1987, Malays had a TFR of 4.51, Chinese had TFR of 2.25 and Indians had TFR of 2.77. The corresponding figures in Singapore was 2.16, 1.48 and 1.95.[23]
Data for (^) obtained from Department of Statistics releases. See notes.[24][25] All key rates sampled per 1000 of population.
Vital statistics
UN estimates
Data from United Nation:[26]
Period | Live births per year | Deaths per year | Natural change per year | CBR1 | CDR1 | NC1 | TFR1 | IMR1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1950–1955 | 280 000 | 92 000 | 188 000 | 42.7 | 14.0 | 25.3 | 6.23 | 96.4 |
1955–1960 | 318 000 | 89 000 | 229 000 | 41.9 | 11.7 | 28.9 | 6.23 | 79.5 |
1960–1965 | 361 000 | 86 000 | 275 000 | 40.8 | 9.7 | 29.9 | 6.23 | 64.3 |
1965–1970 | 351 000 | 82 000 | 268 000 | 34.2 | 8.0 | 28.1 | 5.21 | 51.0 |
1970–1975 | 365 000 | 82 000 | 283 000 | 31.4 | 7.1 | 25.9 | 4.56 | 40.4 |
1975–1980 | 385 000 | 83 000 | 302 000 | 29.4 | 6.3 | 21.7 | 3.93 | 31.9 |
1980–1985 | 436 000 | 86 000 | 350 000 | 29.5 | 5.8 | 26.4 | 3.73 | 25.3 |
1985–1990 | 488 000 | 91 000 | 397 000 | 28.7 | 5.3 | 26.9 | 3.59 | 19.9 |
1990–1995 | 535 000 | 97 000 | 438 000 | 27.5 | 5.0 | 22.8 | 3.42 | 15.7 |
1995–2000 | 559 000 | 104 000 | 454 000 | 25.3 | 4.7 | 19.8 | 3.18 | 12.4 |
2000–2005 | 572 000 | 114 000 | 458 000 | 19.4 | 4.5 | 14.9 | 2.45 | |
2005–2010 | 571 000 | 127 000 | 443 000 | 17.6 | 4.6 | 13.0 | 2.22 | |
2010–2015 | 17.1 | 4.7 | 12.4 | 2.11 | ||||
2015–2020 | 16.8 | 5.1 | 11.7 | 2.01 | ||||
2020–2025 | 15.9 | 5.5 | 10.4 | 1.92 | ||||
2025–2030 | 14.5 | 5.9 | 8.6 | 1.85 | ||||
1 CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births |
Registered births and deaths
Data from Department of Statistics Malaysia:[27][28][29]
Average population | Live births | Deaths | Natural change | Crude birth rate (per 1000) | Crude death rate (per 1000) | Natural change (per 1000) | Total fertility rate (TFR) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1947 | 4,908,100 | 43.0 | 19.4 | 23.6 | ||||
1948 | 4,987,400 | 40.4 | 16.3 | 24.2 | ||||
1949 | 5,081,800 | 43.8 | 14.2 | 29.6 | ||||
1950 | 5,226,500 | 42.0 | 15.8 | 26.2 | ||||
1951 | 5,337,200 | 43.6 | 15.3 | 28.3 | ||||
1952 | 5,506,400 | 44.4 | 13.6 | 30.8 | ||||
1953 | 5,706,000 | 43.7 | 12.4 | 31.3 | ||||
1954 | 5,888,600 | 43.8 | 12.2 | 31.6 | ||||
1955 | 6,058,300 | 43.0 | 11.5 | 31.6 | ||||
1956 | 6,251,600 | 45.5 | 11.3 | 34.3 | ||||
1957 | 6,278,800 | 46.2 | 12.4 | 33.7 | ||||
1958 | 6,504,600 | 43.3 | 11.0 | 32.3 | 6.275 | |||
1959 | 6,702,600 | 42.1 | 9.7 | 32.4 | 6.175 | |||
