Ethnicities in Iran

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The majority of the

Mazandaranis, Lurs, Tats, Talysh, and Baloch
.

Turkic peoples constitute a substantial minority of about 15–24%, the largest group being the Azerbaijani. They are the second largest ethnicity in Iran, as well as the largest minority group.[3] Other Turkic groups include the Turkmen, Qashqai and Kazakhs peoples.

Arabs account for about 2–3% of the Iranian population. The remainder, amounting to about 1% of Iranian population, consists of a variety of minor groups, mainly comprising Assyrians, Armenians, Georgians, Circassians,[4] and Mandaeans.[5]

At the beginning of the 20th century, Iran had a total population of just below 10 million, with an approximate ethnic composition of: 6 million Persians (60%), 2.5 million Azeris (25%), 0.2 million Mazandaranis and Gilakis each (2% each).[6]

Iranic peoples

Further information:
Persian peoples

Persians

Main article:
Persian people

A

Mazandarani and Gilaki language, respectively.[7]

Kurds

Main articles: Kurds and Iranian Kurdistan

kurmanj live in Razavi Khorasan.[13]

Lurs

Main article: Lurs

Lur people speak the

Richard Frye was used for all Iranian nomads (including the population of Luristan as well as tribes in Kuhistan and Baluchis in Kerman) for all nomads, whether they were linguistically connected to the Kurds or not.[18]

Mazandaranis

Main article: Mazanderani people

The

Mazandarani language, a language native to around 4 million people, but all of them can speak Persian. The Alborz mountains mark the southern boundary of Mazanderani settlement.[20] The Mazanderani peoples number differs between three million and four million (2006 estimate) and many of them are farmers and fishermen.[21]

Gilaks

Main article: Gilaks

The

Mazandarani people, comprise part of the Caspian people, who inhabit the southern and southwestern coastal regions of the Caspian Sea. They speak the Gilaki language and their population is estimated to be between three[22] and four[23] million (4% of the population). Gilaki people live both alongside the Alborz mountains, and in the surrounding plains. Consequentially, those living along the northern side of the Alborz mountains tend to raise livestock, while those living in the plains farm. Gilaks play an important role in provincial and national economy, supplying a large portion of the region's agricultural staples, such as rice, grains,[24] tobacco[25] and tea.[26] Other major industries include fishing and caviar exports, and the production of silk.[27]

Talysh

Main article: Talysh people

The Talysh are an Iranian people.

Republic of Azerbaijan.[citation needed
]

Tats

Main article:
Tats of Iran

The

Alborz Mountains, especially in the south of Qazvin province
. They speak the
northwestern Iranian dialects closely related to the Talysh language. Persian and Azeri
are also spoken. Tats of Iran are mainly Shia Muslims and about 300,000 population.[clarification needed][29][30][31][32][33][34]

Baloch

Main article: Baloch people

Hormozgan Province
is also inhabited by Baloch people. They form one of the smallest ethnicities in Iran.

Turkic peoples

Further information: Turkic peoples

According to Victoria Arakelova, Turkic peoples in Iran can be differentiated between "proper Turkic groups (the Turkmens par excellence) and the Turkic-speaking ethnic Iranians, predominantly the Azaris".[36]

The largest Turkic-speaking group in Iran are the Iranian Azerbaijanis, forming the second largest ethnicity in the nation after the majority Persian population.[3]

Smaller Turkic groups account for about 2% of Iranian population between them,[15][37] about half of this number is accounted for by the

Iranian Turkmen,[citation needed] the other half comprises various tribal confederacies such as the Qashqai or the Khorasani Turks. According to an estimation presented by the anthropologist Sekandar Amanolahi in peer-reviewed journal Iran and the Caucasus, the number of Iranian Turkophones "does not exceed 9 millions".[38]

Azerbaijanis

Main article: Iranian Azerbaijanis

Many sources assert that

Turkic-speaking people of Iranian origin.[39][40][41] Estimated numbers or percentages vary significantly and many estimates cited appear to be politically motivated.[42]
They are often considered the second largest ethnic group in Iran and the largest ethnic minority. The main estimations are stated below:

In the historic Azerbaijan region, the population consists mainly of

Qom.[64] Immigrant Azerbaijani communities have been represented by people prominent not only among urban and industrial working classes but also in commercial, administrative, political, religious, and intellectual circles.[64]

Turkmen

Main article: Iranian Turkmens

Gonbad-e Kavoos, followed by Bandar Torkaman
. Iranian Turkmens are mostly Sunni Muslims.

Turkic tribal groups

Main articles:
Qarai Turks

The

nomadic pastoralists
and some remain so today. The traditional nomadic Qashqai travelled with their flocks each year from the summer highland pastures north of Shiraz roughly 480 km or 300 mi south to the winter pastures on lower (and warmer) lands near the Persian Gulf, to the southwest of Shiraz. The majority, however, have now become partially or wholly sedentary. The trend towards settlement has been increasing markedly since the 1960s.[67]

The

Golestan
provinces alongside Turkmens.

