Ethnic groups of Pakistan
Refugees
Pakistan's census does not include the 1.4 million citizens of Afghanistan who are temporarily residing in Pakistan.[11][12][13] The majority of them were born in Pakistan within the last four decades and mostly belong to the Pashtun ethnic group. They also include Tajiks, Uzbeks and others.[14]
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Major ethnic groups
Punjabis
Punjabis are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group native to the Punjab region between India and Pakistan. They are the largest ethnic group of Pakistan.
Traditionally, Punjabi identity is primarily linguistic, geographical and cultural. Its identity is independent of historical origin or religion and refers to those who reside in the Punjab region or associate with its population and those who consider the Punjabi language and its dialects as their mother tongue.[15][16] Integration and assimilation are important parts of Punjabi culture, since Punjabi identity is not based solely on tribal connections.[17]
Pashtuns
Sindhis
The
Saraikis
The Saraikis are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group inhabiting parts of central and southeastern Pakistan, primarily in the southern part of the Pakistani province of Punjab.[21] They are mainly found in Derajat, a cultural region of central Pakistan, located in the region where the provinces of Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan meet.[22][23][24] Derajat is bound by the Indus River and the Sulaiman Mountains to the west.
Muhajirs
Baloch
The
According to Dr. Akhtar Baloch,
Brahuis
The Brahui, Brahvi or Brohi, are an ethnic group principally found in Balochistan, Pakistan. They speak the Brahui language, which belongs to the Dravidian language family, although ethnically they tend to identify as Baloch.[41][42]
They are a small minority group in
See also
- Demographics of Pakistan
- Languages of Pakistan
- Pakistanis
- Indo-Iranic peoples
Notes
- 2022 Census of Pakistan will include Pahari-Pothwari as an option. Baart (2003, p. 10) provides an estimate of 3.8 million, presumably for the population in Pakistan alone. Lothers & Lothers (2010, p. 9) estimate the Pakistani population at well over 2.5 million and the UK diaspora at over 0.5 million. The population in India is reported in Ethnologue (2017)to be about 1 million as of 2000. Note that the Pothwari speakers of the Pothohar Northern Punjab are ethnic Punjabis.
References
- ^ "TABLE 11 – POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN" (PDF). www.pbs.gov.pk. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. 2021. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
- ^ "Pakistan", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 26 May 2022
- ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
- ^ Morin, Rich. "The most (and least) culturally diverse countries in the world". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2023-01-06.
- ISBN 978-81-7835-775-1.
The Gujjar or Gurjar are an ethnic group in India and Pakistan. Alternative spellings include Gurjara, Gujjar and Goojar. The Gujjars follow Hinduism, Sikhism and Islam. The Hindu Gujjars belong to the traditional Kshatriya Varna in Hinduism, while the Muslim Gujjars are considered to be a Potwari race in India and Pakistan
- ISBN 978-1-135-17193-3.
Gujjar: multi-religious, 'martial' ethnic group in Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.
- ^ "Pakistan", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2 August 2022
- ^ "POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE, SEX AND RURAL/ URBAN" (PDF). www.pbs.gov.pk. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.
- ISBN 978-1-134-18617-4.
- ISBN 978-1-136-77868-1.
- ^ Onward Movements of Afghan Refugees (PDF), UNHCR, March–April 2021, retrieved 2021-08-20
- ^ "Government delivered first new Proof of Registration smartcards to Afghan refugees". May 25, 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
- ^ "Registered Afghan Refugees in Pakistan". UNHCR. December 31, 2020. Retrieved 2021-07-30.
- ^ "Voluntary Repatriation Update" (PDF). Pakistan: UNHCR. November 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-20. Retrieved 2017-11-26.
- ISBN 978-0-19-564864-5.
- ISBN 978-1-134-18617-4.
- ^ Singh, Prtiam (2012). "Globalisation and Punjabi Identity: Resistance, Relocation and Reinvention (Yet Again!)" (PDF). Journal of Punjab Studies. 19 (2): 153–72. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
- ^ The World Factbook
- ^ "Population Census". May 19, 2017.".