1960 | 8,118,000 | 40.9 | 9.5 | 31.4 | 6.045 | |||
1961 | 8,378,500 | 41.8 | 9.2 | 32.6 | 6.195 | |||
1962 | 8,651,800 | 40.4 | 9.4 | 31.0 | 6.040 | |||
1963 | 8,920,200 | 38.1 | 8.5 | 29.7 | 5.970 | |||
1964 | 9,168,400 | 38.2 | 7.7 | 30.5 | 5.970 | |||
1965 | 9,436,600 | 36.1 | 7.5 | 28.5 | 5.630 | |||
1966 | 9,732,800 | 36.7 | 7.3 | 29.4 | 5.725 | |||
1967 | 10,007,400 | 34.9 | 7.2 | 27.7 | 5.385 | |||
1968 | 10,252,800 | 35.2 | 7.2 | 28.0 | 5.385 | |||
1969 | 10,500,200 | 33.3 | 7.0 | 26.3 | 5.055 | |||
1970 | 10,881,800 | 32.4 | 6.7 | 25.7 | 4.885 | |||
1971 | 11,159,700 | 32.8 | 6.6 | 26.3 | 4.870 | |||
1972 | 11,441,300 | 32.2 | 6.3 | 25.9 | 4.710 | |||
1973 | 11,719,800 | 31.1 | 6.3 | 24.8 | 4.485 | |||
1974 | 12,001,300 | 31.3 | 6.0 | 25.3 | 4.420 | |||
1975 | 12,300,300 | 30.7 | 6.0 | 24.8 | 4.275 | |||
1976 | 12,588,100 | 30.9 | 5.7 | 25.3 | 4.235 | |||
1977 | 12,901,100 | 30.3 | 5.8 | 24.5 | 4.090 | |||
1978 | 13,200,200 | 29.7 | 5.4 | 24.3 | 3.950 | |||
1979 | 13,518,300 | 30.4 | 5.4 | 25.0 | 3.990 | |||
1980 | 13,879,200 | 30.6 | 5.3 | 25.4 | 3.990 | |||
1981 | 14,256,900 | 31.2 | 4.9 | 26.3 | 4.015 | |||
1982 | 14,651,100 | 31.0 | 5.0 | 26.0 | 3.960 | |||
1983 | 15,048,200 | 30.2 | 5.1 | 25.1 | 3.825 | |||
1984 | 15,450,400 | 31.0 | 5.0 | 25.9 | 3.905 | |||
1985 | 15,882,700 | 497,414 | 31.5 | 5.0 | 26.6 | 3.980 | ||
1986 | 16,329,400 | 30.6 | 4.7 | 25.8 | 3.850 | |||
1987 | 16,773,500 | 488,200 | 29.3 | 4.5 | 24.7 | 3.680 | ||
1988 | 17,219,100 | 507,579 | 29.7 | 4.6 | 25.0 | 3.705 | ||
1989 | 17,662,100 | 469,663 | 26.8 | 4.6 | 22.2 | 3.355 | ||
1990 | 18,102,400 | 497,522 | 83,244 | 414,278 | 27.9 | 4.6 | 23.3 | 3.490 |
1991 | 18,547,200 | 511,527 | 84,221 | 427,306 | 27.6 | 4.5 | 23.0 | 3.447 |
1992 | 19,067,500 | 528,475 | 86,040 | 442,435 | 27.7 | 4.5 | 23.2 | 3.473 |
1993 | 19,601,500 | 541,887 | 87,626 | 454,261 | 27.6 | 4.5 | 23.2 | 3.466 |
1994 | 20,141,700 | 537,654 | 90,079 | 447,575 | 26.7 | 4.5 | 22.2 | 3.353 |
1995 | 20,681,800 | 539,295 | 95,103 | 444,192 | 26.1 | 4.6 | 21.5 | 3.278 |
1996 | 21,222,600 | 540,866 | 95,520 | 445,346 | 25.6 | 4.5 | 21.1 | 3.226 |
1997 | 21,769,300 | 537,104 | 97,042 | 440,062 | 24.8 | 4.5 | 20.4 | 3.125 |
1998 | 22,333,500 | 554,573 | 97,906 | 456,667 | 23.5 | 4.8 | 18.8 | 2.971 |
1999 | 22,909,500 | 554,200 | 100,900 | 453,300 | 22.8 | 4.9 | 17.9 | 2.896 |
2000 | 23,494,900 | 569,500 | 102,100 | 467,400 | 22.9 | 4.3 | 18.6 | 2.926 |
2001 | 24,030,500 | 505,479 | 104,531 | 400,948 | 21.0 | 4.3 | 16.7 | 2.709 |