Semitic

Arabs

Main article: Iranian Arabs

2% of Iran's citizens are Arabs.

Fars provinces. Iranian Arab communities are also found in Bahrain, Iraq, Lebanon, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, and Qatar
.

Assyrians

Main article: Assyrians in Iran

The

neo-Aramaic language, and are Eastern Rite Christians belonging mostly to the Assyrian Church of the East and, to a lesser extent, to the Chaldean Catholic Church, Syriac Orthodox Church and Ancient Church of the East.[69] They claim descent from the ancient peoples of Mesopotamia. They share a common identity, rooted in shared linguistic and religious traditions, with Assyrians in Iraq and elsewhere in the Middle East such as Syria and Turkey, as well as with the Assyrian diaspora.[69]

The Assyrian community in Iran numbered approximately 200,000 prior to the

Islamic Revolution of 1979. However, after the revolution many Assyrians left the country, primarily for the United States, and the 1996 census counted only 32,000 Assyrians.[70] Current estimates of the Assyrian population in Iran range from 32,000 (as of 2005)[71] to 50,000 (as of 2007).[72] The Iranian capital, Tehran, is home to the majority of Iranian Assyrians; however, approximately 15,000 Assyrians reside in northern Iran, in Urmia and various Assyrian villages in the surrounding area.[69]

Jews

Main article: Persian Jews

Judaism is one of the oldest religions practiced in Iran and dates back to late biblical times. The biblical books of Isaiah, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Chronicles, and Esther contain references to the life and experiences of Jews in Iran.

By various estimates, 10,800 Jews[73] remain in Iran, mostly in Tehran, Isfahan, and Shiraz. BBC reported Yazd is home to ten Jewish families, six of them related by marriage, however some[who?] estimate the number is much higher. Historically, Jews maintained a presence in many more Iranian cities. Iran contains the largest Jewish population of any Muslim majority country except Turkey.[74]

A number of groups of Jews of Iran have split off since ancient times. They are now recognized as separate communities, such as the Bukharan Jews and Mountain Jews. In addition, there are several thousand in Iran who are, or who are the direct descendants of, Jews who have converted to Islam and the Bahá'í Faith.[75]

Mandaeans

Main articles:
Mandeans and Mandaeans § Iranian Mandaeans

Iranian

monotheistic religion called Mandaeism, sometimes also known as Sabianism (after the mysterious Sabians mentioned in the Quran, a name historically claimed by several religious groups).[77] They venerate John the Baptist (Yaḥyā ibn Zakarīyā) as their greatest prophet. They number some 10,000 people in Iran,[78] though Alarabiya has put their number as high as 60,000 in 2011.[79]

Caucasus-derived groups

Main article: Peoples of the Caucasus in Iran

Armenians

Main article: Iranian Armenians

Armenian settlements in Iran dates back millennia. Ever since antiquity, Armenians and Iranians have always had significant interactions with each other. These interactions include cultural, linguistic, economic, and more.

Armenians used to inhabit a large portion of modern-day northern Iran, most significantly on the western shores of Lake Urmia.

Armenians and Iranians shared many cultural and religious characteristics. Before the 3rd century AD, no other country had as much influence over Armenia as Parthia. Intermarriage between the Parthian and Armenian nobility was very common, and for a large portion of Armenian history, much of Armenia was ruled by the modern-day Iranians.

The newly formed Armenian community in Isfahan played a considerable role in Iran's economic and cultural development. Shah Abbas I granted the Armenians monopoly over silk and gave them many other trade incentives. Thus, the Armenian community quickly became very wealthy. The Armenians were given these trade incentives due to the immense trade routes they covered around the globe. Additionally, Armenians were also known for their honesty regarding trade. Furthermore, the policies of Shah Abbas proved to be very successful for the Iranian economy, where after a brief period of time, the Iranian economy was booming.[80]

After the success of the Armenian community in New Julfa, the Armenians of New Julfa migrated to other major countries. They formed other settlements connecting many of these newly formed Armenian settlements to Isfahan, Iran. These settlements were in the Philippines, India, Venice, France, Spain, the Netherlands, and Russia.[81] Thus, all these led to creating a new age for Iran where Iranian goods traveled the world and were consumed by Europeans and Indians.

The current Iranian-Armenian population is somewhere around 500,000.[

Christian
religious minority, followed by Assyrians.

Georgians

Main article: Iranian Georgians

Iranian Georgians are

Twelver Shia Muslims, whereas the vast majority of Georgians elsewhere in the world are Christian
.

The

Caucasian language fully functioning in Iran and it's spoken only by those that live in Fereydan and Fereydunshahr, and in smaller pockets all over Iran. Almost all other communities of Iranian Georgians
in Iran have already lost their language, but retain a clear Georgian identity.

