Etruscan coins

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Tridrachm, 5th century

Like the

Etruscans were rather slow to adopt the invention of coinage. The brief period of Etruscan coinage, with the predominance of marks of value[citation needed], seems to be an amalgam that reconciles two very different monetary systems: the 'primitive' bronze-weighing and aes grave economy of central Italy with that of struck silver and gold issues of southern Italian Greek type not familiar in Etruria[citation needed
].

History

Bronze

Volaterrae aes grave: dupondius
Janiform head wearing pointed petasos FELA-ODI (Etruscan Velathri) retrograde around club flanked by I-I
Æ Dupondius (257 g). 3rd century BC

The origin of Etruscan bronze coinage is to be sought in the central Italian pre-coinage aes rude ingots, or lumps and ramo secco and plain bronze bars, which circulated as currency throughout Italy from at least the 5th century BC. By c. 280 BC, the Roman libra or pound weighed about 325 g, subdivided into 12 unciae of about 27 g and 288 scripula of about 1,13 g. The cast round aes grave coinage of Volterra,

libral
at the outbreak of the Second Punic War in about 217 BC. Further reductions took place until the cast bronze gave way to struck sextantal bronze in about 214-212 BC, and the introduction of the silver 10-as denarius with its fractions, the quinarius (5-asses) and sestertius (21⁄2-asses).

Two large struck bronze series with Populonia and Vetulonia are close to the Roman post-semi-

libral
bronzes, while a similar, but slightly lighter issue seems tariffed /X or 11 centismae, both dateable to about 200 BC.

Silver

asses
.
Head of Menrva facing slightly left, wearing triple-crested Attic helmet ‘pupluna’ in Etruscan alphabet, star of four rays within crescent
8.39 g, 3rd century BC.

Setting aside the early 5th century BC Auriol-type silver fractions of the Volterra hoard of 1868,[6] which are probably not of Etruscan production, the earliest struck silver coinage seems to be that of Vulci and Populonia[citation needed]. An attribution to the 5th century for these first issues of tridrachms, didrachms, or staters and drachms is plausible since they seem to be struck on the 'Chalcidian' silver drachm standard of theoretically about 5.8 grams,[7] which were present at Etruria's nearest Greek neighbour, i.e. Cumae, dated to about 475-470 BC [8] and at other Greek cities important to Etruscan sea-borne commerce in the early 5th century, such as Himera, Naxos and Zancle. The coins are of Greek style, but with an Etruscan flavour and have a predilection for 'apotropaic' images of exotic animals and monsters that drive away evil demons. The wheels with curved struts of Vulci are also reminiscent of some 5th century Macedonian tribal coins.[9] These early issues are rare and seem not to have been exported; they have no mark of value and must have had a limited circulation[citation needed].

An issue of silver didrachms with a crudely engraved male head issued on a similar 'Chalcidian' weight standard to the undenominated coins of Vulci and Populonia, but bearing the mark of value 5, has been tentatively attributed to Luca during the last quarter of the 4th century or later.[10] They correspond to a single silver unit of about 2.25 grams, probably representing the silver equivalent of a bronze as or libra, derived from the Greek litra. These male heads were probably followed by a more finely produced octopus/amphora silver series,[11] also struck on the 'Chalcidian' standard, but with exactly double the unit of value of the former. The marks of value 20, 10 and 5, give a silver unit or as of about 1.13 grams, approximately one Roman scruple, and probably represent a devaluation of the bronze unit in relation to silver[citation needed].

Populonia may have been the first Etruscan city to place a mark of value on its coinage, following a practice already established by the mid-5th century at Syracuse and other Sicilian mints for silver uncial fractions of the litra, and at Akragas, the silver 5-litrae denominated ΠΕΝ for pentalitron [12] and I for litra.[13] The first Metus series has been dated to the second half of the 5th century by recent excavations at Prestino, via Isonzo,[14] a chronology confirmed by the subsequent find of a rare 5-unit piece of the same series in the excavation of the early 4th century Etruscan sanctuary at Golasecca, from the phase III A 2 stratum.[15] The weight standard employed seems to be the Corinthian stater (or Attic didrachm) with a theoretical weight of about 8.6 grams, subdivided into 10, 5 and 21⁄2 units that seem to be on the Sicilian silver litrae standard of 0.86 grams[citation needed]. An issue of staters on the 'Corinthian' standard attested at Cumae, Etruria's nearest Greek neighbour, dated to about 470-455 BC,[16] may have provided the metrological model for this issue, which was denominated with Etruscan numeral X (=10); associated fractions are, V (= 5) and II< (=21⁄2).