2002 | 24,542,500 | 494,538 | 110,367 | 384,171 | 20.2 | 4.5 | 15.7 | 2.609 |
2003 | 25,038,100 | 481,399 | 112,744 | 368,655 | 19.2 | 4.5 | 14.7 | 2.494 |
2004 | 25,541,500 | 481,800 | 113,192 | 368,608 | 18.9 | 4.4 | 14.4 | 2.450 |
2005 | 26,045,500 | 474,473 | 115,436 | 359,037 | 18.2 | 4.4 | 13.8 | 2.362 |
2006 | 26,549,900 | 472,698 | 117,778 | 354,920 | 17.8 | 4.4 | 13.4 | 2.299 |
2007 | 27,058,400 | 479,647 | 120,670 | 358,977 | 17.7 | 4.5 | 13.3 | 2.274 |
2008 | 27,567,600 | 493,203 | 127,098 | 366,105 | 17.9 | 4.6 | 13.3 | 2.274 |
2009 | 28,081,500 | 501,644 | 131,328 | 370,316 | 17.9 | 4.7 | 13.2 | 2.245 |
2010 | 28,588,600 | 491,239 | 130,978 | 360,261 | 17.2 | 4.6 | 12.6 | 2.136 |
2011 | 29,062,000 | 511,594 | 135,463 | 376,131 | 17.6 | 4.7 | 12.9 | 2.174 |
2012 | 29,510,000 | 526,012 | 138,692 | 387,320 | 17.8 | 4.7 | 13.1 | 2.188 |
2013 | 30,213,700 | 503,914 | 142,202 | 361,712 | 16.7 | 4.7 | 12.0 | 2.022 |
2014 | 30,708,500 | 528,612 | 150,318 | 378,294 | 17.2 | 4.9 | 12.3 | 2.072 |
2015 | 31,186,100 | 521,136 | 155,786 | 365,350 | 16.7 | 5.0 | 11.7 | 2.002 |
2016 | 31,633,500 | 508,203 | 162,201 | 346,002 | 16.1 | 5.1 | 11.0 | 1.918 |
2017 | 32,022,600 | 508,685 | 168,168 | 340,517 | 15.9 | 5.3 | 10.6 | 1.890 |
2018 | 32,382,300 | 501,945 | 172,031 | 329,914 | 15.5 | 5.3 | 10.2 | 1.841 |
2019 | 32,523,000 | 487,957 | 173,746 | 314,211 | 15.1 | 5.4 | 9.7 | 1.781 |
2020 | 32,447,400 | 470,195 | 166,507 | 303,688 | 14.5 | 5.1 | 9.4 | 1.715 |
2021 | 32,576,300 | 439,744 | 224,569 | 215,175 | 13.5 | 6.9 | 6.6 | 1.696 |
2022 | 32,698,100 | 423,124 | 206,525 | 216,599 | 12.9 | 6.3 | 6.6 | 1.631 |
2023 | 33,379,500 | 440,686 | 192,902 | 247,784 | 13.2 | 5.8 | 7.4 |
Current vital statistics
Period | Live births | Deaths | Natural increase |
---|---|---|---|
January — September 2022 | 309,771 | 155,857 | +153,914 |
January — September 2023 | 327,919 | 144,652 | +183,267 |
Difference | +18,148 (+5.9%) | -11,205 (-7.2%) | +29,310 |
Total fertility rate by ethnic group
[31] | Malays | Chinese | Indians | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 2.695 | 1.517 | 1.733 | 2.136 |
2011 | 2.694 | 1.557 | 1.663 | 2.174 |
2012 | 2.743 | 1.719 | 1.579 | 2.188 |
2013 | 2.640 | 1.384 | 1.474 | 2.022 |
2014 | 2.653 | 1.414 | 1.384 | 2.018 |
2015 | 2.553 | 1.353 | 1.361 | 1.941 |
2016 | 2.482 | 1.345 | 1.337 | 1.892 |
2017 | 2.472 | 1.200 | 1.282 | 1.890 |
2018 | 2.415 | 1.112 | 1.256 | 1.841 |
2019 | 2.288 | 1.111 | 1.198 | 1.781 |
2020 | 2.192 | 0.981 | 1.177 | 1.715 |
2021 | 2.074 | 0.849 | 1.104 | 1.696 |
