Etymology of Edinburgh

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The name Edinburgh is used in both English and Scots for the capital of Scotland; in Scottish Gaelic, the city is known as Dùn Èideann. Both names are derived from an older name for the surrounding region, Eidyn. It is generally accepted that this name in turn derives ultimately from the Celtic Common Brittonic language.[1][2][3] Eithin is Welsh for "gorse".[4]

Eidyn

Several medieval Welsh sources refer to

Carriden (from Caer Eidyn, from which the modern Welsh name for Edinburgh, Caeredin, is derived), located eighteen miles to the west.[3]

Present-day Edinburgh was the location of Din Eidyn, a dun or hillfort associated with the kingdom of the Gododdin.[6] The term Din Eidyn first appears in Y Gododdin, a poem that depicts events relating to the Battle of Catraeth, thought to have been fought circa 600. The oldest manuscript of Y Gododdin forms part of the Book of Aneirin, which dates to around 1265[7] but which possibly is a copy of a lost 9th-century original. Some scholars consider that the poem was composed soon after the battle and was preserved in oral tradition while others believe it originated in Wales at some time in the 9th to 11th centuries.[8] The modern Scottish Gaelic name "Dùn Èideann" derives directly from the British Din Eidyn. The English form is similar, appending the element -burgh, from the Old English burh, also meaning "fort".[9]

Some sources claim Edinburgh's name is derived from an Old English form such as Edwinesburh (Edwin's fort), in reference to Edwin, king of Deira and Bernicia in the 7th century.[10] However, modern scholarship rejects this idea, since the form Eidyn predates Edwin.[9][11] Stuart Harris in his book The Place Names of Edinburgh declares the "Edwinesburh" form to be a "palpable fake" dating from King David I's time.[12]

Edinburgh's original

King William the Lion
was using the name "Edenesburch" in a charter (again in Latin) confirming the 1124 grant of David I. Documents from the 14th century show the name to have settled into its current form; although other spellings ("Edynburgh" and "Edynburghe") appear, these are spelling variants of the current name.

Other names

Detail of the Hereford Mappa Mundi, Edinburgh is labelled on this T and O map of the British isles from c. 1300

Auld Reekie

The city is affectionately nicknamed Auld Reekie,

Robert Chambers, who asserted that the sobriquet could not be traced before the reign of Charles II, attributed the name to a Fife laird, Durham of Largo, who regulated the bedtime of his children by the smoke rising above Edinburgh from the fires of the tenements.[17][18][19]

Athens of the North

Edinburgh has been called the Athens of the North since at least the 18th century.

Acropolis, as did aspects of the neoclassical architecture and layout of New Town.[20] Both cities had flatter, fertile agricultural land sloping down to a port several miles away (respectively Leith and Piraeus). Intellectually, the Scottish Enlightenment with its humanist and rationalist outlook was influenced by Ancient Greek philosophy.[21] The idea of a direct parallel between both cities gained wider recognition in 1822, when artist Hugh William Williams organized an exhibition that showed his paintings of Athens alongside views of Edinburgh.[22] When plans were drawn up in the early 19th century to architecturally develop Calton Hill, the design of the National Monument by William Henry Playfair and Charles Robert Cockerell directly copied Athens' Parthenon.[23] The moniker was not without its detractors: Lord Henry Cockburn related in 1856 how the 'Modern Athens' was perceived to be "a sarcasm, or a piece of flattery, when used in a moral sense."[23]

Tom Stoppard's character Archie, of Jumpers, said, perhaps playing on Reykjavík meaning "smoky bay", that the "Reykjavík of the South" would be more appropriate.[24]

Dunedin

Edinburgh has also been known as Dunedin, deriving from the Scottish Gaelic, Dùn Èideann. Dunedin, New Zealand, was originally called "New Edinburgh" and is still nicknamed the "Edinburgh of the South".

Edina

Scots poets Robert Burns and Robert Fergusson sometimes used a poetic form of the city's name, Edina, for example, Robert Burns' Address to Edinburgh, "Edina! Scotia's darling seat!/All hail thy palaces and tow'rs", and some other works.

Festival City

This name originates from the number of festivals which are held in the city notably the

Edinburgh Fringe Festival
.

Other nicknames

Sir Walter Scott referred to the city as yon Empress of the North.[26]

Other Scots dialect variants include Embra, or Embro[27] and Edinburrie.

References

  1. ^ a b Williams 1972, p. 47; 64.
  2. ^ a b Chadwick, p. 107.
  3. ^ a b Dumville, p. 297.
  4. ^ https://welsh-dictionary.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html
  5. ^ Jackson 1969, pp. 77-78.
  6. doi:10.2307/1587005
  7. ^ "The Book of Aneirin". Maryjones.us. Archived from the original on 7 June 2009. Retrieved 9 May 2014.
  8. ^ Evans 1982, p. 17.
  9. ^ a b Room, pp. 118–119.
  10. ^ Blackie, Geographical Etymology: A Dictionary of Place-names Giving Their Derivations, 68.
  11. ^ Gelling, Nicolaisen and Richards, pp. 88–89.
  12. ISBN 1904246060.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  13. ISBN 978-0851157313
    .
  14. ^ Campbell, A. (January 1942). "Two Notes on the Norse Kingdoms in Northumbria". The English Historical Review, Vol. 57, No. 225, pp. 85-97
  15. ^ Scott, Walter. The Abbot. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
  16. ^ Carlyle, Thomas. Historical Sketches... pp. 304–305. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
  17. ^ Grant, James. Old and New Edinburgh. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
  18. Chambers, Robert. Traditions of Edinburgh
    . p. 168. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  19. ^ "Reekie". Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  20. ^
    JSTOR 991701
    .
  21. ISBN 978-94-010-7960-0
    , retrieved 29 May 2021
  22. ^ "Athens Of The North". Edinburgh World Heritage. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  23. ^
    JSTOR 26589592
    .
  24. ^ Stoppard, Tom. Jumpers, Grove Press, 1972, p. 69.
  25. ^ "The Cambridge Companion to Ben Jonson". Retrieved 10 October 2010.
  26. ^ Marmion A Tale of Flodden Field by Walter Scott Archived 26 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 17 April 2007.
  27. ^ "For Embro' wells are grutten dry" Elegy On the Year 1788, Robert Burns

Bibliography

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