Eugenio Montale
This article possibly contains original research. (March 2013) |
Eugenio Montale | |
---|---|
Member of the Senate of the Republic | |
Life tenure 13 June 1967 – 12 September 1981 | |
President | Giuseppe Saragat |
Personal details | |
Born | Genoa, Kingdom of Italy | 12 October 1896
Died | 12 September 1981 Milan, Italy | (aged 84)
Political party | Action Party (1945–1947) Independent (1963–1972; 1976–1977) Italian Liberal Party (1972–1976) Italian Republican Party (1977–1981) |
Profession | Poet, writer, editor, translator, politician |
Awards | 1975 Nobel Prize in Literature |
Eugenio Montale (Italian: [euˈdʒɛːnjo monˈtaːle]; 12 October 1896 – 12 September 1981) was an Italian poet, prose writer, editor and translator, and recipient of the 1975 Nobel Prize in Literature.[1]
Life and works
Early years
Montale was born in Genoa. His family were chemical products traders (his father supplied Italo Svevo's firm).[citation needed] Montale was the youngest of six sons.[citation needed]
Montale was largely self-taught.[citation needed] Growing up, his imagination was caught by several writers, including Dante Alighieri, and by the study of foreign languages (especially English), as well as the landscapes of the Levante ("Eastern") Liguria, where he spent holidays with his family.[2]
Poetic works
Montale wrote more than ten anthologies of short lyrics, a journal of poetry translation, plus several books of prose translations, two books of literary criticism, and one of fantasy prose.[citation needed] Alongside his imaginative work he was a constant contributor to Italy's most important newspaper, the Corriere della Sera, for which he wrote a huge number of articles on literature, music, and art.[citation needed] He also wrote a foreword to Dante's "The Divine Comedy", in which he mentions the credibility of Dante, and his insight and unbiased imagination.[citation needed] In 1925 he was a signatory to the Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals. Montale's own politics inclined toward the liberalism of Piero Gobetti and Benedetto Croce.[3][4] He contributed to Gobetti's literary magazine Il Baretti.[5]
Montale's work, especially his first poetry collection Ossi di seppia ("Cuttlefish Bones"), which appeared in 1925, shows him as an antifascist who felt detached from contemporary life and found solace and refuge in the solitude of nature.[citation needed]
Anticonformism of the new poetry
Montale moved to
Though hindered by financial problems and the literary and social conformism imposed by the authorities, in Florence, Montale published his finest anthology, Le occasioni ("Occasions", 1939). From 1933 to 1938 he had a love relationship with Irma Brandeis, a Jewish-American scholar of Dante who occasionally visited Italy for short periods. After falling in love with Brandeis, Montale represented her as a mediatrix figure like Dante's Beatrice. Le occasioni contains numerous allusions to Brandeis, here called Clizia (a senhal). Franco Fortini judged Montale's Ossi di seppia and Le occasioni the high-water mark of 20th century Italian poetry.[citation needed]
Disharmony with the world
From 1948 to his death, Montale lived in Milan. After the war, he was a member of the liberal
La bufera e altro ("The Storm and Other Things") was published in 1956 and marks the end of Montale's most acclaimed poetry. Here his figure Clizia is joined by La Volpe ("the Fox"), based on the young poet Maria Luisa Spaziani with whom Montale had an affair during the 1950s. However, this volume also features Clizia, treated in a variety of poems as a kind of bird-goddess who defies Hitler. These are some of his greatest poems.[citation needed]
His later works are
Montale died in Milan in 1981.[citation needed]
In 1996, a work appeared called Posthumous Diary (Diario postumo) that purported to have been 'compiled' by Montale before his death, with the help of the young poet Annalisa Cima; the critic Dante Isella thinks that this work is not authentic.[11] Joseph Brodsky dedicated his essay "In the Shadow of Dante" to Eugenio Montale's lyric poetry.[citation needed]
List of works
Each year links to its corresponding "[year] in literature" or "[year] in poetry" article:
- 1925: Ossi di seppia ("Cuttlefish Bones"), first edition; second edition, 1928, with six new poems and an introduction by Alfredo Gargiulo; third edition, 1931, Lanciano: Carabba[7]
- 1932: La casa dei doganieri e altre poesie, a chapbook of five poems published in association with the award of the Premio del Antico Fattore to Montale; Florence: Vallecchi[7]
- 1939: Le occasioni ("The Occasions"), Turin: Einaudi[7]
- 1943: Finisterre, a chapbook of poetry, smuggled into Switzerland by Gianfranco Contini; Lugano: the Collana di Lugano (24 June); second edition, 1945, Florence: Barbèra[7]
- 1948: Quaderno di traduzioni, translations, Milan: Edizioni della Meridiana[7]
- 1948: La fiera letteraria poetry criticism