- ^ "CIA Factbook Pakistan". 2 August 2022.
- ISBN 9781598846591.
- ^ "About Punjab: Geography". Tourism Development Corporation, Government of the Punjab. Archived from the original on 2007-12-02. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
- ^ "People & Culture". Government of the North-West Frontier Province. Archived from the original on 2007-11-17. Retrieved 2007-12-14.
- ISBN 978-1-134-18617-4.
Punjab's diversity of dialects, Saraiki and Pothohari contrasting with the heartland Punjabi, was striking at the time of independence. Since then, the increased mobility of the population and the absorption of refugees from India have stimulated homogenizing tendencies both linguistically and ethnically. NWFP, although symbolically a Pashtoon is also a province of many ethnicities and languages, for example, Hindku-speaking people inhabit the Peshawar Valley and Hazara district, and Saraiki speakers are found in the Derajats.
- ^ "Rupture in South Asia" (PDF). UNHCR. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
- ^ Dr Crispin Bates (2011-03-03). "The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies". BBC. Retrieved 2014-08-16.
- ^ Nazir, P., 1993. Social structure, ideology and language: caste among Muslims. Economic and Political Weekly, pp. 2897-2900.
- ^ "Muhajirs in historical perspective". The Nation. 2014-11-07. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
- ^ Paracha, Nadeem F. (2014-04-20). "The evolution of Mohajir politics and identity". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2018-10-28.
- ^ "Urdu-speaking to Muhajir politics". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2022-08-11.
- ^ Blood, Peter, ed. "Baloch". Pakistan: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1995.
- ^ "Balochi and the Concept of North-Western Iranian" (PDF). Agnes Korn. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-08-23.
- ^ Mann, Michael (2003). "Little Ice Age". In Michael C MacCracken and John S Perry (ed.). Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change, Volume 1, The Earth System: Physical and Chemical Dimensions of Global Environmental Change (PDF). John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
- ISBN 0-416-11530-6. (noted in Grove 2004:4).
- ^ "Earth observatory Glossary L-N". NASA. Retrieved 17 July 2015..
- ^ Miller et al. 2012. "Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks" Geophysical Research Letters 39, 31 January: abstract (formerly on AGU website) (accessed via wayback machine 11 July 2015); see press release on AGU website (accessed 11 July 2015).
- ^ Grove, J.M., Little Ice Ages: Ancient and Modern, Routledge, London (2 volumes) 2004.
- ^ Matthews, J.A. and Briffa, K.R., "The 'Little Ice Age': re-evaluation of an evolving concept", Geogr. Ann., 87, A (1), pp. 17–36 (2005). Retrieved 17 July 2015.
- ^ "1.4.3 Solar Variability and the Total Solar Irradiance - AR4 WGI Chapter 1: Historical Overview of Climate Change Science". Ipcc.ch. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
- ^ From Zardaris to Makranis: How the Baloch came to Sindh
- ISBN 978-1138853768.is spoken, extends continuously over a narrow north-south belt in Pakistan from north of Quetta southwards through Mastung and Kalat (including Nushki to the west) as far south as Las Bela, just inland from the sea coast.
The main habitat of Brahui tribesmen, as well as the main area where the Brahui language
- ^ Elfenbein, Josef (1989). "BRAHUI". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4. pp. 433–443.
BRAHUI (Brāhūī, Brāhōī), the name of a tribal group living principally in Pakistani Baluchistan and of a Dravidian language spoken mainly by Brahui tribesmen.
- ISBN 9781598846607. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
- ^ Shah, Mahmood Ali (1992), Sardari, jirga & local government systems in Balochistan, Qasim Printers, pp. 6–7
- ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9
- ISBN 9780231115698. Retrieved 2010-09-09.
Works cited
- Baart, Joan L. G. (2003). Sustainable Development and the Maintenance of Pakistan's Indigenous Languages. Islamabad.
- Lothers, Michael; Lothers, Laura (2010). Pahari and Pothwari: A Sociolinguistic Survey (Report). SIL Electronic Survey Reports. Vol. 2010–012.
- Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2017). "Pahari-Potwari". Ethnologue (20 ed.). (access limited).