Once a very large minority in Iran mainly due to mass deportations by the various early modern age and modern age Iranian empires (

Afsharids, and Qajars
), of their Georgian subjects, nowadays, due to intermarrying and assimilating the number of Georgians in Iran is estimated to be over 100,000.

The

Isfahan. The western part of Isfahan province is historically called Fereydan. In this area there are 10 Georgian towns and villages around Fereydunshahr. In this region the old Georgian identity is retained the best compared to other places in Iran. In many major Iranian cities, such as Tehran, Isfahan, Karaj and Shiraz, and Rasht
live Georgians too.

In many other places such as

Mazandaran Province in northern Iran, there are ethnic Georgians too. They live in the town of Behshahr, and also in Behshahr county, in Farah Abad, and many other places, which are usually called "Gorji Mahalle" (Georgian Neighbourhood). Most of these Georgians no longer speak the Georgian language, but retain aspects of Georgian culture and a Georgian identity. Some[who?
] argue that Iranian Georgians retain remnants of Christian traditions, but there is no evidence for this.

Circassians

Main article: Circassians in Iran

Like with the Georgians, once a very large minority in Iran all the way from the Safavid to the Qajar era, the vast majority of the Circassians have been assimilated into the population nowadays. However, significant numbers remain present,[82] and they are the second-largest Caucasian ethnic group in the nation after the Georgians.[82]

From Sir John Chardin's "Travels in Persia, 1673–1677":

There is scarce a Gentleman in Persia, whose Mother is not a Georgian, or a Circassian Woman; to begin with the King, who commonly is a Georgian, or a Circassian by the Mother's side.

Circassians alongside the Georgians were imported en masse by the Shahs to fulfil roles in the civil administration, the military, and the royal Harem, but also as craftsmen, farmers, amongst other professions.[83][84] Circassian women were both in

their beauty
, while the men were known as fearsome warriors. Notable Iranians of Circassian descent of the past include
Shah Tahmasp, involved in many court intrigues), Shamkhal Sultan, Jamshid Beg (the assassinator of Shah Ismail II), and Anna Khanum
. Traces of Circassian settlements have lasted into the 20th century,
Circassian language anymore.[85]

Recent immigration

Most of the large

Black African population exists due to historical slavery
. A substantial number of Russians arrived in the early 20th century as refugees from the Russian Revolution, but their number has dwindled following the Iran crisis of 1946 and the Iranian Revolution. In the 20th to 21st centuries, there has been limited immigration to Iran from Turkey,
Lebanese (especially in Qom
, though a Lebanese community has been present in the nation for centuries), Indians (mostly arriving temporarily during the 1950s to 1970s, typically working as doctors, engineers, and teachers), Koreans (mostly in the 1970s as labour migrants), China (mostly since the 2000s working in engineering or business projects), and Pakistan, partly due to labour migrants and partly to Balochi ties across the Iranian-Pakistani border. About 200,000 Iraqis arrived as refugees in 2003,[citation needed] mostly living in refugee camps near the border; an unknown number of these has since returned to Iraq.

Over the same period, there has also been substantial emigration from Iran, especially since the

Jewish exodus from Iran
), especially to the
Canada, Germany, Israel, and Sweden
.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Some estimates have suggested that one-third of the population of Tehran is Azeri,[57][dead link][58][dead link][65][verification needed] the Iranologist Victoria Arakelova however notes in peer-reviewed journal Iran and the Caucasus that the wide-spread "cliché" among residents of Tehran on the number of Azerbaijanis in the city ("half of Tehran consists of Azerbaijanis"), cannot be taken "seriously into consideration".[66] Arakelova adds that the number of Tehran's inhabitants who have migrated from northwestern areas of Iran, who are currently Persian-speakers "for the most part", is not more than "several hundred thousands", with the maximum being one million.[66]

References

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  2. CIA World Factbook, the ethnic breakdown of Iran is as follows: Persian 61%, Azeri 16%, Kurd 10%, Lur 6%, Baloch 2%, Arab 2%, Turkmen and Turkic tribes 2%, other 1%. "The World Factbook – Iran"
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  3. ^
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  4. ^ a b Carl Waldman, Catherine Mason, Encyclopedia of European Peoples, pp.175
  5. ^ Russell Contrera (8 August 2009). "Saving the people, killing the faith – News – Holland Sentinel – Holland, MI". Holland Sentinel. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  6. ^ Ervand Abrahimian, "A History of Modern Iran", Cambridge University Press, 2008. p. 18: "Communal Composition of Iran, 1900 Persian 6 million Azeris 2.5 million Mazandaranis 200,000 Gilakis 200,000 Taleshis 20,000 Tatis 20,000"
  7. ^ a b "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
  8. ^ See Iran in Encyclopedia of Islam, Leiden. C.E. Bosworth (editor)
  9. ^ a b "Terror Free Tomorrow: Ahmadinejad Front Runner in Upcoming Presidential Elections;" (PDF). Terrorfreetomorrow.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2015.
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Works cited

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