- 1956: La bufera e altro ("The Storm and Other Things"), a first edition of 1,000 copies, Venice: Neri Pozza; second, larger edition published in 1957, Milan: Arnaldo Mondadore Editore[7]
- 1956: Farfalla di Dinard, stories, a private edition[7]
- 1962: Satura, poetry, published in a private edition, Verona: Oficina Bodoni[7]
- 1962: Accordi e pastelli ("Agreements and Pastels"), Milan: Scheiwiller (May)[7]
- 1966: Il colpevole
- 1966: Auto da fé: Cronache in due tempi, cultural criticism, Milan: Il Saggiatore[7]
- 1966: Xenia, poems in memory of Mosca, first published in a private edition of 50[7]
- 1969: Fuori di casa, collected travel writing[7]
- 1971: Satura (1962–1970) (January)[7]
- 1971: La poesia non esiste, prose; Milan: Scheiwiller (February)[7]
- 1973: Diario del '71 e del '72, Milan: Arnoldo Mondadori Editore (a private edition of 100 copies was published in 1971)[7]
- 1973: Trentadue variazioni, an edition of 250 copies, Milan: Giorgio Lucini[7]
- 1977: Quaderno di quattro anni, Milan: Mondadori[7]
- 1977: Tutte le poesie, Milan: Mondadori[7]
- 1980: L'opera in versi, the Bettarini-Contini edition; published in 1981 as Altri verse e poesie disperse, publisher: Mondadori[7]
- Translated in Montale's lifetime
- 1966: Ossi di seppia, Le occasioni, and La bufera e altro, translated by Patrice Angelini into French; Paris: Gallimard[7]
- 1978: The Storm & Other Poems, translated by Charles Wright into English (Oberlin College Press), ISBN 0-932440-01-0
- Posthumous
- 1981: Prime alla Scala, music criticism, edited by Gianfranca Lavezzi; Milan: Mondadori[7]
- 1981: Lettere a Quasimodo, edited by Sebastiano Grasso; publisher: Bompiani[7]
- 1982: The Second Life of Art: Selected Essays, trans. ISBN 0-912946-84-9
- 1983: Quaderno genovese, edited by Laura Barile; a journal from 1917, first published this year; Milan: Mondadori[7]
- 1987: Trans. William Arrowsmith, The Occasions (Norton, New York & London).
- 1990: The Coastguard’s House / La casa dei doganieri : Selected Poems (Bloodaxe Books, Newcastle-upon-Tyne).
- 1991: Tutte le poesie, edited by Giorgio Zampa. Jonathan Galassi calls this book the "most comprehensive edition of Montale's poems".[7]
- 1996: Diario postumo: 66 poesie e altre, edited by Annalisa Cima; Milan: Mondadori[7]
- 1996: Il secondo mestiere: Arte, musica, società and Il secondo mestierre: Prose 1929–1979, a two-volume edition including all of Montale's published writings; edited by Giorgio Zampa; Milan: Mondadori[7]
- 1998: Satura : 1962-1970 / trans. with notes, by William Arrowsmith (New York, Norton).
- 1999: Collected Poems, trans. Jonathan Galassi (Carcanet) (Oxford-Weidenfeld Translation Prize)
- 2004: Selected Poems, trans. Jonathan Galassi, Charles Wright, & David Young (Oberlin College Press), ISBN 0-932440-98-3
- 2016: Xenia (ISBN 978-1-910345-55-9. Bilingual version, translated by Mario Petrucci, winner of the 2016 PEN Translates Award, shortlisted for 2018 John Florio Prize.
- 2017: Montale's Essential: The Poems of Eugenio Montale in English, translated by Alessandro Baruffi (Literary Joint Press), ISBN 978-1-387-21585-0
See also
- Raffaello Baldini – poet who was inspired by Montale[12]
- Tonino Guerra – poet and screenwriter who was inspired by Montale[12]
Notes
- ^ "Nobel Prize". Retrieved 15 October 2015.
- ^ "Villa Montale in Monterosso".
- ^ Sarti, Roland (2009). Italy: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present. Infobase Publishing. p. 417.
- ^ Ceallachain, Eanna (2017). Eugenio Montale: The Poetry of the Later Years. Routledge.
- S2CID 237896367.
- ^ Eco, Umberto (22 June 1995). "Ur-Fascism". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
- ^ ISBN 0-374-12554-6
- ^ Montale 1948, pp. 190–195.
- ^ Cambon, Glauco (2014). Eugenio Montale's Poetry: A Dream in Reason's Presence. Princeton University Press. p. 189.
- ^ "Eugenio Montale | Струшки вечери на поезијата". Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2014.
- ^ Article of G. Raboni on Corriere della Sera (archiviostorico.corriere.it)
- ^ a b Tesio, Giovanni (2 April 1998). "Raffaele Baldini: La felicità di vivere in un mondo strambo" [Raffaele Baldini: The happiness of living in a strange world]. La Stampa (in Italian). p. 5. Retrieved 16 February 2024.
Further reading
- Montale, Eugenio. "Eliot and Ourselves." In T. S. Eliot: A Symposium, edited by Editions Poetry, 1948.
- Pietro Montorfani, "Il mio sogno di te non è finito": ipotesi di speranza nell'universo montaliano, in "Sacra doctrina", (55) 2010, pp. 185–196.
External links
- "Montale and his poetry". eugeniomontale.xoom.it (in Italian).
- Eugenio Montale on Nobelprize.org including the Nobel Lecture 12 December 1975 Is Poetry Still Possible?
- "Montale and T.S.Eliot". sguardomobile.it (in Italian).
- "Montale and Scottish Rite Freemasonry". loggiagiordanobruno.com (in Italian). 9 December 2014. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2018.