Total fertility rate by state
Total fertility rate (TFR) by state according to year:[32]
State | 2011 | 2015 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|
Putrajaya | 1.44 | 1.37 | 2.78 |
Kuala Lumpur | 1.53 | 1.40 | 1.49 |
Penang | 1.62 | 1.51 | 1.25 |
Sabah | 1.81 | 1.64 | 1.33 |
Selangor | 1.96 | 1.82 | 1.57 |
Johor | 2.18 | 1.88 | 1.94 |
Melaka |
2.23 | 1.93 | 1.73 |
Sarawak | 2.23 | 2.01 | 1.53 |
Negeri Sembilan | 2.30 | 2.02 | 1.96 |
Perak | 2.39 | 2.05 | 1.66 |
Pahang | 2.50 | 2.31 | 1.94 |
Perlis | 2.56 | 2.33 | 1.96 |
Kedah | 2.61 | 2.37 | 2.03 |
Terengganu | 3.46 | 2.80 | 2.86 |
Kelantan | 3.77 | 3.07 | 2.66 |
Life expectancy at birth
Average life expectancy at age 0 of the total population.[33]
Period | Life expectancy in Years |
Period | Life expectancy in Years |
---|---|---|---|
1950–1955 | 54.8 | 1985–1990 | 70.1 |
1955–1960 | 57.9 | 1990–1995 | 71.3 |
1960–1965 | 60.9 | 1995–2000 | 72.3 |
1965–1970 | 63.3 | 2000–2005 | 73.2 |
1970–1975 | 65.4 | 2005–2010 | 73.7 |
1975–1980 | 67.2 | 2010–2015 | 74.7 |
1980–1985 | 68.8 | 2015-2020 | 75.9 |
Ethnolinguistic groups
Malaysia's population comprises many ethnic groups. People of
Group | Total |
Malaysian language |
6,916,000 |
Malay, Kedah | 3,095,000 |
Malay, East coast | 2,448,000 |
Han Chinese, Hokkien |
1,903,000 |
Tamil |
1,796,000 |
Han Chinese, Hakka | 1,729,000 |
Han Chinese, Cantonese | 1,396,000 |
Han Chinese, Teochew | 1,004,000 |
Han Chinese, Mandarin | 986,000 |
Minangkabau | 901,000 |
Iban | 686,000 |
Javanese | 640,000 |
Arab people |
500,000 |
Filipino, Tagalog | 456,000 |
Han Chinese, Hainanese |
396,000 |
Han Chinese, Northern Min | 384,000 |
Brunei Malay, Kedayan | 350,000 |
Malay, East Malaysia | 280,000 |
Han Chinese, Eastern Min | 256,000 |
Straits Chinese |
244,000 |
Nepalese | 224,000 |
Tausug | 209,000 |
Dusun , Central |
197,000 |
Malayali, Malayalam |
228,900 |
Bugis | 139,000 |
Telugus, Telugu | 120,000 |
Murut people | 110,131 |
Punjabis, Indian Punjabis | 100,000 |
Siamese | 80,000 |
Semai | 50,000 |
Temiar | 40,000 |
Lun Bawang/Lundayeh | 31,600 |
Kelabit people | 5,000 |
Bumiputras
Bumiputras totaling 68.8% of Malaysia's population as of 2017 are divided into
Malays
The Malays are an ethnic group predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula and parts of Sumatra and Borneo. They form the largest community in Malaysia and play a dominant role politically. They make up about half of the total population. By constitutional definition, Malays are Muslims who practice Malay customs (adat) and culture.