The second Metus silver series of Populonia, massive by Etruscan standards, with the mark of value 20, 10 and 5 units, is on the same metrological standard as the Hercle and Menvra 20-units, male and female head 10, and male head 5, 21⁄5 and 1 unit and by metrological association, are related to the Metus, lion head, male and female headed 50 to 10 unit gold issues. Find evidence from the Ponte Gini di Orentino excavation [17] suggests a dating for this whole phase in the first half of the 3rd century and may be connected with the First Punic War. The metrology of this phase, with marks of value exactly double those of the first Metus issue, may correspond to the elusive 'Italian school' introduction of the denarius proposed by Pliny to 269 BC,[18] as it is exactly on the same standard and anticipates the Roman denarius and multiple-as systems introduced during the Second Punic War in about 212/211.

An issue depicting a hippocamp with marks of value CC and C, tentatively attributed to Lucca, is on the same weight standard as the Populonia's second Metus series (20, 10 and 5 units), but the 10 units is expressed by two numerals of five (CC).

Gold

asses
.
Lion's head right; X-XV (mark of value) below and behind Blank.
AV 1,40 g, period of 3rd century BC.

A spectacular gold series of high artistic merit probably from Volsini has marks of value 20 and 5.[19] The unique Apollo-like head/majestic bull walking 20-unit piece is reminiscent of the bronze issues of the Latin colonies of Aesernia, Cales, Compultaria, Suessa Aurunca and Teanum in Campania [20] dated to the mid-3rd century BC. The reverse running dog 5-unit coin is reminiscent of the Chiana Valley male head/dog running struck bronze of uncertain date in the 3rd century. This is an isolated series with a gold unit of approximately 0.225 grams, which places it before the main gold issue of Populonia with a gold unit of 0.056 grams issued in the earlier part of the 3rd century, and possibly related to the intervention of Rome at the time of the slave rebellion at Volsini in 265/4.

See also

References

  1. ^ (HNItaly 108-110; ICC 128-144)
  2. ^ (HNItaly 212-220; ICC 115-127)
  3. ^ (HNItaly 56-75; ICC 143-195)
  4. ^ (HNItaly 51-22; ICC 196-201)
  5. ^ (1974)
  6. ^ HNItaly (Historia Nummorum Italy) coins: 92-94; IGCH (Inventory of Greek Coin Hoards) # 1875
  7. ^ Parise 1985
  8. ^ (HNItaly 513; Rutter 1979, p. 123, 1)
  9. ^ (cf. SNG ANS Macedonia 942 and 1005)
  10. ^ (I. Vecchi, Etruscan Coinage I, Milano 2012)
  11. ^ (probably produced by Populonia and tentatively attributed to the mint of Pisa by HNItaly 104-106)
  12. ^ (Kraay 1976, 795)
  13. ^ (SNG ANS Sicily 986-995)
  14. ^ (Societa Archeologica Comense 1986)
  15. ^ (QT 22, 1993, 44)
  16. ^ (HNItaly 524; Rutter 1979, p. 125, 28-31)
  17. ^ (SE 62, 1996, 173-210)
  18. ^ Pliny, HN 23:44
  19. ^ HN Italy 221-222
  20. ^ (HN Italy 431, 436, 437 and 454)

Literature

More texts

  • James Millingen: Considérations sur la Numismatique de l'ancienne Italie. Firenze, 1841, (supplementi nel 1844).
  • Francesco Carelli: Numorum Italiae veteris Tabulae CCII, ed. Cavedoni, 1850.
  • Luigi Sambon: Recherches sur les monnaies de la presquíle italique depuis leur origine jusqu' a la bataille d'Actium. Napoli, 1870.
  • Wilhelm Deecke: Etruskische Forschungen, Heft II. 1876.
  • ISBN 88-271-0110-1
    ).
  • Theodor Mommsen: Die Geschichte des römische Münzwesen - Berlin 1860. Tr. fr.: Histoire de la monnaie romain. Paris 1865. (Reprint Graz 1956. Reprint Forni 1990)
  • Heinrich Dressel: Zeitschrift für Numismatik, xiv, 1887.
  • Robert Seymour Conway, Italian Dialects. Cambridge, 1897.
  • Ernst Justus Haeberlin, Die Systematik des ältesten römischen Münzwesens. Berlin, 1905.
  • Ernst Justus Haeberlin, Die jüngste etruskische und die älteste römiche Goldprägung, Z. f. N., xxvi. 229 ff.
  • Kurt Regling, Zum älteren römischen und italischen Münzwesen. Klio, Bd. vi, Heft 3, 1906.
  • ISBN 978-0-9575784-0-1

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