Their language, Malay (Bahasa Melayu), is the national language of the country.[39] Citizens of Minangkabau, Bugis or Javanese origins, who can be classified "Malay" under constitutional definitions may also speak their respective ancestral tongues. However, English is also widely spoken in major towns and cities across the country. Malays from different states in Malaysia carry distinct dialects that can sometimes be unintelligible to most of their fellow countrymen. By definition of the Malaysian constitution, all Malays are Muslims.
In the past, Malays wrote in
Malay culture shows strong influences from Buddhism, Hinduism and animism. However, since the Islamisation movement of the 1980s and 90s, these aspects are often neglected or banned altogether. Because any Malay-speaking Muslim is entitled to Bumiputra privileges, many non-Malay Muslims have adopted the Malay language, customs and attire in the last few decades. This is particularly the case with Indian Muslims from the peninsula and the Kedayan of Borneo. The Malay ethnic group is distinct from the concept of a Malay race, which encompasses a wider group of people, including most of Indonesia and the Philippines.
Other Bumiputras
Malaysia has many other non-Malay indigenous people, who are given Bumiputra status. The indigenous tribes are the oldest inhabitants of Malaysia, and the indigenous groups of Peninsular Malaysia are known collectively as Orang Asli and in East Malaysia as "Orang Asal". They account for about 11 percent of the nation's population, and represent a majority in East Malaysia of Sabah and Sarawak. In Sarawak, the dominant tribal group are the Dayak people, who are either Iban (also known as Sea Dayak) or Bidayuh (also known as Land Dayak) of which are mainly Christians. The Iban form the largest of all indigenous groups, numbering over 600,000 (35% of Sarawak's population), who mostly still live in traditional longhouses which can hold up to 200 people.[40] Longhouses are mostly places along the Rajang and Lupar rivers and their tributaries, although many Iban have moved to the cities. The Bidayuhs, numbering around 170,000, are concentrated in the southwestern part of Sarawak. They, together with other indigenous groups in Sarawak make up over half of the states population.[10]
The largest indigenous tribe in Sabah is the
There also exist
Non-Bumiputras
Minorities who lack Bumiputra status have established themselves in Malaysia. Those who are not considered to be Bumiputras make up a considerable portion of the Malaysian population – non-Malays once constituted around 50% of the population of peninsula Malaya (1947–1957), but have since declined in percentage term due to a higher birthrate of Malays owing to favorable policies by the government as well as some degree of out-migration by the Chinese.
Chinese
The second largest ethnic group at 6.69 million are the Chinese who make up 23% of the population excluding non-citizens as of 2018.
The first Chinese people to settle in the
The Chinese community in Malaysia, depending on the predominant dialect in a particular region, speaks a variety of Chinese dialects including
On the other hand, it was reported that up to 10% of Malaysian Chinese are primarily English-speaking.[50] The English-speaking Chinese minority is typically concentrated in cities such as Kuala Lumpur, Petaling Jaya, Subang Jaya, Johor Bahru, George Town, Ipoh and Malacca. The English speakers form a distinct subset within the larger Chinese community, as they are known to have a less Sinocentric mindset, and are rather Westernized in thinking and attitudes.
Indian
The 2.01 million strong Indian community in Malaysia is the smallest of the three main ethnic groups, comprising only 8.0% of the total population excluding non-citizens as of 2017.
The Indians who came to Malaysia brought with them the
Others
A small minority of Malaysians do not fit into the broader ethnic groups. A small population exists of people of European and Middle Eastern descent. Europeans and Middle Easterners, who first arrived during the colonial period, assimilated through intermarriage into the Christian and Muslim communities. Most Eurasian Malaysians trace their ancestry to British, Dutch and/or Portuguese colonists, and there is a strong Kristang community in Malacca.
The
refugees.There is no general consensus on the ethnic profiling of children of mixed parentage. Some choose to be identified according to paternal ethnicity while others simply think that they fall in the "Others" category. The majority choose to identify themselves as Malay as long as either parent is Malay, mainly due to the legal definition of Bumiputra and the privileges that comes along with it. Children of Chinese–Indian parentage are known as
Many other people from around the world have moved to Malaysia. There are over 70,000 Africans who have emigrated to Malaysia.[62]
Languages
Malaysia contains speakers of 137 living languages,
Malaysian English, also known as Malaysian Standard English (MySE), is a form of English derived from British English, although there is little official use of the term, except with relation to education. Malaysian English also sees wide use in business, along with Manglish, which is a colloquial form of English with heavy Malay, Chinese languages and Tamil influences. Most Malaysians are conversant in English, although some are only fluent in the Manglish form. The Malaysian government officially discourages the use of Manglish.[67]
Malaysian Chinese mostly speak Chinese languages from the southern provinces of China. The more common languages in Peninsular Malaysia are
Citizens of Minangkabau, Bugis or Javanese origins, who can be classified "Malay" under constitutional definitions may also speak their respective ancestral tongues. The native tribes of East Malaysia have their own languages which are related to, but easily distinguishable from, Malay. The Iban is the main tribal language in Sarawak while Dusunic languages are spoken by the natives in Sabah.[71] A variant of the Malay language that is spoken in Brunei is also commonly spoken in both states.
Some Malaysians have
Citizenship
Citizenship is usually granted by
Religion
The majority of
Islam
Muslims are obliged to follow the decisions of
Education
Literacy rates (percentage of people over 15 who can read and write) are high in Malaysia, with an overall literacy rate of 88.7%.[85] Literacy rates are higher among males (92%) than females (85.4%)
Education in Malaysia is monitored by the federal government Ministry of Education.[86] The education system features a non-compulsory kindergarten education followed by six years of compulsory primary education,[8] and five years of optional secondary education.[87] Most Malaysian children start schooling between the ages of three to six, in kindergarten.
Primary education
Children begin primary schooling at the age of seven for a period of six years. Primary schools are divided into two categories, national primary schools and vernacular school.[88] Vernacular schools (Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan) use either Chinese or Tamil as the medium of instruction, whereas national primary schools (Sekolah Kebangsaan) uses Bahasa Malaysia as the medium of instruction for subjects except English, Science and Mathematics.
Before progressing to the secondary level of education, pupils in Year 6 are required to sit the Primary School Achievement Test (
Secondary education
Secondary education in Malaysia is conducted in secondary schools (Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan) for five years. National secondary schools use Malay as the main language of instruction. The only exceptions are Mathematics and Science and languages other than Malay, however this was only implemented in 2003, prior to which all non-language subjects were taught in Malay. At the end of Form Three, which is the third year, students are evaluated in the Form Three Assessment ("Pentaksiran Tingkatan Tiga", PT3)( now abolished ). Secondary students no longer sit for PMR in Form Three that has been abolished in 2014. In the final year of secondary education (Form Five), students sit the Malaysian Certificate of Education (
Malaysian national secondary schools are sub-divided into several types: National Secondary School (Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan), Religious Secondary School (Sekolah Menengah Agama), National-Type Secondary School (Sekolah Menengah Jenis Kebangsaan) (also referred to as Mission Schools), Technical Schools (Sekolah Menengah Teknik), Residential Schools and MARA Junior Science College (Maktab Rendah Sains MARA).
There are also 60
Tertiary education
Before the introduction of the
There are a number of government-funded public universities in Malaysia, the most prominent of them being
Students also have the option of enrolling in private tertiary institutions after secondary studies. Most institutions have educational links with overseas universities especially in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia, allowing students to spend a portion of their course duration abroad as well as getting overseas qualifications. One such example is
International schools
In addition to the Malaysian National Curriculum, Malaysia has many international schools such as The International School Kuala Lumpur, Alice Smith School, Gardens International School, Cempaka Schools Malaysia, Kolej Tuanku Ja'afar...etc. These schools cater to the growing expatriate population in the country and the Malaysians who want a foreign curriculum, UK based curriculum, English education or Australian curriculum as well.
Health
The Malaysian government places importance on the expansion and development of health care, putting 5% of the government social sector development budget into public health care[95]—an increase of more than 47% over the previous figure. This has meant an overall increase of more than RM 2 billion. With a rising and ageing population, the Government wishes to improve in many areas including the refurbishment of existing hospitals, building and equipping new hospitals, expansion of the number of polyclinics, and improvements in training and expansion of telehealth. A major problem with the health care sector is the lack of medical centres for rural areas, which the government is trying to counter through the development of and expansion of a system called "tele-primary care".[96] Another issue is the overprescription of drugs, though this has decreased in recent years.[97] Since 2009 the Malaysian Health Ministry has increased its efforts to overhaul the system and attract more foreign investment.[95]
The country generally has an efficient and widespread system of health care. It implements a
The Malaysian health care system requires doctors to perform a compulsory three years service with public hospitals to ensure that the manpower in these hospitals is maintained.[96] Recently foreign doctors have also been encouraged to take up employment in Malaysia. There is still, however, a significant shortage in the medical workforce, especially of highly trained specialists; thus, certain medical care and treatment are available only in large cities. Recent efforts to bring many facilities to other towns have been hampered by lack of expertise to run the available equipment.
The majority of private hospitals are in urban areas and, unlike many of the public hospitals, are equipped with the latest diagnostic and imaging facilities. Private hospitals have not generally been seen as an ideal investment—it has often taken up to ten years before companies have seen any profits. However, the situation has now changed and companies are now exploring this area again, corresponding with the increased number of foreigners entering Malaysia for medical care and the recent government focus on developing the health tourism industry.[101] The Government has also been trying to promote Malaysia as a health care destination, regionally and internationally.[95]
Major cities
George Town, the capital city of Penang used to be Malaysia's largest and only city until the 1970s when Kuala Lumpur was granted city status. Today, George Town, rated a Gamma global city, serves as the financial, industrial and medical tourism hub in the northern region of Malaysia. Together with the city of Seberang Perai, and the municipalities of Sungai Petani, Kulim, Bandar Baharu and Kerian, it forms the George Town Conurbation, the nation's second largest metropolitan area with a population of over 2.83 million.
The third largest urban area in Malaysia is situated at the country's southern end, comprising the cities of Johor Bahru, Iskandar Puteri and Pasir Gudang, along with Kulai and Pontian. Located next to Singapore, it is also an important industrial, tourism and commercial hub for southern Malaysia.
Other major cities in Malaysia include Ipoh, Kota Kinabalu and Kuching.
Rank | Name | State | Pop. | Rank | Name | State | Pop. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kuala Lumpur Kajang |
1 | Kuala Lumpur | Federal Territory |
1,982,112 | 11 | Ipoh | Perak | 759,952 | Seberang Perai Subang Jaya |
2 | Kajang | Selangor | 1,047,356 | 12 | Seremban | Negeri Sembilan | 681,541 | ||
3 | Seberang Perai | Penang | 946,092 | 13 | Iskandar Puteri | Johor | 575,977 | ||
4 | Subang Jaya | Selangor | 902,086 | 14 | Kuantan | Pahang | 548,014 | ||
5 | Klang | Selangor | 902,025 | 15 | Sungai Petani | Kedah | 545,053 | ||
6 | Johor Bahru | Johor | 858,118 | 16 | Ampang Jaya | Selangor | 531,904 | ||
7 | Shah Alam | Selangor | 812,327 | 17 | Kota Kinabalu | Sabah | 500,425 | ||
8 | George Town | Penang | 794,313 | 18 | Malacca City | Malacca | 453,904 | ||
9 | Petaling Jaya | Selangor | 771,687 | 19 | Sandakan | Sabah | 439,050 | ||
10 | Selayang | Selangor | 764,327 | 20 | Alor Setar | Kedah | 423,868 |
See also
- Immigration to Malaysia
- Project IC, corruption & electoral demographics
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External links
- Department of Statistics, Malaysia Archived 20 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine